Cadastre 2020 A New Perspective of Romanian Cadastral System

Transcription

1 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism Cadastre 2020 A New Perspective f Rmanian Cadastral System COSMIN CONSTANTIN MUŞAT, CLARA-BEATRICE VÎLCEANU, ANCA-MARIA MOSCOVICI * Overland Cmmunicatin Ways, Fundatins and Cadastral Survey Department, Faculty f Civil Engineering, Plitehnica University Timişara N 2 Traian Lalescu Street, Timișara ROMANIA beatrice.vilceanu@yah.cm Abstract: - The dynamic internatinal prfessinal envirnment and the cnstant cntacts amng similar institutins have cntributed in time t the creatin f a cmmn visin n relevant issues and identificatin f cmmn targets, meant t diversify the prducts and satisfy ever mre custmers and make them lyal; that is precisely why we cnsider nt nly imprtant, but als interesting that ne shuld learn as many things as pssible abut the activity perfrmed by Natinal Agency f Cadastre and Land Registratin in the field f internatinal relatins, within a multicultural prfessinal envirnment in which, due t cmmn effrts, we have ur part, very well defined. Fr many decades, traditinal cadastral systems have tended t enjy a reputatin fr reliability, well defined prcesses, and a well-recgnized guarantee f security f private land wnership. Tremendus technlgical prgress, scial change, glbalizatin, and the increasing intercnnectin f business relatins with their legal and envirnmental cnsequences, hwever, have put a strain n the traditinal systems. They cannt adapt t all the new develpments. An bvius indicatin f this is the many refrms that cadastral systems are ging thrugh. Key-Wrds: - cadastre, land registratin, cadastral systems, real estate, land wnership. 1 Intrductin After the radical changes in the frmer cmmunist cuntries, the cadastre has gained imprtance t secure the newly created private land rights and t supprt the emerging land markets in the transitin natins. But als in all cuntries where private land wnership r even land use rights f the citizens exist, cadastre is an imprtant issue (Fig. 1). Withut a reliable dcumentatin n the legal situatin cncerning land, ecnmic develpment is hampered [5]. Cadastres (Fig. 2) tgether with the land registries help t transfrm the land rights and resurces int tradable assets. Cadastres and land registries dcument and lcalize pieces f land, which are bjects f wnership r land use rights, which are defined in the cnstitutins and laws in many cuntries f this wrld [3]. Fig. 1. Data mdel apprach fr easy and fast registratin [10] Fig. 2. Crrelatin between dcuments fr a mdern cadastral cncept ISBN:

2 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism Nwadays, the Rmanian cadastral system faced a new prvcatin, namely t elabrate and sustain a new apprach f level registratin, which includes parcels, buildings and legal wner. Tday, there are three main directin f cadastral activities in Rmania: - mving twards a mdern Land Administratin Transitin frm Spradic t Systematic registratin; - the integrated Electrnic Cadastre and Land Registry in Rmania using an infrmatinal interface called E-TERRA; - CESAR prject financed by Wrld Bank fr cntinuus systematic registratin f all prperties. The majr achievements f these challenges culd be classified as fllws: - establishing unified institutin fr cadastre and land administratin; - full peratinal centralized IT system managing spradic registratin; - start f systematic registratin prjects frm bth lcal and central level with Wrld Bank financial supprt; - plitical and scial awareness f limitatins f the current system [4]. Realizing cadastre is a prcess which invlves all legal wners frm an administrative territrial unit. This fact implies effective participatin f the legal wners by their engagement t field activities and publishing the results. Accrding t Rmanian Law n cadastre and land registratin n. 7/1996, general cadastre is the unitary and cmpulsry system f technical, ecnmic and juridical inventry f registering f the whle land fund f the cuntry (Fig. 3), regardless f the destinatin f land r related cnstructins, r the quality f wners [1]. 2 Majr prblems f actual cadastral system As stated befre, the general cadastre is the unitary and cmpulsry system fr keeping technical, ecnmic and legal recrds f all real estates thrughut the cuntry s territry. The purpse f the cadastral system is the registratin in the land registry. The basic entities f this system are the parcel, the building and the wner. Immvable means ne r mre adjacent parcels, with r withut buildings, belnging t the same wner. Parcel means the land area having the same land use. Cadastre and Land Registratin Law n. 7/1996 laid the legal fundatins f a unique system f land registratin fr the entire cuntry, which was t replace the existing land registratin systems: the ne f the registers f transcriptins and inscriptins, regulated by Civil Cde and Civil Prcedure Cde, the ne f the frmer land bks respectively, regulated by Decree n.115/1938 regarding unificatin f prvisins n land bks. As its name suggests, the new law regulates tw different institutins in the same nrmative instrument: the technical institutin f the cadastre and the legal institutin f new land bks. The cadastral and land registratin entry system keeps recrds f: immvables, prperty rights, inscriptins n divisins f prperty rights and charges (Fig. 4). Buildings represent a special case f registratin if their wner is different frm the ne f the land, as well as apartments fr the blcks f flats. The buildings n the parcel are registered tgether with this if the wner is the same. Fig. 4. Incnsistencies f land applicatin laws Fig. 3. Example f land fragmentatin (Rmanian village) The amunt f legal prcedure has caused thrugh the years, multiple issues in the field wrks, which became majr prblems f actual cadastral system (Fig. 5): - land fragmentatin (land refrm / land management prjects befre the refrm; - incnsistent land infrmatin as a result f land refrm (lack f mdern standards when land refrm was started; - large areas with n cadastral infrmatin; ISBN:

3 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism - limitatin f the current spradic registratin prcedure with risks n secure system [6]. Fig. 5. Spradic cadastre map 3 Technical infrastructure f the E- TERRA cadastral system The integrated cadastre and land registratin IT system (e-terra) is Natinal Agency f Cadastre and Land Registratin s main peratinal cmputer system that ensures the management f the electrnic cadastre and land registratin recrds. The purpse f this cmputer system is t unify, standardize and autmate the prcesses f updating and inquiring the cadastral and juridical recrds administered by NACLR, having as final target the increase f quality f services delivered t the citizens and the institutins f this cuntry. The system manages a unique database (Fig. 6) cntaining the graphical and textual data related t cadastral and legal recrd, having as primary element f infrmatin rganizatin and presentatin, the administrative territrial unit represented by the cmmune, twn r municipality. The infrmatin managed is gruped int the cadastral land registry, which, tgether with the real estate cadastral register, the wners alphabetical index, the wners cadastral register, the cadastral plan and the annexes t part I f the land bk frm the rganizatinal structures f the cadastral and legal recrds [8]. Fig. 6. E-Terra System Architecture E-Terra system functinal cmpnents (als called mdules r applicatins) are divided int main cmpnents and auxiliary cmpnents depending n their cntributin t the achievement f the general purpse f the system: cadastral and legal recrds management. Each mdule (Fig. 7) ffers functinalities fr the settlement f specific prblems related t the cadastral and legal recrds management activity described hereinafter. ISBN:

4 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism Fig. 7. The Operatinal System f e-terra 4 The e-cartea Funciara Rmanian real estate land bk e- CarteFunciara system ensures the electrnic filling in and slving f the applicatins made fr land bk and cadastre services prvisin by prfessinal grups (ntaries, banks, real estate agencies, licensed persns etc.) (Fig. 8). The functinalities ffered by the system are: slving f applicatins fr infrmatin extract, authenticatin extract, inscriptin in the land bk f the applicatins fr the inscriptin in the registers f transcriptins and inscriptins, user authenticatin based n digital certificate, signature f dcuments and applicatins enclsed by prfessinal grups having qualified digital certificate, remittance slip fr ntaries, payment mdalities (advance payment, electrnic payment, regular payment). Fig. 8. Users f e-terra and e-cf Fr every real estate, a different land bk is drawn up, in which juridical acts and deeds regarding that immvable are registered based n the applicatin submitted by applicants. The land bk represents the basic unit f the legal recrds. The land bk cnsists f title (which includes the land bk number and the administrative territrial unit where the real estate is lcated) and three parts: part A (r part I) referring t the descriptin f immvable (cadastral number, address, destinatin, land use, area and, if the case, buildings). Part A is accmpanied by an annex, the real estate plan respectively, which depicts gemetry, vicinities, real estate descriptin, and lcatin crdinates inventry; part B (r part II) includes infrmatin n the wner (surname and frename/name, identity number) and the prperty right (such as: number and date f the dcument based n which the prperty right was funded); part C (r part III) includes recrds regarding prperty right divisins (trust, use, usufruct, habitatin right, servitudes t the charge f the subdued fund), charges (mrtgage, real estate privileges) r ther inscriptins (tenancy, distraint). The prcess f real estate registratin has been autmatized. [7] Thus, infrmatin is registered in a digital database which cntains bth graphical (real estate bundaries, buildings bundaries) and textual data (cadastral number, area, wner s name, real estate and wner s address, supprting deeds f the prperty right ver the real estate). NACLR als wns the digital rthphtmaps, n a 1:5000 scale, fr the whle cuntry, used bth fr cadastral dcumentatins acceptance and fr preparatin f prjects by the persns/institutins cncerned [2]. The use f e-terra integrated cadastre and land registratin cmputer system has started as f June Currently, the system perates in all 42 cunties, and has as main bjectives: standardizatin f prcesses related t dcument verificatin, receptin and inscriptin in the land bk, cmputerizatin f main NACLR (Natinal Agency fr Cadastre and Land Registratin) /OCLR (Offices fr Cadastre and Land Registratin) wrkflws, autmatin f certain prcesses and achieving f peratins efficiency. The advantages ffered by the new system as seen in Fig. 9 are the fllwing: reductin f clients applicatins slving time perids; pssibility f a very quick access t histrical data frm the archive (real estates, land bks); redundant activities avidance, tracking dwn in due time the fraud attempts made by the clients; limitatin f human errrs ccurrence; reductin f the vlume f transferred and archived physical dcuments (n paper supprt); ensuring a balanced wrk vlume fr the territrial ffices emplyees. ISBN:

5 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism Fig. 9. Wrkflw standardizatin and autmatin 5 Cnclusin Cadastral systems have develped ver time all ver the wrld n the base f natinal r reginal mdels, in varius frms, meeting different needs [9]. We distinguish between: cadastral systems with fiscal functins, accunting and territrial administratin systems, urban planning, envirnmental prtectin, multi-purpse cadastral systems, land registratin systems. Nevertheless, the main functins f cadastre are parcel representatin and establishing the wner. Cadastre systems need t be flexible, because users require daily updates n mdificatins f legislatin, technlgy and thse regarding new means f registratin. Internet use, the use f GPS technlgy, exchange f data thrugh XML and f mdeling standards f UML (Unified Mdeling Language) data have cntributed ver the past few years t the efficient develpment f sme viable cadastral systems. Presently, in Rmania, cadastre is carried ut systematically and spradically, while lcally, at the level f the territrial and administrative divisin, general cadastre is still in the pilt prject phase. In the future, the plan is t cnnect the data bases belnging t different institutins, namely the data base f the Cadastre Agency t the data base f the Natinal Register f Persnal Data. One can thus find ut in real time if a persn is still alive, if they pssess the wnership right ver a building subject t cadastral peratins. Als fr verificatin purpses we have the attempt t cnnect t the data base f the Trade Register, thus knwing whether cmpanies are active, disslved r in inslvency. Anther imprtant achievement wuld be putting tgether, at the level f each territrial and administrative divisin, an electrnic cadastral register f the street nmenclature that culd be accessed by bth the agency and the city halls. Acknwledgment *This wrk was partially supprted by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1.5/S/ (2014) f the Ministry f Natinal Educatin, Rmania, cfinanced by the Eurpean Scial Fund Investing in Peple, within the Sectral Operatinal Prgramme Human Resurces Develpment References: [1] A.C. BADEA, Gh. BADEA, The cncept f cadastral system at internatinal level, RevCad Jurnal f Gedesy and Cadastre, Alba Iulia, 2005, pp , GeCAD `05 Internatinal Scientific Sympsium rganized n 5 th -6 th f May 2005 by 1 Decembrie 1918 University. [2] Gh. BADEA, A.C. BADEA, I. SION, Secţiunea Evidenţă cadastrală, Sisteme infrmatice de evidenţă cadastrală, vl. I, Curs pstuniversitar de perfecţinare, Ed. Cnspress, Bucureşti, ISBN:

6 Advances in Envirnmental Develpment, Gematics Engineering and Turism [3] J. KAUFMANN, Cadastre 2014: Frm Thery t Practice, FIG Wrking Week, Seul, Krea, May [4] J. KAUFMANN, Benchmarking Cadastral Systems, FIG-Cmmissin 7 Cadastre and Land Management Refrming the Cadastre, April [5] D. STAUDLER, Mdern Cadastre and Land Administratin, Tehran, July [6] ***Permanent Cmmittee n Cadastre in the Eurpean Unin Cadastral Infrmatin System a resurce f E.U. plicies, part III, Rmania, Lantmateriet, editin [7] A.C. BADEA, Gh. BADEA, C. DIDULESCU, G. BǍDESCU, A. SAVU, Sme Features f Prject Management Using Dedicated Sftware in the Land Surveying Wrks, pp , 12th WSEAS Internatinal Cnference n Mathematics and Cmputers in Business and Ecnmics (MCBE '11), Transilvania University f Brasv, Rmania, April 11-13, 2011, MCBE Sessin: Risk Management; [8] G. BǍDESCU, O. ŞTEFAN, R. BǍDESCU, Gh. BADEA, A.C. BADEA, C. DIDULESCU, Air-brne Phtgrammetric Systems Used in Tpgraphic and Cadastral Wrks in Rmania, Recent Advances in Remte Sensing, Prceedings f the 5th WSEAS Internatinal Cnference n Remte Sensing (REMOTE 09),University f Genva, Italy, Octber 17-19, 2009, Mathematics and Cmputers in Sciente and Engineering, A Series f Reference Bks and Textbks, ISBN: , ISSN: , Published by WSEAS Press (Wrld Scientific and Engineering and Sciety). [9] C. GRECEA, G. RUSU, C.C MUȘAT, A.M MOSCOVICI, Challenges in implementing the systematic land registratin in Rmania, Recent Advances in Gedesy and Gematics Engineering; Prceedings f the 1st Eurpean Cnference f Gedesy & Gematics Engineering (GENG '13), pp ; ISSN: ; ISBN: , Published by WSEAS Press (Wrld Scientific and Engineering and Sciety). [10] *** ISBN: