Perspectives on the Direction of the Suncheon Bay National Garden from Local Residents and Non-Local Visitors

Transcription

1 sustinbility Article Perspectives on Direction Suncheon By Ntionl from Locl Residents Non-Locl Virs Moohn Kim 1, Jong-Sng Sung 2 Jin-Wook Lee 3, * 1 Bureu Ecologicl Reserch, Divion Ecosystem Services Reserch Plnning, Ntionl Institute Ecology, Chungcheongnm-do 33657, Kore; moo7hn@gmil.com 2 Grdute School Environmentl Studies, Seoul Ntionl University, 1 Gwnk-ro, Gwnk-gu, Seoul 08826, Kore; jssung@snu.c.kr 3 Environmentl Plnning Institute, Seoul Ntionl University, 1 Gwnk-ro, Gwnk-gu, Seoul 08826, Kore * Correspondence: bml@gmil.com; Tel.: Received: 22 August 2017; Accepted: 10 Ocber 2017; Publhed: 12 Ocber 2017 Abstrct: As Kore s first, Suncheon By Ntionl mjor urt ttrction spce enjoyment for. However, in 2016 its sudden estblhment necessittes mny dcussions meures, requires tht it seek direction bed on current perceptions for its continued use in future. Th study begins serch for tht direction by exmining perspectives locl non-locl on reltionships purposes, sptil, required fetures. reserch methodology included survey dmintered Suncheon urts on se fcrs. Results were nlyzed by multiple correltion nlys networking vribles, differences Suncheon non-locl were deduced; reltionships mong fcrs were lso verified. Both locls sw need emphize eduction. study lso presents items tht differ by respondent group. Th study provides informtion tht cn be referred when implementing mngement plns for or s. Keywords: 1st Koren Ntionl ; correltion network nlys; sustinble urm 1. Introduction 1.1. Bckground Purpose Reserch In September 2016, Suncheon By leglly designted first South Koren h public creted infrtructure for opening 2013 Suncheon By World Exposition, fter which it becme premier urt ttrction (see Figure 1). Amidst increed interest in dem ide public s, Koren Government mended exting Cretion Furrnce Arboretums Act Act on Cretion Furrnce Arboretums s in Jnury 2015 [1]. re hd not been ny prior legltion on public cretion before revion, which lid legl ground for regtrtion public s, lloction relevnt budgets, so forth [1]; in or words, it helped position public s better serve public [1]. Following mendment, Suncheon By, formerly venue for World Exposition (20 April 20 Ocber 2013), which hd opened stlone ttrction on 20 April 2014, designted first in Kore on 5 September 2016 [1]. Although its ttributes min use hve chnged gretly in short period re h, however, been lck dcussion bout sttus public. Until now, reserch on Suncheon By h focused on user stfction on sues regrding use exposition re. Kim Song studied condition ir stfction levels during Expo Sustinbility 2017, 9, 1832; doi: /su

2 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Suncheon By h focused on user stfction on sues regrding use Sustinbility 2017, 9, exposition re. Kim Song studied condition ir stfction levels during Expo reserched fcrs influencing condition stfction [2]. Jng Choi collected reserched blogs posts fcrs written influencing by condition during stfction exposition [2]. Jng nlyze ir Choiperceptions collected blogs [3]. Song postset written l. serched by for future during uses bed on evlutions exposition nlyze exposition ir perceptions mde by ttendees [3]. Song [4]. et l. serched However, for future work uses lso bed needed on evlutions repetedly nlyze exposition pln mde implementtion by ttendees for [4]. sustinble use user However, perception work lso needed public. repetedly Additionlly, nlyze pln prior implementtion reserch for primrily sustinble conducted use mong user perception non-locl ; public however,. studies Additionlly, show prior tht urm reserchdevelopment primrilytht conducted excludes mong locl non-loclcn ; result however, in dtrust studies mong show locl tht urm development cn led tht urt excludes dstfction locl [5 8]. cn In light result inse dtrust findings, mongit locl seems necessry cntke ledin urt ccount dstfction opinions [5 8]. locl In light se in ddition findings, it seems. necessry convergence tke in ccount internl opinions externl locl opinions cn in mke ddition possible. estblhment convergence gols internl for sustinble externl use opinions mngement cn mkeby possible llowing considertion estblhment problems gols for tht sustinble my occur use result mngement conflict by llowinglocl considertion problems non-locl tht my occur [9]. result conflict locl must progress non-locl sustinble [9]. use spce by performing role public good while must lso cementing progress itself sustinble spce for use locl. spce by To performing th end, present role study intends public present good while primry lso cementing reference mterils itself spce inform locl. sustinble Touse th end, Suncheon present By study Ntionl intends present primry development reference mterils or informs; sustinble specificlly, use it will Suncheon collect By dcuss Ntionldifferences development commonlities in or perceptions s; specificlly, locls it will collect regrding dcuss. differences commonlities in perceptions locls regrding. Figure Figure Site Site loction loction bird s bird s eye eye view view first first Koren Koren (re: (re: h). h) oreticl oreticlconsidertions Literture Literture Review Review Act Act stipultes stipultes tht tht spce spce where where continuous mngement mngement tkes tkes plce plce through through dplying dplying rrngement, rrngement, or or cultivtion cultivtion growth growth plnts, plnts, soil, soil, fcilities fcilities (including (including sculptures) sculptures) [1]. [1]. A defined defined tht tht stte stte develops develops opertes. opertes. However, However, concept concept novel novel one, one, which which leds leds contempltion contempltion its its mening mening [1]. [1]. Windsor Windsor Ctle Ctle Ntionl Ntionl in in Engl Engl Ntionl Ntionl Jpn Jpn re re two two exmples exmples s s designted designted s. s. Windsor Windsor Ctle Ctle round round Imperil Imperil Plce Plce royl royl,, set set within within Windsor Windsor Gret Gret Prk Prk [10]. [10]. Shinjuku Shinjuku Gyoen Gyoen Ntionl Ntionl Jpn Jpn city city prk; prk; when when it it thus thus estblhed, estblhed, stte stte ble ble repir repir its its royl royl homes homes s s [11]. [11]. Although Although lcking lcking title title,, some some botnicl botnicl s s lso lso perform perform role role symbol symbol for for ir ir country. country. Sometimes Sometimes th th n n intentionl intentionl prt prt purpose purpose s s development; development; or or times, times, it it n n orgnic orgnic result result interest interest ctivity ctivity mong mong locls locls urts. urts. Ntionl Ntionl Botnic Botnic Wles Wles n n exmple exmple first first type, type, developed developed symbol symbol Welsh Welsh m; m; for for ltter, ltter, we my we consider my consider Kew s Kew s in London, in London, U.S. Botnic U.S. Botnic in Whingn, in Whingn, Botnic Botnic in Amsterdm in Amsterdm [12], [12], s by s By in Singpore by By [13]. in Singpore In n [13]. exped mening, described public plce for rest leure [14]. A In n exped n enclosed mening, spce [15,16] tht, inside described its wlls, public floor, plce ceiling, for rest mde leure up nturl [14]. A elements n room enclosed in n spce outside [15,16] spce tht, [17]. inside A its wlls, lso floor, plce tht ceiling, puts focus mde on leure, up nturl plce enjoy pprecite [18,19], plce experience nture culture [20,21].

3 Sustinbility 2017, 9, A public developed region borne from n estblhed tht both locl vit spend time in for purpose eduction,, exhibitions, or chnge scenery [12]. Thus, cn be explined spce tht locl ten vit [22] urt ttrction for. Differences in perceptions ttrctions locl re key sue for sustinble urm [23,24]. Locl outside ten hve very different vlues perceptions trget re [25 27] exhibit different use ptterns [28]. Poudel et l. [25] compred urts who vited protected re within prk found tht y hd different sets positive negtive perceptions bout spce. However, previous studies in sustinble urm hve mostly focused on reltionship urm environment [29]. Studies prks botnic s hve explored sues in plnning mngement [30,31], conservtion diversity plnt species [32,33], estblhment orgniztionl identity [34], s role in socil integrtion [35], eduction for protection environment ecosystems [34], potentil sustinble, ecologicl urm t s [36], so forth. However, re h been little study in estblhment detiled direction for spce; estblh such direction estblh better plce, n exmintion perceptions outside could suggest wht cn be done [37]. Th study ttempts exmine se views t Suncheon By Ntionl : purpose ir vit, sptil, perceptions nture, how se mtters interrelte. reby, im identify most desirble direction for sustinble complement exting studies, which hve filed show how use better in detil estblh sustinble strtegies. In ddition, th study intends move beyond concerns previous studies with conservtion plns, mngement, role plce suggest meures for sustinble urm from perspective users. 2. Mterils Methods study used pper survey collect nswers from locl Suncheon Suncheon By Ntionl regrding plns for, menities tht re needed, ir reon for viting. To survey Suncheon, study worked with wn dmintrtive fices community service centers; tl 370 surveys were dtributed mong se loctions. For, survey booth set up t et exit, five lscpe rchitecture grdute students trined in pilot surveys survey methodology dmintered questionnires one-on-one. In both groups, gift vlued round 5000 won (bout $4 USD) provided those who filled out questionnire. Prticipnts nswered study questions regrding (1) vit purpose (informtion, urm, eduction, relxtion); (2) sptil (spce for eductionl, cnteen, relxtion spces, cfeteri); (3) items tht needed strengn (Koren identity, improved design, eduction,, promotion, menities, informtion bout ) (see Figure 2). se questions were chnged dummy vribles nlyzed.

4 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Sustinbility 2017, 9, Vit purpose Correltion networking nlys Sptil Desired content Figure 2. Reserch nlys frmework. stwre pckge SPSS, v. 22 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), used nlyze survey results for viting purpose, fcilities needed, plns plns for for,, multivrite multivrite correltion correltion nlys nlys crried out. crried out. study deduced study deduced more bundnt more bundnt dt by dt vulizing by vulizing reltionships mong mong survey survey content, content, using using concept concept mp mp progrm progrm clled clled Cmp Cmp (v. 6.02). (v. 6.02). Cmp, Cmp, ol designed ol designed mke it mke eier it eier crete digrms, crete digrms, h been h used been byused US by Environmentl US Environmentl Protection Protection Agency Agency vully nlyze vully complicted nlyze complicted reltionships reltionships [38]. Th [38]. correltion Th networking correltion nlys, networking whichnlys, vulizes which nlyzes vulizes connections nlyzes mong connections vrious fcrs. mong Correltion vrious fcrs. networking Correltion nlys networking n nlyticl nlys method n for nlyticl nlyzing method reltionships for nlyzing mong reltionships severl fcrs mong [39], severl helping fcrs mke [39], different helping choices mke st different threshold choices [40]. st threshold [40]. A tl 275 locl prticipted in in survey, mong mong whom whom (52%) (52%) were were femle femle 241 (87.6%) 241 (87.6%) were were yers 60 yers ge, 27 ge, (9.8%) 27 (9.8%) were over were 60 over yers 60 yers ge, ge, seven (2.5%) seven were (2.5%) under were under ge 20. ge Of 20. Suncheon Of Suncheon citizens who citizens vited who community vited community centers centers were invited were prticipte invited by prticipte employees, by 95% employees, greed 95% do so. greed A tl do 213 so. A tl 213 prticipted in survey prticipted (see Appendix in survey A). Non-resident (see Appendix A). Non-resident who vited trget who plce vited cme trget out through plce etern cme out gte, through min etern exit, were gte, romly min smpled; exit, were 92% romly m responded smpled; 92% m survey. responded Of m, 158 (73.8%) survey. wereof femle, m, 158 (73.8%) ge dtribution were femle, follows: ge 27dtribution prticipnts (12.6%) were follows: under 27 20, prticipnts while 124(12.6%) prticipnts were (58%) under were 20, while prticipnts 60, (58%) 63 prticipnts were (29.4%) 20 were 60, over prticipnts (29.4%) were over Results Dcussion 3. Results Dcussion 3.1. Non-Resident Virs Concerns 3.1. Non-Resident perception Virs survey Concerns covered purpose vit, sptil, wht should focus on being perception. survey covered A vul purpose nlys vit, sptil correltion, nlys wht results crried should out focus for results on being on ech se. questions, A vul nlys correltions mong correltion dt nlys were verified. results crried out for results on following ech se items questions, exhibited correltions positive correltion mong in dt were findings verified. for outside (see Figure following 3). Informtion items exhibited cquition positive motive correltion for viting in findings correlted for outside with perceptions (see tht Figure Koren 3). Informtion identity cquition fcet tht motive for viting needed correlted strengn, with perceptions urmtht Koren motivtion identity with view fcet tht tht experience needed should be strengn, strengned. urm correltion motivtion informtion with view cquition tht (purpose vit) experience strengning should be strengned. Koren identity correltion (item be improved) informtion mong cquition (purpose showed vit) tht informtion strengning bout Koren identity identity (item importnt be improved). mong It cn be inferred tht yshowed expect tht informtion bout provide re identity with ntive importnt tree. plnt species It cn be inferred relevnt tht informtion. y expect correltion provide urm re with (purpose ntive tree vit) plnt strengning species relevnt informtion. experience (item correltion be improved) indictes urm tht(purpose outside vit) prefer interctive strengning urm, mening experience (item should be notimproved) be just decortive, indictes but tht should outside fer opportunities prefer for interctive hs-on urm,. mening should not be just decortive, but should fer opportunities for hs-on.

5 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Sustinbility 2017, 9, Non-resident lso drew reltionship strengning Koren identity design improvements, point collinerity. Th suggests tht design tht emphizes Koren Non-resident lso drew reltionship strengning Koren identity identity for could be implemented when developing future s. design improvements, point collinerity. Th suggests tht design tht emphizes Koren Negtive mongcould sevenbeitems were lso With regrd s. vit purpose, identity forcorreltions implemented whenverified. developing future perceived urm eduction opposed, for sptil, y perceived cnteen Negtive correltions mong seven items were lso verified. With regrd vit purpose, spces eductionl opposed. Cnteen, lso opposed strengning for perceived urm eduction opposed, for sptil y perceived cnteen Koren identity. Within sptil ctegory, re negtive correltion spces for eductionl opposed. Cnteen lso opposed strengning Koren identity. Within sptil ctegory, re negtive correltion spces spces for eductionl menities. Ltly, for plns for, for eductionl menities.correltions Ltly, for plns menities, strengning showed negtive with for more design strengning showed negtive correltions with more menities design improvements. Th indictes tht qulity experience more importnt thn s improvements. Th indictes tht qulity experience more importnt thn s externl design or fcilities; refore, it should be mnged in such wy enhnce qulity externl design or fcilities; refore, it should be mnged in such wy enhnce qulity experience. experience. Figure 3. Non- correltion network nlys results (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Figure 3. Non- correltion network nlys results (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) Locl Residents Concerns 3.2. Locl Residents Concerns Severl items showed different Suncheon thn mong Severl items showed differentreltions reltions mong mong Suncheon thn mong (see Figure 4). First, whose viting purpose informtion informtion cquition (see Figure 4). First, whose viting purpose cquitionsw swspce spce for for eductionl cnteen sptil. se sptil werelso lsoconnected connected with eductionl cnteen sptil. se sptil were with informtion provided, both mentioned items informtion provided, both mentioned items thttht needed needed be strengned. Lt, connected strengning informtion provided be strengned. Lt, connected strengning informtion provided strengning eduction. Th cn verify tht Suncheon look strengning eduction. Th cn verify tht Suncheon look for for informtion, which connected ir viting purposes, sptil, plns for informtion, which connected ir viting purposes, sptil, plns for.. Informtion motivtion for viting lso connected with Informtion motivtion for viting lso thus, connected with informtion informtion with cnteen cfeteri; y view cfeteri functions importnt. For with viting cnteen informtion cfeteri; thus, y view cfeteri functions importnt. For viting purpose, purpose, eduction both hd negtive correltions with relxtion, finding informtion eduction hdtht negtive correltions relxtion, finding reflected in lso reflected in dtboth on items with needed strengn, wherelso negtive correltion with menities, while promotion dt on eduction items ththd needed strengn, where eduction hd negtive correltion with. Anor sue question hd negtive correltion with menities, while promotion hd negtive wher se should be dtinguhed. correltion with. Anor sue question wher se should be dtinguhed.

6 Sustinbility 2017, 9, 1832 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Figure 4. Locl correltion networking results (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Figure 4. Locl correltion networking results (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01) Differences Findings for Non-Residents Locl Residents 3.3. Differences Findings for Non-Residents Locl Residents Non-resident drew connection informtioncquition cquition strengning Non-resident drew connection informtion strengning Koren identity viting purposes. Suncheon, however, mentioned tht specific spce Koren identity viting purposes. Suncheon, however, mentioned tht specific spce needed eductionl especilly if ir purpose for viting cquire forneeded for eductionl especilly if ir purpose for viting informtion. cquire informtion. suggests tht expect informtion on Koren identity from Th suggests thtth expect informtion on Koren identity Koren design Koren design from. On or h, regrded eduction bout. On or h, regrded eduction bout informtion on informtion on itself very importnt. In or words, y perceive itself very importnt. In or words, y perceive not primrily not primrily symbolic plce, in wy did, but source informtion symbolic plce, in wy did, but source informtion eduction, well useful eduction, well useful plce closely relted ir life. Regrding sptil, lso plce closely relted ir life. Regrding sptil, lso drew connections drew connections spce for eductionl informtion vit spce for eductionl informtion vit purpose desired improvement, purpose desired improvement, where drew connection where drew connection urm urm viting purpose. In or words, on whole, viting In or words, on whole, cquiring useful informtion purpose. prefer cquiring useful informtion while fromprefer outside wnt hve ur whilegin from outside wnt hve ur gin.. Residents generlly mde demsmore more closely closely relted life,life, such obtining Residents generlly mde dems reltedprcticl prcticl such obtining informtion hving first-h in ; conversely, outside urts drew drew informtion hving first-h in ; conversely, outside urts connection urm, perceived brek connection urm, perceived brek from rel life (see Tble 1). Th indictes tht new experience re should both provide interesting from rel life (see Tble 1). Th indictes tht new experience re should both provide interesting hs-on events for outside eductionl progrms for. hs-on events for outside eductionl progrms for. re were lso differences in negtive correltions. Where perceive n opposition re were lso differences in negtive correltions. Where perceive n opposition urm eduction, perceive clhes relxtion urm eduction, clhes relxtion informtion/eduction. informtion/eduction. With regrd perceive, perceive With regrd, perceive negtive correltion negtive correltion menities design, while perceive menities design, while perceive negtive correltion negtive correltion promotion. Given se findings, Tble 1 breks down desirble ttributes for stfies everyone. promotion. Given se tht findings, Tble 1 breks down desirble ttributes for tht stfies everyone.

7 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Tble 1. Difference in correltion results locl. Positive Correltion Negtive Correltion Non-Resident Virs Informtion Koren Identity Informtion Locl Residents Eductionl experience re Tourm Koren Identity Informtion Cfeteri Eductionl experience re Eductionl experience re eduction informtion... Cfeteri informtion Koren Identity Design Improvement... Tourm Eduction Informtion Relxtion... Eduction Relxtion Eductionl experience re Cnteen... Cfeteri Koren Identity... Eductive experience re Exp convenience experience experience Informtion Exp convenience Design Improvement Design Improvement experience Public reltions eduction Exp Convenience... Vit Purpose, Sptil Need, Desired Aspect showing linkge left right Common Dt Virs Locls When purpose vit eduction, mong or items tht exhibit positive correltion, eduction expected. However, since dems for spce for eductionl re connected with, connection must lso be drwn eduction vit purpose sptil (see Figure 5). Next, relxtion informtion showed negtive correltions with urm within viting motivtions, indicting need for choice wher should function urt site, or wher it should be plce tht emphizes relxtion informtion, or try fulfill both roles, perhps t different loctions in. Both showed negtive correltions relxtion spce cfeteri, relxtion cnteen, spce for eductionl cfeteri, eductionl experience spces relxtion spces. Th cn be used reference for determining how orgnize future spces help m provide differentited or integrted chrcter, for exmple including ech se re. re were lso negtive correltions opinions on future direction : eduction strengning Koren identity, eduction design; strengning Koren identity; providing improvements in -relted informtion strengning Koren identity; providing improvements in -relted informtion menities; promotion design; promotion menities. Th shows complex oppositionl reltionships mong content provion in different re.

8 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Sustinbility 2017, 9, 1832 promotion menities. Th shows complex oppositionl8 10 reltionships mong content provion in different re. Figure Common correltions correltions ininnetworking results (* p <(*0.05, p < 0.01, N:, nonfigure Common networking results p <** 0.05, ** R: p, < 0.01, R: resident ). N: ). 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions bove informtion should be referenced when estblhing gols for. bove informtion should be referenced when estblhing gols for. experience eduction were verified be items tht should prioritize experience eduction verified belong itemswith thtdifferent prioritize stfy both non-locl were locl, specific items should pertining stfy locl, long with different specific items pertining only both one ornon-locl or se groups. only one or or seh groups. Although thstudy limittions ttendnt on use fce--fce surveys time study, it th meningful for wy it verified correltions vribles relted viting Although study h limittions ttendnt on use fce--fce surveys time sptil, strengning through correltion network nlys gve study,purpose, it meningful for identity wy it verified correltions vribles relted viting multilyered nlys perceptions. Th llows us vulize responses on purpose vit, purpose, sptil, identity strengning through correltion network nlys gve necessry re, direction through correltion nlys, reby multilyered nlys perceptions. Th llows us vulize responses on purpose vit, summrizing complex reltions netly. se findings re expected broden knowledge necessry re, direction through correltion nlys, reby summrizing promote sustinble urm by understing different perceptions different user groups complex reltions netly. se findings re expected broden knowledge promote sustinble setting up sustinble strtegies better utilize spce. With its recent designtion urm by understing different perceptions different user groups setting up sustinble, vrious spces in Suncheon By re being restructured, long-term pln strtegies better utilize With its designtion study vrious spces required; study spce. perceptions recent respondents in th will, hve considerble in Suncheon long-term pln required; study mening By in th regrdre being in restructured, continued populrity. Th study cn lso serve primry reference dt whenindeveloping s, should in be th followed by in perceptions respondents th studyfuture will hve considerble mening regrd furr survey determining bed on demogrphic chrctertics such ge gender. continued populrity. Th study cn lso serve primry reference dt when Th study will helps, pln for sustinble use mngement or s by developing future should be followed by furr survey determining considering both opinions. bed on demogrphic chrctertics such ge gender. Th study will help for supported sustinble use mngement We or s Acknowledgments: Th pln reserch by Suncheon-si locl government. would like thnk by considering stnts opinions Seoul. grduteboth student from Ntionl University (Sung-Ah Cho, Bo-Geum Kng, Jin Kim, Jin-Young Kim, Yeon-Whn Yoo), compny Given-Zone QX, Pressor Yong-Hoon Son, Suncheon-si locl Acknowledgments: Th reserch supported by Suncheon-si locl government. We would like thnk ficers. grdute student stnts from Seoul Ntionl University (Sung-Ah Cho, Bo-Geum Kng, Jin Kim, Author Contributions: Moohn Kim Jin-WookGiven-Zone Lee conceived, designed Yong-Hoon reserch, Son, wrote Suncheon-si pper. Jin-Young Kim, Yeon-Whn Yoo), compny QX, Pressor Moohn Kim nlyzed dt; Jin-Wook Lee reved nlyzed dt; Jong-Sng Sung prored locl ficers. reved mnuscript. All uthors hve red pproved finl mnuscript. Author Contributions: Moohn Kim Jin-Wook Lee conceived, designed reserch, wrote pper. Moohn Kim nlyzed dt; Jin-Wook Lee reved nlyzed dt; Jong-Sng Sung prored reved mnuscript. All uthors hve red pproved finl mnuscript. Conflicts Interest: uthors declre no conflict interest.

9 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Appendix A (i) (ii) (iii) Wht purpose viting th plce? (informtion/urm/eduction/relxtion) Which spce most needed for use th plce? (cnteen/eductionl experience re/resting re/cfeteri) Which element most vitl for first? ( experience/ informtion /Koren identity/design improvement/exp convenience/public reltions/ eduction) References 1. Ntionl Lw Informtion Center. Avilble online: 1&query=%EC%A0%95%EC%9B%90%EB%B2%95#undefined (ccessed on 6 September 2017). 2. Kim, B.M.; Song, K. nlys on stfction re-viting fcrs in Suncheon By Expo. Tour. Inst. Nort Asi 2014, 24, Jng, M.-J.; Choi, J.-M. impliction recognition Inter Exposition Suncheon By Kore 2013 on Blogs. J. Koren Inst. Lsc. Archit. 2014, 42, [CrossRef] 4. Song, T.G.; Ahn, K.H.; Seo, S.C.; Kim, E.I. A study future utiliztion vir perceptions Suncheon By Inter Expo J. Recret. Lsc. 2014, 8, Allen, L.R.; Long, P.T.; Perdue, R.R.; Kieselbch, S. impct urm development on perceptions community life. J. Trvel Res. 1988, 27, [CrossRef] 6. Cooke, K. Guidelines for socilly pproprite urm development in Brith Columbi. J. Trvel Res. 1982, 21, [CrossRef] 7. Dv, D.; Allen, J.; Cosenz, R.M. Segmenting locl by ir ttitudes, interests, opinions wrd urm. J. Trvel Res. 1988, 27, 2 8. [CrossRef] 8. Johnson, J.D.; Snepenger, D.J.; Ak, S. Residents perceptions urm development. Ann. Tour. Res. 1994, 21, [CrossRef] 9. Jng, H.C. Tourt Behvior; KNOU Press: Seoul, Kore, 2015; ISBN Windsor Ctle. Avilble online: (ccessed on 9 September 2017). 11. Shinjuku Gyoen Ntionl. Avilble online: englh/1_intro/hry.html (ccessed on 9 September 2017). 12. Benfield, R Tourm; CAB Inter: Bosn, MA, USA, 2013; ISBN Ntionl Prks Bord. Avilble online: (ccessed on 9 September 2017). 14. Oxford Englh Dictionry. Avilble online: (ccessed on 9 September 2017). 15. Clifford, D. Hry Design, 2nd ed.; Fber & Fber: London, UK, 1966; ISBN Gerlch-Spriggs, N.; Kufmn, R.; Wrner, S.B., Jr. Resrtive s: Heling Lscpe; Yle University Press: New Hven, CT, USA, 2004; ISBN Stigsdotter, U.; Grhn, P. Wht mkes heling. J. r. Hortic. 2002, 13, Hunt, J.D. Greter Perfections: Prctice ory; University Pennsylvni Press: Phildelphi, PA, USA, 2000; ISBN Sung, J.S. Green-helth pology. J. Environ. Stud. 2014, 53, Mrcus, C.C. metphor. In Mening s; Frnc, M., Hester, R.T., Eds.; MIT Press: Cmbridge, MA, USA, 1992; pp , ISBN Rowe, P.G. Design Thinking; MIT Press: Cmbridge, MA, USA, 1991; ISBN Bllntyne, R.; Pcker, J.; Hughes, K. Environmentl wreness, interests motives botnic s : Implictions for interpretive prctice. Tour. Mng. 2008, 29, [CrossRef] 23. Nunkoo, R.; Smith, S.L.; Rmksoon, H. Residents ttitudes urm: A longitudinl study 140 rticles from J. Sustin. Tour. 2013, 21, [CrossRef] 24. Cole, S. Informtion empowerment: keys chieving sustinble urm. J. Sustin. Tour. 2006, 14, [CrossRef] 25. Poudel, S.; Nyupne, G.P.; Budruk, M. Stkeholders perspectives sustinble urm development: A new pproch meuring outcomes. J. Trvel Res. 2016, 55, [CrossRef]

10 Sustinbility 2017, 9, Mhrn, I.; Ri, S.C.; Shrm, E. Vluing ecourm in scred lke Sikkim Himly, Indi. Environ. Conserv. 2000, 27, [CrossRef] 27. Ycob, M.R.; Rdm, A.; Shuib, A. A contingent vlution study mrine prks ecourm: ce Pulu Pyr Pulu Redng in Mlysi. J. Sustin. Dev. 2009, 2, [CrossRef] 28. Egles, P.F.; McCool, S.F. Tourm in Ntionl Prks Protected Are: Plnning Mngement; CABI: Wllingford, UK, 2002; ISBN Boyd, S.W. Tourm, prks sustinbility. In Tourm Ntionl Prks: Issues Implictions; Butler, R.W., Boyd, S.W., Eds.; Wiley: London, UK, 2000; pp , ISBN Pigrm, J.J.J.; Sundell, R.C. Ntionl Prks Protected Are: Selection, Delimittion, Mngement; Centre for Wter Policy Reserch, University New Engl: Biddeford, ME, USA, 1997; ISBN Nelson, J.G.; Serfin, R. Ntionl Prks Protected Are: Keysnes Conservtion Sustinble Development; Springer: Berlin, Germny, 2013; p. 40, ISBN Donldson, J.S. Botnic s science for conservtion globl chnge. Trends Plnt Sci. 2009, 14, [CrossRef] [PubMed] 33. Wlters, S.M. role Mediterrnen botnic s in plnt conservtion. Webbi 1979, 34, [CrossRef] 34. Johnson, S. Reconceptuling ing promote inclusive eduction for sustinble development. Int. J. Incl. Educ. 2012, 16, [CrossRef] 35. Vergou, A.; Willon, J. Relting socil inclusion environmentl sues in botnic s. Environ. Educ. Res. 2016, 22, [CrossRef] 36. Surl, L.A. Brodening view ecourm: Botnic s in less developed countries. In Ecourm Environmentl Sustinbility: Principles Prctice; Hill, J., Gle, T., Eds.; Ashgte Publhing: Frnhm, UK, 2009; pp , ISBN Boley, B.B.; McGehee, N.G.; Perdue, R.R.; Long, P. Empowerment resident ttitudes wrd urm: Strengning oreticl foundtion through Weberin lens. Ann. Tour. Res. 2014, 49, [CrossRef] 38. USA EPA (United Sttes Environmentl Protection Agency). Avilble online: ged/turil/web/html/index.html (ccessed on 9 September 2017). 39. Durn-Pinedo, A.E.; Pter, B.; Teles, R.; Fri-Lopez, J. Correltion network nlys pplied complex biilm communities. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e [CrossRef] [PubMed] 40. Zhng, B.; Horvth, S. A generl frmework for weighted gene co-expression network nlys. Stt. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2005, 4, 17. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2017 by uthors. Licensee MDPI, Bel, Switzerl. Th rticle n open ccess rticle dtributed under terms conditions Cretive Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (