T H A M E S V A L L E Y S E R V I C E S. The Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. Building Recording. by Danielle Milbank

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1 T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S The Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Building Recording by Danielle Milbank Site Code KBH10/84 (SP )

2 The King s Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Building Recording For Oakman Inns and Restaurants Ltd by Danielle Milbank Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code KBH 10/84 February 2011

3 Summary Site name: The Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Grid reference: SP Site activity: Building Recording Date and duration of project: 27th August to 15th September 2010 Project manager: Steve Ford Site code: KBH 10/84 Summary of results: The appraisal has confirmed that, although the earliest parts of the surviving building may date from the late 17th century, there have been numerous extensions from the early 19th century onwards, which have significantly affected the historic fabric of the original building. The majority of the proposed re-development will affect elements dating from the mid 19th century and later. The removal of a staircase and structural work necessary to create the orangery dining area will have a considerable impact upon parts of the hotel dating from at least the early 19th century. Nevertheless, it should be noted that these parts of the hotel have already been substantially altered since their construction. Location and reference of archive: The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will be deposited with Dacorum Museum in due course. A copy of the report will be lodged with the National Monuments Record. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford Steve Preston i Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) ; Fax (0118) ; tvas@tvas.co.uk; website :

4 The Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire Building Recording by Danielle Milbank Introduction Report 10/84b This report documents the results of building recording at the Kings Arms Hotel, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire (SP ) (Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Mr Peter Borg-Neal, of Oakman Inns and Restaurants Ltd, 9 Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 6AA. Two planning applications (4/00050/10FUL and 4/00051/10LBC) were granted by Dacorum Borough Council which relate to the refurbishment of the hotel and to the construction of an extension ( orangery ) at the rear. These applications were subject to conditions which require the implementation of a programme of archaeological work, comprising a watching brief on groundworks, and a building recording and building watching brief on the hotel building prior to and during refurbishment. This report is concerned with the building recording component of the archaeological work on the site. The archaeological watching brief forms the subject of a separate report (Milbank 2010). The conditions were attached in accordance with the Department for Communities and Local Government s Planning Policy Statement, Planning for the Historic Environment (PPS5 2010), and the Borough Council s policies on archaeology. The building recording was carried out to a specification approved by Ms Kate Batt, Historic Environment Countryside Advisor with Hertfordshire County Council, advisers to Dacorum Borough Council. The fieldwork was undertaken by Danielle Milbank and Jacqueline Pitt, between 27th August 15th September 2010 and the site code is KBH 10/84. The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will be deposited at Dacorum Museum in due course. A copy of the report will be lodged with the National Monuments Record. Location, topography and geology The site is located in the centre of Berkhamsted on the south-west side of the High Street (Fig. 1), on a narrow plot of land which slopes gently from the south-west down to the north-east (Fig. 2). It is currently occupied by the Kings Arms Hotel, with a Tarmac-surfaced yard area to the rear (west) of the hotel building. The underlying geology is mapped as Middle Chalk (BGS 1946), although this was not encountered in the course of the watching brief carried out during groundworks in the yard area. A brown/orange sand and gravel was observed in some areas and probably represent a localized drift deposit overlying the chalk (Milbank 2010). The site lies at a height of approximately 109m above Ordnance Datum. 1

5 Historical Background The Kings Arms Hotel is a purpose-built inn of late 17th century date, much altered in the 19th century, although numerous alterations and extensions over the years have made it difficult to establish the exact date of the different elements. It is grade II listed (355466) (SMR number 9286). It was built to service the coaching trade (Thompson and Bryant 2005, 18), and the earliest reference to an inn of that name is in The 1612 map of Berkhamsted (attributed to John Norden) (Fig. 3) does not show the site in detail, however it shows that in the area of the site, the High Street was fronted by buildings occupying all available plots. The buildings are probably stylized and so cannot be used to interpret the shape or size of the building in the approximate location of the Kings Arms, and it remains uncertain but likely that the King s Arms building replaced a demolished earlier structure. The Kings Arms Hotel was initially a two-storey building, comprising the front bar with the carriage entrance to the west of the frontage. There were rooms above, and a yard, probably cobbled (Milbank 2010) with an entrance from the side street to the west. The major addition in the early 19th century of a third storey and an assembly room extended the Kings Arms to occupy the east side of the narrow plot. In this period, it was a focal point for the town, running it s own coach service to London, and housed the Post Office and the Petty and Licensing Sessions. The assembly room was also used for auctions, and in 1833 for a great meeting of protest against the coming of the railways. The owner and licensee at this time (from 1792 to 1840) was John Page, and it remained in his widow Mary s name until John Page was a notable figure of Berkhamsted, and held the roles of Postmaster and Constable of Berkhamsted during this time (Jolliffe and Jones 1995). The tithe map of 1840 (Fig. 4) shows a very basic, schematic shape of the building as a square with a further extension to the rear on the east side, which presumably comprised the assembly room and the rooms above. The First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1878 (Fig. 5) shows a range of buildings extending the full length of the plot, although there are several divisions along the length of the building which are slightly ambiguous, suggesting that in the years since the 1840 tithe map, either further rooms or adjoining but separate structures had been added. The Second Edition Ordnance Survey (1898) (Fig. 6) similarly shows the plot filled front to back on the east side, however there is no division shown in the buildings with the exception of the structure at the very rear of the plot, which does not appear to be the same building as previously, and which is separate from the main range. By the time of the 1925 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 7), where the main building has 2

6 been extended with a small westwards projection, and the smaller structure to the rear is now attached and is a different shape again. The only change of any note on the 1938 revision (Fig. 8) is the addition of a structure (possibly outbuilding) across the south-west end of the plot, which butts the Hall (a building fronting Prince Edward Street at the west of the plot). The 1972 Ordnance Survey again shows one complete building with a separate outbuilding across the rear of the plot, though the shape differs slightly from that shown on the previous map. The current (digital) Ordnance Survey (Fig. 2) shows one complete building with no internal divisions, though the outbuilding at the rear is absent. Currently, this space is occupied by garages. This variation in the main range of buildings between the First and the later editions can be explained by the slightly differing cartographic styles used in the First and Second editions, however it does appear that the assembly room and area to its rear were separate buildings in 1878, which were later knocked through to form the complete hotel in its current form. The various extensions to the further rear also seem to have been several different buildings, taking final form only between 1898 and Methodology The building survey was carried out in accordance with guidelines set out by the Royal Commission on Historic Monuments (RCHME 1991) for a Level 3 building recording, with particular attention given to proposed changes to the existing fabric (EH, 2006). Much of the original fabric of the building has been obscured by modern plasterboard, plaster and wallpaper, making dating of the various rooms problematic. However, a broad idea of the date of individual rooms and features can be gleaned from the historic map evidence. Although the building as a whole is orientated with the street frontage to the north-north-east and the rear of the building at the south-south-west, for ease of description the front has been regarded as north and the rear as the south. Description Exterior Front elevation The building is wholly constructed in red brick, with a chequered pattern in dark grey bricks on the front façade Pl. 1, Fig. 14). The frontage is three rooms wide, with a carriageway entrance at each side of the front elevation. The Kings Arms includes the rooms over the carriageway at the west, but not at the east. A vertical black band has been painted on the bricks at the left hand side of the west carriageway to visually balance the black-painted post at the corner of the adjacent building. The lowest part of the wall is a rendered and painted sill. 3

7 There is a wooden trapdoor, leading to the cellar, for stocking the inn with barrels, which appeared to usable at the time of the building recording (Pl. 2). To the west of this, a recess in the wall suggests a further cellar door; however nothing was visible on the interior to confirm this. On the ground floor, there are two wood-framed windows, each with one fixed pane and a horizontal casement on each side, with three smaller fixed panes above. The style of these is typically early 19th century (c. 1810). The sills appear to be rendered and painted brick, and are narrow. A simple wooden cornice is fixed to the wall, from one side of the building to the other, at the top of the lower windows, projecting where it meets the first floor oriel windows. The second storey has three wood-framed oriel windows, each with four lower lights (a fixed pane on either side of a double horizontal casement) below, and a decorative fixed semicircular light above, flanked by two small rectangular panes. On the east side of the frontage, at first floor level, a decorative wooden panel with the arms of Queen Anne (as used only) is fixed to the wall, though it could not be closely examined and its date is not known. On the west side, the traditional pub sign is displayed, again with the arms of Queen Anne. The paradox of the queen s arms (with the unmistakably feminine motto Semper eadem recalling Elizabeth I) being displayed on the King s Arms is unexplained, but Berkhamsted already had a Queen s Arms by The third storey has an identical chequered brick pattern, though the bricks appear to be slightly larger, with thinner mortaring, which is consistent with the third storey being a later addition, though attention has clearly been paid to matching the colour and pattern. The front façade of the building could be an example of an earlier (late 17th century) timber-framed building being brought up to date in the early 18th century with the addition of a façade of chequered brick. The early Georgian style proportions were preserved in the 19th century with the addition of the third storey with its smaller windows. East elevation At the east side of the building, there is a carriageway with rooms above, belonging to the adjoining building. This side of the building is weatherboarded (covering the brick construction), with a wooden sill beam and a brick sill visible, two courses of header bonded bricks at the street front, diminishing to one course at the rear where the level of the paving rises. The weatherboarding in the carriageway is white painted and in good condition, with little warping or weathering, possibly a result of its sheltered position. The bricks are unfrogged 4

8 and slightly irregular in size (55 61mm thick and mm wide). Although they cannot be dated with certainty on the basis of their measurements, the dimensions (matching those of Statute bricks) and finish of the bricks strongly suggest a late 17th/early 18th century date (Harley 1974). On the ground floor, there is one rectangular 16-light wooden sliding sash window, shallowly recessed and surrounded by weatherboarding. In London and larger towns and cities, this type of sash window construction is typically dated earlier than 1774, as building regulations stipulated that the wooden box be enclosed in the brick or masonry, whereas here it is exposed. However, these regulations were generally adopted later in smaller towns and in villages, and were not always adhered to where windows were inserted into thinner walls. In this case, the glazing bars are fairly thin, overall suggesting the window is a later (early or mid-19th century) insertion. The weatherboards prevent close examination so it is not possible to determine if the window replaces an older, or perhaps original, window. The weatherboarding is consistent to the eaves of the second floor (third storey), and is interrupted by a vertical sash window, with four panes on the upper sash and eight lower panes (Pl. 3). This form is unusual, and is the only window on this part of the first floor. The second-floor rooms have a large four-pane sliding sash window, and a smaller four-pane (including one triangular fixed pane, to fit the ceiling slope) casement window, both of Victorian date, perhaps fairly early (c.1850) based on the style and construction. The weatherboarding stops at the rear of the original ground floor, beyond which it is brick on the ground floor with rendered brick above. The exposed bricks are very regular and precise, with an even finish, and are broadly classified as Harley type 5, produced in the late 18th and early 19th century, by basic mechanized means. Occasional examples show vitrification from the firing process, and the bricks are laid in an English bond. The ground floor wooden sash window (with 16 small rectangular panes) is likely to be slightly earlier than the one adjacent to it on the weatherboarded part, as although as the sash box is built into the wall, and is more deeply recessed, the glazing bars are heavier. It is possibly original to the c.1810 assembly room extension. Further to the rear, where the building is two storeys high, a chimney projects from the wall at 1.9m from ground level (just below the rendered first floor) and is bare brick. It overlaps the wooden wallplate, and is likely to be a later insertion. It is out of line with the chimney stack serving the first floor fireplace; the stack has been removed, and as the corresponding interior wall (a bathroom) has been boxed in, it is not possible to see any evidence of the fireplace. On the ground floor, there are two further vertical wood framed sash windows, each 5

9 with six panes, fairly light glazing bars and stone sills. The size of the panes and the small projections ( horns ) at the bottom of the upper sash suggests they are Victorian in date (Pl. 4). At the rear of the restaurant/assembly room extension and further back along the east elevation, the wall is not rendered and the building is two storeys high, though the roof ridge level is slightly lower than the preceding part. The bricks are laid in a Flemish bond, and are yellow London Stock bricks (Harley type 5.3), which were particularly popular in the period 1840 to The remainder of the elevation to the rear is comprised of red bricks (late 19th/early 20th century), which are keyed into the London Stock brick part, and is consistent in terms of coursing (Flemish bond), with the exception of one area of repair (in a stretcher bond) at the northern end of this red brick rear part of the building. A window appears to have been removed on the ground floor, and replaced with an air vent, and the area of repair extends from c0.5m above the ground to the eaves, with corresponding alterations made to the roof. The bricks are well-matched but slightly fresher, and are keyed into the walls on either side (London Stock bricks to the front and red bricks to the rear). There is a narrow margin of red bricks to the right, and at the base of the wall, which show that this part was keyed into the preceding phase. This suggests that although it is possible that these rear rooms at one time were self-contained, with a separate entrance, they were certainly built onto the hotel range as part of the same property. It appears these two parts butted, and then were remodeled to link them internally (Pl. 5). It is clear that the window on the first floor was given a brick arch to match it to the windows to the rear, though the window itself is a different form (a nine-pane vertical sash, with six sliding panes below three fixed panes). At the back of the range on the ground floor, there is a pair of windows, which each have four fixed rectangular panes either side of a four pane casement window. These date from the late 19th, or more likely early 20th century. Above each is a flattened arch of brick (two header courses), with a concrete infill. On the first floor, in the gable end, there is a centrally placed thin vertical sash window of eight panes, with a brick arch of two headers. These three examples are typical of the very late 19th century style of window (influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement of the late Victorian period) (Pl. 6.) At the very back of the range at the far south-west, the building is one storey high, with two pairs of windows, each with a four-pane casement alongside four fixed panes. These match the style of the previous windows. 6

10 West elevation (Fig. 14) At the street front, the west elevation comprises a carriageway. Here, the wall is white painted bricks, and the underside of the carriageway is white painted render or plaster. This is in good condition and is likely to have been well-maintained and repainted relatively recently. The timbers on the underside of the carriageway (a tie beam and a brace) are exposed and appear to be original, though they are painted black and could not be closely examined (Pl. 7). The ground slopes upwards from the street front towards the rear. The entrance to the bar is via a pair of black painted wooden doors under the carriageway, and a window (wooden framed with four fixed panes, vertically arranged) to the left of the doors. There is one black-painted rendered brick or stone step up to the doors, and the wooden door frame is in the form of an S-shaped bolection moulding of a typically late 18th century style. The doors themselves have one simple panel on the bottom half, and six panes on the upper half, and on the basis of style are likely to be later in date than the frame. There is a slight forward projection on this elevation forming a porch, with a window and door. As the brick is painted, it is difficult to see if there is any discontinuity in the construction, however in terms of the brick size and finish, and the building s layout, it appears likely that this feature postdates the 18th-century parts of the building. The window comprises six large fixed panes, and the door is of a simpler style, with no moulding on the wooden case, and square-edged panels and four large panes on the door itself. To the rear of this projection, the wall is consistent overall (slightly irregular bricks in a Flemish bond) however there is a short row (1.15m) of stretchers at 0.47m from the base of the wall. It appears that a rear cellar door existed on this elevation, and was subsequently bricked up, though it is not clear when in the building s development this was carried out. There is evidence for this on the interior, though the ground level outside is Tarmac (Pl. 8) The elevation beyond the carriageway comprises two storeys. The first floor (the restaurant area) is brickbuilt up to the window sill, and there are 12 windows. These are wood framed and uniform, with four almost square panes above, and two large rectangular panes below, and are all fixed with the exception of the upper part of the (from left to right) second, fifth, ninth and eleventh, which are vertically opening casements. A continuous wooden sill runs the length of the restaurant area. The restaurant area has a flat roof and the wall at the south-west is rendered and white painted brick. The second storey is considerably taller than the ground floor, and the bricks are rendered. Four large sash windows are equally spaced along the elevation. These are very shallowly recessed into the wall, and have very 7

11 light, thin glazing bars, with a simple square head and are each three panes wide and four panes high. The frames appear to be original to the early 19th-century part of the building, however the presence of horns at the bottom of the upper sash is a later 19th-century feature which suggests the wooden sashes are replacements (Pl. 9). Further to the rear, the elevation is two storeys high, though the roof level is lower. This part of the range is white painted rendered brick, and has a door at the north (adjacent to the restaurant) and one at the centre, which are both simple doors with no moulding, two panels in the lower and four panes in the upper half. The windows on the ground floor (six in total, set in pairs, with the pair to the rear slightly closer together) are casement windows with two panes next to two fixed panes, and there are four of these on the ground floor. The doors and windows have arches of two header courses, which are black painted and match those at the eastern elevation, and the windows have red clay tile sills. These doors and windows are all likely to be modern replacements for older fittings. The first floor is white painted brick (not rendered) and has four rectangular sash windows. The frames are more deeply recessed than those to the front, and have brick arches matching those on the ground floor, though the sashes are an exact match, suggesting the first floor windows were refurbished with matching sashes in the later 19th century (Pl. 9). This appears to be a likely date for the addition of ground floor rooms 12, 14, 15, and first floor rooms 6, 7 and 8. At the rear of this part of the building on the ground floor is a projection with a sloping slate-tiled roof, which serves as a porch for stairs to the upper rooms. The door is modern, and matches the other two on this part of the elevation. On the first floor, above the porch, there is a small four-pane sash window which appears to be contemporary with the larger first floor sashes. The elevation to the rear of this point appears to be wholly late 19th or early 20th century in date, and comprises two storeys, with a weatherboarded first floor gable housing a loft room, and a single storey extending to the rear of the plot. There is a modern, tall, one-pane window next to a modern door (two panels below four panes), with one brick arch spanning both. On the ground floor, two modern two-pane sash windows have matching black-painted brick arches. There is one first-floor window in the gable end with weatherboards, which is a four-pane sliding sash. The first floor overhangs the ground floor, supported by brick buttresses, which is more typically early 20th century in style. There is a garage with a lean-to type roof occupying the space at the back of the plot, so the rear elevation is not visible. 8

12 South-west elevation Above the carriageway, there are two storeys, both covered with white weatherboards. The first floor has a single small four-pane casement, hinged at the top, and of uncertain date. The second floor has a centrally placed, large four pane sash, with larger upper panels a slightly top-heavy look, though it was not clear from the interior if one part of the window had been replaced. To the right of this, a small two-pane fixed window, possibly a later insertion, could not be closely examined and is of uncertain date. Roof The majority of the roof is covered with red ceramic tiles, with some parts having grey slates. There is one flat roofed part on the western side, above the restaurant extension, which is asphalt. The part of the building fronting the street is a gabled roof butting the gables of the adjacent building on the west side (the building to the east does not reach the roof level of the Kings Arms), with three rear projections which accommodate the second floor rooms. The ridges of the projections are both lower than the ridge at the front (Pl. 10). This part of the roof is uniformly covered with red ceramic tiles, though the ridge tiles of the front section have been replaced with newer (20th century) greyish clay tiles. The central and eastern projections are hipped. These meet the hipped roof of the main range of rooms on the east side of the plot in a valley, and there is a small, mismatched area of repair where the eaves of the rear range meet the roof (some 0.50m above the eaves). To the rear of the main range, the clay tiled roof is then butted by the slate tiled roof of the mid 19th century part of the building. The slate roof ends in a gable, against which the clay tiled roof of the rear buildings has been built. This gabled roof takes the form of a catslide, with the slope to the rear descending much further, to meet the clay tiled hipped roof of the single storey at the rear of the plot. Clay tiles have been replaced in some areas, and with the exception of the newer tiles, the roof overall is fairly uniform and weathered, with moss growing in sheltered parts. The structure does not appear to be sagging. Where the rear slope of the front meets the rear projections, several tiles are broken and the lowest have slipped out entirely (Pl.10). A narrow modern wooden-framed skylight window has been inserted into the east-facing side of the west projection. The long two storey rear part of the building is roofed with grey slate, and butts against the clay tiled roof. The slates are older and more noticeably weathered at the front (though occasional slates have been replaced with new ones). There are clearly newer slates above the 20th century rooms at the rear. 9

13 There are two chimney stacks at the street front: the chimney visible at the east side of the building serves three fireplaces: the double fireplace in the bar/lounge at the front and the two rooms above. It is of chequered bricks, matching the façade but as a result of its exposed position, more weathered. The top of the stack (the visible part) must be contemporary with, or postdate, the construction of the third storey rooms. The chimney to the west of the frontage serves the first floor and second floor rooms at the far right at the front. This appears to be of matching chequered bricks but could not be closely examined. On the east side of the main range of rooms, there are two chimney stacks. Toward the front is a rectangular brick stack with no pots, which serves the fireplace in the second storey assembly room. Further to the rear, a taller stack with one pot, which appears from the finish to be a later insertion or rebuild, serves the second fireplace in the meeting room. Both of these may also have served fireplaces on the ground floor, though these are no longer surviving (see interior, ground floor). To the rear of the main range, (on the higher part of the catslide roof) there is a further centrally-placed chimney stack with two pots visible, which could not be closely examined, but is likely to be contemporary with this (probably late 19th century) part of the building. At the rear, there is a louvre in the form of a square metal turret with vents on all four sides, and a decorative bell-shaped hood. This is a late Victorian or early 20th century feature (Pl. 6). Interior: Ground floor The rooms are described using their designations in the use of the hotel. Front bar/lounge The front room of the King s Arms comprises a large parlour, roughly square in plan, partially divided into two rooms by a pair of large back-to-back fireplaces. The walls are timber framed with bare brick, which at the front are laid to an English bond at the top of the wall, and a Flemish bond below, where the wall has been repaired. The bricks overall are fairly irregularly sized ( mm long, 55 61mm thick) and roughly finished. The dimensions, form and finish suggest they are late 17th century in date. This wall is an existing part of the original (c. 1680) building, while the exterior façade is an addition, probably slightly later, around The west wall appears to have been rebuilt, and there is no evidence of the bay posts or other vertical members. The east wall is timber with paper and plaster over the brick infill. Overall, the structure can be described as box-framed, with tall narrow panels. 10

14 The internal timbers are in most cases very thickly painted with a streaky dark brown varnish, so the condition of the wood and differences in wear and tear are obscured, however, it is clear that some pieces are modern replacements, and some are re-used older timbers. The east wall appears to be largely original, with narrow, uneven vertical posts (Pl. 11). Two of these posts have a second post attached, with a mortice and tenon joint exposed at the top of each, to carry the beams supporting the carriageway to the east. There are two diagonal struts reinforcing the structure, which meet the central bay post a third of the way down the wall. At the front of the east wall, the wallplate is bowed upwards in a distinctive shape, though this may be a result of warping rather than intentional shaping. Several of the beams and joists in the ceiling, however, are likely to be original, including a large tie-beam (possibly two separate beams) which spans the width of the room, each side of the fireplace. In the west wall, a later piece of wood has been fitted to an older, irregularly-shaped wallplate. The modern, machine-cut timbers throughout this wall appear to be inserted for appearance, and all have been rusticated, with repeated small chisel marks, presumably in order to given the impression of age. The bricks are slightly larger and more even in terms of size and finish (225mm long x 70mm thick) and also laid to an English bond, and it is likely that this wall was rebuilt when the façade was added, with the timbers added later. A stud wall separating the entrance from the bar area is clearly a modern insertion. Painted wooden panelling (of likely 19th century date) 0.91m high had been fixed to the walls, though this was removed from all areas apart from the small entrance lobby at the time of the building recording. The two windows in the front wall have internal brick ledges the thickness of the wall, which had been boxed in with wooden panelling, also removed. The floor of the lounge bar is covered in plywood (carpet having been removed prior to the building recording), and the floorboards beneath could not be closely examined. There is no evidence in the timbers visible in the ceiling to suggest that the room was separated into two parlours, though the back to back fireplace suggests this. The joists are aligned front to back and in some locations (in front of the bar area) there are empty mortices which are unlikely to represent missing pieces from the structure, given their location, and suggest that these have been re-used. The back to back fireplace is the dominant feature in the room, and the main part of it is built from bricks laid to an irregular bond which is English in places and Flemish in others (Pl 12). There is no back to the fireplaces, though they do have separate flues. These are the same dimensions as the bricks in the front wall, though more regular, and the colour is different (grayish rather than red), the finish is neater and the mortar is grey and less friable. It appears to be of later date than the front wall. The brickwork inside the chimney (which 11

15 is only just visible in the flue, and not accessible for close examination) is comparable to the front wall, and is likely to be the remaining part of the fireplace before two phases of repair and rebuilding. The brick chimneypiece appears to have been remodelled and reinforced in one phase, with a second phase (probably in the late 19th or early 20th century) involving building a wall between the two sides against the front wall, so that the two sides of the bar are almost partitioned. A third phase comprised some superficial repair to the top of the jamb at the east side. There is a wooden lintel on each side, which both take the form of a low arch with a chamfered underside, and are of a style that is most typical of the mid 16th to mid 17th century. These are supported on brick jambs, and while the lintel on the west side is undecorated, the lintel on the east side of the fireplace has a carved band in a geometric style, below a band of foliage with a face in the centre (probably not a green man but somewhat similar; Pl 13). The decorated part of the wood has a large crack through it. The discontinuity between the chamfer and the plain brick suggests that the jambs were rebuilt, and the lintels were inserted and were not an original feature of the inn in the late 17th century. Behind the wooden lintels, both sides have an inserted I-shaped steel joist of Victorian or later date. Neither the modern brickwork nor the oldest visible parts of the structure are symmetrical, though it is possible that an original fireplace was located here and was symmetrical. The area of the hearth is a raised and tiled (in a chequered black and red pattern) step which is of late 19th century, or more likely 20th century date, and currently accommodates a single free-standing wrought-iron grate. There is a cast iron fireback displayed on the wall (Pl. 14), featuring a lion with a rose, a thistle and a fleurde-lys and bearing the date 1649, and although these can occasionally be linked to a particular property or person, this example need not necessarily relate to a building on this site; nor need the date be the date of production of the piece (although it does have a 17th-century feel), it may commemorate the execution of King Charles on that year. At the rear of the front bar/lounge, the modern bar surface is attached to the timbers of the east wall. These comprise posts, with several struts and horizontal members which are later, machine-cut wood. The surface in between the posts is very thickly and unevenly plastered. The bar is a modern construction and has the bar surface, with modern fittings for refrigerators and storage, and taps, which are linked to the cellar. Several notches and holes for screws have been made in the timbers of the east wall, however the bar itself is supported on new members and the wall timbers do not appear to have been badly damaged or much altered beyond superficial holes and notches. At the front of the bar are four posts, 12

16 of which one (at the corner of the bar) may an older piece (it is uneven and slightly warped, and has the bar surface built around it), while those to the west appear to be later machine-cut timbers. Resting on these is a large, possibly original, tie-beam. At the rear of the bar, across the width of the building, there is a single step up to a slightly higher floor level (0.08m) which appears to relate to the back of the original inn building. At this point are three upright posts, of which two are clearly later (possibly 20th century) insertions, though the post at the east wall appears to be a surviving element of the original timber frame at the rear. The post which is slightly off-centre on this line is a little weathered and uneven (in comparison to those either side, which are clearly relatively recent) but does not connect convincingly with the wall plate and may be part of either the early or the mid 19th century phase (Pl 15). These support what is likely to be the surviving wallplate of the former rear of the 17th-century building. Here, the front edge of the dropped ceiling of the restaurant to the rear is of probable late 19th- or early 20thcentury construction, and comprises wood and painted plaster. The partition for the door leading to the basement comprises machine-cut timbers and is likely to have been inserted in either the early or mid 19th century phase of the building s development. The door itself and the frame are modern fittings. Restaurant area/ground floor toilets The area to the rear of the bar is currently occupied by the ground floor toilets. The ceiling is lower than that of the bar/lounge, with modern paper and plaster and timbers which appear to be a modern covering, and none of these timbers appear to be load-bearing. Modern bathroom fittings and several interior stud walls of modern date had been removed at the time of the building recording. The remaining interior walls are tiled and part of the wall is boxed in and plastered. This is likely to conceal a chimney, and the stack can be seen on the exterior. The open restaurant area contains three large posts, which are thickly painted and likely to be original to the early 19th-century phase. Of these, one has a considerable vertical crack along its length. With this exception, the timbers throughout the restaurant appear to be relatively recent insertions, including those visible in the ceiling, and the partition (with a London Stock brick infill in a Flemish bond), though this has been constructed from re-used timbers with empty mortices (Pl. 16). To the west of the row of substantial posts is a row of thinner posts which appear also to be later, machinecut insertions, and the modern lowered ceiling is fixed to these (Pl 16). At the windows, the restaurant space is 13

17 the full height up to its flat roof. At the front of this bay, at the west of the building, there is a heavy, squaresectioned beam on the long side, with windows as described above (exterior, west elevation). This is supported by four cast-iron, black painted posts, which are round in section. There is one at each corner and two equally spaced on the long side. The style of construction suggests that this addition was built in the later part of the 19th century, and in order to build it, the original west wall of the main rear extension would have been removed. However, this part of the structure does not appear in detail on the Ordnance Survey maps, and an exact date for this is not known. There is wooden panelling (of uncertain but likely late 19th or 20th century date) along the sides of the room which forms an interior sill, and is painted. Kitchen The kitchen is separated from the restaurant by a modern plasterboard wall. The fixtures, fittings and any panelling or interior decoration had been removed prior to the building recording, and the ceiling and floor coverings had been removed, leaving an empty space, with windows as described above (exterior, east elevation). The floor is bare concrete, and the exposed joists are modern replacements, however, an I-shaped steel joist orientated east-west supports two courses of bricks which could not be closely examined but may be the remains of an internal brick partition wall. Brick buttresses are visible on the west wall, and where an area has been broken the external wall is visible in two places. There is a change in the finish of the bricks, showing where the mid 19th - century extension was built against the existing early 19th-century meeting room. To the rear of the kitchen, the internal partition walls have been removed, and it appears these were modern stud and plasterboard. The staircase to the upper rooms (ascending from the west up to the east) had also been recently removed and joists have been replaced where it had existed in the ceiling. Where the joists have recently been replaced (the front part of the kitchen, and the former stairwell), there is no fire damage, however a large area of the timbers are badly scorched and blackened, though not to the point of cracking or becoming unsafe. The beam and joists in this part of the ceiling that have been affected appear to be original to this part of the building (early 19th century) on the basis of their finish and their relationship to later additions and replacements. It is clear that a fire occurred at some point in the building s lifetime, which was also noted when blackened bricks were encountered during the watching brief on external groundworks by the kitchen entrance (Milbank 2010). However, the date of the fire cannot be established and there is no relevant documentary record. 14

18 Ground floor bedrooms 12, 14, and 15 (Pl 17) [As is commonly the case, 13 has been omitted from the hotel s room numbering.] The internal walls of the entrance, and the walls separating bedrooms 12, 14 and 15 have been removed, and the floor is bare concrete. These bedrooms had en suite bathrooms, the fixtures and fittings of which were entirely removed, and the drainage and water pipes have been removed, leaving areas of the concrete floor broken out. This concrete floor, the drainage, and the internal walls are all modern modifications. Where the internal walls have been removed, there are several pillars remaining, which are likely to be part of the mid 19th-century phase of building. These are in most cases covered with plaster and wallpaper, but brick is visible in some places. To the rear of these pillars, there is a step and the floor level rises 0.32m between bedrooms 14 and 15. Above this step, an exposed area of brickwork (a row of header bricks) of early 20th-century appearance suggests that there was an internal doorway which existed prior to the modern layout of ground floor rooms. Above the windows (which are described above, exterior, west elevation), there is a wooden wallplate visible, which is a neat machine-cut timber probably original to this part of the building. However, above the last pair of windows on this part of the elevation, there is a metal wallplate (possibly steel), which suggests that the porch adjoining this part may be a later insertion. The porch projects to the west and provides access via stairs to the first floor rooms. Wall coverings (plaster, wallpaper and paint) obscure certain elements of the building which might clarify the phasing of this part of the building, however, it is possible that the part of building to the rear of the stairs was originally separated, with access to the first floor rooms above 12, 14 and 15 further to the rear. The refurbishment of this part of the building primarily affects the west wall, which will be partially removed for the restaurant extension, and will therefore involve demolition of part of the mid 19th century fabric of the building. Other than this, the renovation will have an impact on the internal fittings and partitions, none of which are earlier than 20th century. The porch projection also contains a second access to a corridor (with plastered walls and a plywood floor) to bedroom 15 to the front, and back to bedroom 16. There is a step down from this landing, which has a plywood floor, and on the lower landing is a tiled area of floor, of likely late Victorian or early 20th century date. Ground floor bedrooms 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 Bedrooms 16 and 17 are part of the two-storey gabled extension, and bedroom 17 has its own door on the west elevation. All internal doors from this point to the south end of the building are modern (possibly fairly recent, 15

19 post-1960s), the floors are concrete or plywood unless specified, and the walls are plaster over brick. Bedroom 17 has a bathroom at the rear, from which the fittings had been removed, and a built-in plastered (probably brick) pillar and sideboard. Bedrooms 18, 19 and 20 are accessed through a lobby at the south of the building. Bedroom 18 has a step down halfway between the east and west sides of the room, dividing it in two. There is a pillar and sideboard corresponding to that in the adjacent bedroom 17. The en-suite bathroom is built into the corner. Bedroom 19 is carpeted and the en-suite bathroom fittings are present. Although the room is one storey high, there is a storey and a half space to the east of the doorway, with an upper window above the door. Bedroom 20 has a single window facing north, and an en suite bathroom at the south. First floor First floor corridor and lobby The first floor access is via a door and staircase at the west, beneath the carriageway. The stairwell has visible joists in the ceiling which are orientated north-south, and there is part of a post and a wall plate visible, though they are both partially covered and it is not clear if it is part of the original 17th-century structure. The staircase has turned balusters in a style typical of the very late 17th or early 18th century, though it is not certain whether they are an original feature or a later addition. There is a landing at the top of the stairs, and a blocked doorway to the front bedrooms, and the wall facing the top of the stairs has been removed to provide access to the corridor and bedrooms. The corridor has exposed joists which are likely to be original, and are orientated north-south. These are painted black and the plaster is white painted. First floor- Bedroom 1 This room is over the carriageway and is roughly rectangular, with large exposed east-west beam and northsouth joists, all original. The front wall and chimney/fireplace are exposed brick, while the wall is plastered and painted white between the posts on the east and west walls. The window (described above, exterior front) has a wooden sill and panelling below, of likely 18th century or later date. The oriel window has exposed timbers which project forward from the original wallplate. There are several exposed horizontal timbers in the brick wall at the front, which do not appear to be modern in finish, however their purpose is unclear and they seem likely to be re-used timbers inserted for appearance (Pl. 18). The fireplace is a simple, rectangular shape (with bricks in a stretcher bond) which has a later rebuilding on the inside of the jambs. The wooden lintel is large and simple, with a chamfered underside, 16

20 and is very slightly arched but almost straight. Although the fireplace has been reinforced (probably in the early 19th century) it appears to be an original feature, with brick dimensions and finish that support this. The back of the fireplace is painted black and there is a freestanding wrought iron grate. At the rear of bedroom 1, an en-suite bathroom (modern fittings removed) has exposed joists in the ceiling, which although they roughly match in terms of size and finish, are off-line with the room overall, and there is an exposed, sawn-off end of a timber visible. It is possible that this room has been modified, though the exposed brickwork in the west wall suggests that this space was part of the original part of the building over the carriageway, and not a later addition. Bedrooms 2 and 3 These two rooms mirror each other, though bedroom 2 is slightly larger than bedroom 3. The window in bedroom 2 is also slightly wider than bedrooms 1 and 3, and has the same wooden frame, sill and panelling as bedroom 1. There is a large beam that extends through from bedroom 1, and the same north-south joists. The front wall is exposed brick, with horizontal timbers as in bedroom 1. The east and west walls are plastered and painted. There is a modern partition wall creating an en-suite bathroom and built in cupboard in the south-west corner, and a picture rail (probably a later addition) on the south wall. The fireplace is on the east wall, and is of the same simple construction as that in bedroom 1. The back of the fireplace is painted black and there is a freestanding wrought iron grate, and there is some sagging towards the centre of the bricks of the chimney breast. Possibly as a result of this, the load of the ceiling is supported by a brick pillar to the south of the chimney, which is flush with the wall and is built of bricks of likely early 19th century date (Pl 19). Bedroom 3 has the same continuous ceiling beam, which rests on the brick pillar at the west and a post at the east wall. The exposed timbers on this wall appear to be original, with the exception of two diagonal braces which are later insertions. The chimney backs on to that in bedroom 2 and is of the same construction, though it is not sagging. The back to back chimneys on this floor indicate what form the original chimney in the bar below would have taken. They are not particularly grand and are plain and undecorated, however they are a good example of the functional architecture around the end of the 17th century. There is a small bathroom (with its fittings removed) at the west, backing on to bedroom 3 s en-suite bathroom. It is tiled and the walls are plastered, and there are no exposed beams or other interior features. 17

21 Bedroom 4 and function room To the rear of the bedrooms, there is a large rectangular hall which has been partitioned into two, to form bedroom 4 and a function room. The partition (which remains only as a wooden frame projecting from the east and west walls, and the ceiling, has been removed, and it is likely that this was originally an open space, serving as an assembly room for the various civic functions which took place at the Kings Arms from the beginning of the 19th century. The proportions of the room are typically Georgian, with the high ceiling and tall windows (though the sashes themselves are later replacements, as described above), and a continuous moulded cornice. There is a substantial, and typically early 1800s style, skirting around the room. The fairly bold, solid design of the dado is a typically Neoclassical (in particular, Greek) meander motif, and is continuous around the room. The notable thickness of the paint on the dado is suggestive of its being in situ for a long period. Although these decorative features of the room are perfectly fitting and plausible for the period, it is still conceivable that this interior decoration is a result of the 20th -century refurbishment, which has been sensitively carried out in terms of the colour and finish. There is an electric chandelier at the centre of the ceiling in each of the two parts of the room, with a plaster ceiling rose which could not be closely examined. The two fireplaces are fairly large, with one in each half of the rectangular space. The fireplace in the northern half (Bedroom 4) has a surround of blue and white tiles in a Dutch (Delft) style, however these are unlikely to be original. It has a Bath-type grate designed for burning coal. The fireplace in the southern half of the room is blocked, but the simple moulded surrounds of both fireplaces match. On the north wall, a number of exposed timbers in a rectangular arrangement have been left visible, while the walls to the east, west and south are very smoothly plastered and well finished (Pl 20). These timbers are a mixture of older and newer (though not necessarily modern) pieces which suggest that some are surviving pieces from the back wall of the original building, which have been combined. It is not likely that they would be displayed in such a manner in the early 19th century, however in later years it is possible that they were discovered and made into a (fairly unusual) feature for aesthetic reasons. At the rear of the room, there is a marked change in wall thickness (from 0.21m to 0.37m) and overall brick size, which shows the next phase of the building s development, with the adjoining part to the rear dating to the mid-19th century. At the south of the room, there is a recessed part of the wall which is fitted with concertinatype doors to create a cupboard space, which is an unusual feature for such a room, and it possibly indicates the presence of a fireplace when this was an end wall, though the interior decoration has hidden any evidence of this. 18

22 There is also a bathroom (fittings removed) which is likely to be a modern adaptation given that it contains one of the large windows of the west elevation. Bedrooms 6, 7 and 8, corridor and stairs The corridor from the function room leads down the east side of the building and provides access to bedrooms 6, 7 and 8. There is an area of square red Victorian tiles in the corridor, which is repeated in the southern part of bedroom 6. There is a dropped part of the ceiling, and a loft hatch. At the rear of the corridor, there are two steps up to a landing. The doorway to the stairs which descend to the ground floor is blocked, and the staircase itself has been removed entirely (see above). Bedroom 6 has a toilet/shower room which is L-shaped and fits around the stairwell. These bedrooms are smoothly plastered and painted, therefore no structural features such as timbers or bricks are visible. The wooden-framed sash windows are described above (west elevation). The doors all have simple wooden moulded frames, and there is fairly flat and low skirting in all of these rooms. A corridor to the south provides access to the rear first floor rooms. Rear rooms (9, 10 and 11) These rooms are built into the gable of the first floor extension, which is of likely late 19th century date. The corridor has a modern skylight window which is not visible on the exterior from the ground. The far south end of the corridor (the rear of the range as a whole) includes a small cupboard with a sloping ceiling, in order to use every part of the roof space. Bedroom 9, on the east side of the building, has a three sloping parts of the ceiling as it is within the gable and the hipped part of the roof to the north. The long window on the east elevation is described above. The interior is plastered and with the exception of wooden moulded doorframes and skirting, there are no internal features of note. The bathroom fittings have been removed, and it is not possible to determine if the bathroom partition wall is original to the late Victorian building or a 20th century insertion. Bedroom 10 has similar internal decoration, with a skylight window in the south ceiling slope, and a dormer window. There is an interruption to the slope in the south side, with a square profile, which appears to be covering the purlin part of the roof construction. Bedroom 11 has a triangular corner window of likely 20th century date inserted to the western elevation. 19

23 Second floor bedrooms The rooms on the second floor are likely to have been added in the early 19th century, and comprise several garret rooms and one larger room at the north-east corner of the building. They were most recently used as staff rooms, and it seems likely they were built for this purpose. They are not numbered, so are identified here by letters A to G. Room G was not accessible at the time of the building recording. Access is via a staircase from the first floor, and the staircase appears to be Victorian. Exposed timbers in the wall alongside the stairs could suggest that the direction of the stairs has been reversed, and originally ascended from the east up to the west (Pl. 21). This would have been at odds with the direction of the stairs from the ground floor up to the first, which also ascend west to east. There is also evidence of this in the abrupt stop of the handrail opposite, suggesting the landing was the mirror of the current layout. It is possible that the staircase below this also replaced an earlier set of stairs. The basement stairs are later Victorian or modern, and appear to replace an earlier entrance further to the rear which has been bricked up (see west elevation). Unfortunately internal renovation appears to have removed any other evidence for this apparently Victorian modification. Two corridors lead from the landing at the top of the stairs: one providing access to rooms A, B and D; the other leading to the west, then the front, providing access to rooms C and G, while room F is at the end of the stairs. Bedroom A is the largest of the second floor rooms and occupies the north-east corner of the building, with a window at the front (described above) and at the east side (a Victorian sash which may have replaced an earlier window) providing views to the front and east along the high street. It has a small section of sloping ceiling at the rear, with the hipped roof above. Apart from the skirting and moulded doorframes (later 19th century), the interior has no notable original features, though the layout suggests there is a walled-over chimney. Bedroom B, at the centre of the front rooms, has a four-pane window, with two in the room itself and two in the partitioned bathroom. As in bedroom A, a section of the ceiling at the rear slopes, though the rear roof projection is lower than the one to the east so they are slightly mismatched. To the rear of bedroom A is bedroom D, which is small and rectangular, with one small narrow window which is hinged at the top, with an unusual rack and pinion type stay mechanism. To the rear of this is bedroom E, which has few internal features of note. The ceiling is sloping down to the east and to the rear of the building, with a dormer window with a four-pane sash. Room F is a bathroom, with a modern skylight window set into the sloping roof. It is partially tiled. The corridor to bedrooms C and G has modern wooden boxing around the pipework on the east side. 20

24 The front bedroom C has a fireplace in the west side wall, which is directly above that in bedroom 1 and is served by the same chimney and stack, and the fireplace is in the form of a small, off-centre Bath-type grate with cast iron surround, and tile decoration on each side. This is a Victorian addition, and there is also a dado and door-frame moulding of similar date. Room G is a further bedroom on this floor, however it was not accessible at the time the building recording was carried out. The ceiling and doorways in this part of the building are fairly uneven and although the interior finishes (plaster and wallpaper) and many of the windows are modern, the structure overall is that of an early 19th century added storey. Roof space The loft space is accessed via a hatch in the ceiling of the first floor corridor, adjacent to bedroom 8. The roof structure in the mid 19th century part of the building (above rooms 6, 7 and 8) has a crown post supporting a ridge purlin, with six side purlins on each side (Pl. 22). The condition and shaping of the timbers is neat and square, with no chamfering. The gable end to the south is brick, with no supporting timbers, and it appears to be a well-built and unaltered structure. There is a single chimney stack in this part, which is of mid to late 19th century appearance and is described above (exterior, roof). To the north, there is a slanting wooden arrangement of timber struts which follows the pitch of the hipped roof. The roof structure beyond this point could not be closely examined; however the northernmost end of this part can also be seen to follow the slope of the hipped part where it joins the back end of the front projection at the east. Here, the timbers appear to be too fresh and neatly cut to be original to the early 19th-century construction of this part of the building. It is likely that the late 19th century, or perhaps even the 20th century, phase of refurbishment included replacement of the roof structure and retiling, which is also indicated by the fresh appearance of the slates and tiles on both parts of the roof. Basement/cellar A wooden staircase (of 20th century date) leads down from the bar to the basement, into a space which is full height. The basement interior is white painted brick, and there are no decorative features. The overall shape is a low-ceilinged almost square space below the bar, with brick vaulted arches to the east and south, and a further rectangular space to the rear. In the main space, there are exposed beams which are thickly painted and which could not be examined, but are likely to be original. The basement space, at least the northern part, was probably 21

25 constructed in the first phase of the inn in the late 17th century. The later additions and modifications to the space comprise the addition of a poured concrete floor (late 19th century or later) and of drainage at the rear, however traces of a brick floor (probably of 19th century date) and a small patch of stone floor of uncertain date, are visible. Opposite the wooden stairs, there is a second set of concrete stairs which ascend towards the exterior at the west, and would have emerged at the bottom of the ground floor stairwell. It is unclear how they fit into the layout of the building, and may be a short-lived Victorian modification. The basement of the building is currently used as a store and the rear part contains the lines for taking pumped beers up to the bar, and these fittings are present at the rear. It is possible that the rear part of the basement was a later 19th century addition, though it is not clear whether is would belong to the earlier of later phase of development. The bricked up area at the bottom of the external wall which corresponds to the alcove in the west side of the basement, under the carriageway, may point to the presence of a coal chute or something similar. It is currently fitted with a rusted metal grate with boards above, though Tarmac has been laid over them. The main access for deliveries is the trapdoor at the front, which appears to have been in constant use since the earliest phase of the building. The bricks exposed at the step below the trapdoor are weathered, broken and loose, and have evidently been subjected to considerable wear and tear during the building s lifetime (Pl. 23). The space at the east of the basement has a vaulted ceiling and had integral brick-built storage (Pl. 24). The brick proportions and finish (suggestive of late 18th- or early 19th-century methods) indicates that these structures are part of the early 19th century phase of work, or perhaps slightly earlier. The proposals for renovating the building do not include any major modifications to the basement, although some minor work may be carried out for electricity and the supply lines to the bar. In the south-eastern part of the cellar is a 0.67m square iron grate set in the concrete floor, which reveals that the latter is on top of a brick floor. The grate presumably covers a well, which would have been a common facility in an inn that brewed its own ale. Discussion and phasing (Fig. 16) The earliest features of the Kings Arms comprise certain elements which have been re-used (certain timbers, and the 16th or early 17th century lintels in the bar fireplaces), though the earliest part of the building itself (the front bar and rooms above) dates to c The existence of a building on this plot at the start of the 17th century is suggested by the earliest available map, and it is possible that the reused elements were derived from this earlier building. 22

26 The box timber frame method of construction is a fairly modest and simple style which was popular for a relatively long period from the 15th century onward, however there are details which confirm that the original coaching inn was late 17th century in date. Although bricks cannot be dated on the basis of their dimensions alone, when the measurements are considered alongside the finish and fabric, it can be said with reasonable certainty that the earliest examples which comprise the front wall are of the period Similarly, the joists exposed in the ceiling of the rooms above (1 3) are laid on their thin ends, and are fairly closely spaced, again indicating a likely date at the end of the 17th century (Hall 2005). The main part of the basement is also original to this first phase of building. In the early 1800s, the second major phase was undertaken, which involved the addition of the third storey and the assembly room to the rear at the east, preserving a yard area. Although nothing appears on the maps, there would probably have been stables to the rear of the early 19th century rooms. This phase of development also preserved certain timbers on the ground and first floor which would have originally formed the rear of the building, and probably the addition of the patterned brick façade, is later in date than the original building but is likely to belong to this phase, along with the rear part of the basement and the storage structures within it. Stylistic features of this period are demonstrated in the typically Georgian proportions of the windows on the west elevation, and the interior of this room. The development of the inn continued with the addition of the rooms to the rear in the mid 19th century, which appears on the 1840 tithe map. The overall structure housing the kitchen, and rooms 12, 14 and 15 (and those above) belongs to this phase, though the interior divisions do not. The large windows of the assembly rooms were replaced to match the large early Victorian sash windows. The later 19th century saw the expansion to the west of the restaurant, with its flat roof, and the construction of the rear range. This is likely to have occurred between 1840 and 1878 according to the cartographic evidence. It is possible, though highly unlikely, that the map shows Victorian buildings which were entirely demolished and replaced. These are shown as being separate on the 1898 Ordnance Survey map, and features such as windows and doors are stylistically typical of the period. Subsequent building in the early 20th century (between 1898 and 1925), brought this part together with the main range of rooms, which is shown as a continuous building in Later modern refurbishments have resulted in repairs and alterations to areas of brick, replacement windows and modern fittings such as the bar, which have not substantially altered the structure or character of the building. 23

27 Conclusion This report has documented the development of the Kings Arms Hotel since its original construction, reflecting its change in character over the years from a coaching inn to a meeting place for civic events, and finally a modern pub and hotel. The fabric of the original building of late 17th century date survives in parts of the front bar, the bedrooms above and presumably the cellar. It is possible that the façade and rebuilding of the ground floor west wall may belong to a separate phase of alteration in the early part of the 18th century, though it is possible that it was carried out much later, in the early 1800s. The addition of the first-floor meeting room in the early 1800s was the second major phase of building, and represents an evolution of the purpose of the building, combining the inn with a space used for various civic functions, including the postal service, and the Kings Arms clearly served an important role in the town s community during this period. It is likely that the cellar was extended at this time, but there is no certainty that this was not later. Overall, the later development of the building involved the remodelling of various parts at the rear in the Victorian period, which may have been carried out as one major phase of renovation of the existing parts and extending the building to the back of the plot. However, it is more likely that this comprised building of rooms at the rear and various separate periods of internal alteration which cannot be more closely dated. The addition of the rooms in the period from 1840 onwards reflects a further change in function of the former inn into a hotel, in response to the expansion of the railway network into the area. The proposed changes to the hotel primarily affect the early and mid 19th century parts of the structure, and the removal of interior stud walls of Victorian or later date. The removal of internal structures and fittings which have been built on to or attached to the earlier elements caused little damage to the main structure. References BGS, 1946, British Geological Survey, 1:50000, Sheet 238, Drift Edition, Keyworth EH, 2006, Understanding Historic Buildings, English Heritage, London Hall, L, 2005, Period house fixtures and fittings , Newbury Jolliffe, G and Jones, A, 1995, Hertfordshire Inns and Public houses, Hertfordshire Publications, Stephen Austin and Sons, Hertford Milbank, D, 2010, Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire: an archaeological watching brief, Thames Valley Archaeological Services rep 10/84, Reading PPS5, 2010, Planning for the Historic environment, Planning Policy Statement 5, the Stationery Office, Norwich RCHM(E), 1991, Recording Historic Buildings: a descriptive specification, 3rd edn, Roy Comm Hist Monuments (England), London Thompson, I and Bryant, S, 2005, Berkhamsted, Extensive Urban Survey Project, Revised Assessment Report, Hertfordshire County Council, Hertford 24

28 APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue A.Colour prints Number Description 1 Ground floor, kitchen, looking North-east 2 Ground floor, kitchen, looking East 3 Ground floor, kitchen, looking South-east 4 Ground floor, kitchen, ceiling detail, looking up, West 5 Ground floor, South-east corner of kitchen, brickwork detail, looking East 6 Ground floor, bedroom 14, looking North-west 7 Ground floor, bedroom 14, looking South-west 8 Ground floor, bedroom 15, brick & timber detail, looking North 9 Ground floor, bedroom 15, ceiling detail, looking South 10 Ground floor, bedroom 15, looking South-west 11 External view of late C19th extension, looking East 12 External view, looking North-east 13 External view of C19th extensions, looking South-east 14 External view, east side, looking North [Pl. 6] 15 External view of entrance to ground floor South two-storey extension, looking East 16 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 16, looking East 17 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 16, looking West 18 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking East 19 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking West 20 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking East into en-suite bathroom 21 South single-storey extension, bedroom 18, looking West 22 South single-storey extension, bedroom 18, looking East 23 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19, looking South-east 24 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19 sky-light window detail, looking West 25 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19, looking West 26 South single-storey extension, bedroom 20, looking South-east 27 South single-storey extension, bedroom 20, looking North 28 External view of South two-storey extension and single-storey extension, looking East 29 External view of South single-storey extension, looking South-east 30 External view, looking South-south-east [Pl. 7] 31 Ground floor, bar lounge west, entrance, looking East 32 Ground floor, bar lounge west, entrance, beam detail, looking up East 33 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking East [Pl. 11] 34 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking North 35 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 36 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking West 37 Ground floor, bar lounge west, plate detail, looking West 38 Ground floor, bar lounge west, brickwork detail, looking North-west 39 Ground floor, bar lounge west, fireplace, looking East 40 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking South 41 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 42 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North 43 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace, looking West [Pl. 12] 44 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail, looking West [Pl. 13] 45 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North-east 46 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 47 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 48 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South-east [Pl. 15] 49 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East 50 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking West to cellar staircase 51 Ground floor, restaurant, looking South 52 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South [Pl. 16] 53 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 54 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 55 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking West 56 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 57 Ground floor, restaurant, corner detail, looking South-west 58 Ground floor, restaurant, looking North 59 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 60 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-east 61 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-west 62 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 63 Cellar, North room, looking North 64 Cellar, North room, looking North-west 65 Cellar, North room, looking East 66 Cellar, North room, looking North-east 25

29 Number Description 67 Cellar, North room, looking South 68 Cellar, North room, detail of archway to East room, looking East 69 Cellar, East room, looking West 70 Cellar, East room, looking South 71 Cellar, East room, looking East 72 Cellar, North room, brickwork detail in alcove, looking East 73 Cellar, passageway, archway detail, looking South-west 74 Cellar, passageway, stone floor detail, looking South-west 75 Cellar, passageway, West staircase, looking West 76 Cellar, passageway, brickwork detail above west staircase and archway, looking South-west 77 Cellar, South room, looking West 78 Cellar, South room, looking East 79 Cellar, South room, looking South-east 80 Cellar, South room, looking South-west 81 Cellar, South room, beam detail, looking South-west 82 Cellar, passageway, East staircase, looking East 83 Cellar, North room, beam detail, looking North-west 84 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North-east 85 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North 86 Attic, late C19th area, looking South-south-west 87 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 88 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 89 Attic, late C19th area, looking South 90 Attic, early C19th area, joist detail, looking North 91 Attic, looking North toward early C19th area 92 Attic, late C19th area, joist detail, looking South-west 93 Attic, early C19th area, looking North 94 Stairway to 1st floor, late C19th extension, looking East 95 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, floor detail, looking North 96 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North 97 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, loft-hatch detail, looking North 98 First floor, bedroom 8, looking West 99 First floor, bedroom 8, looking South-east 100 First floor, bedroom 7, looking West 101 First floor, bedroom 7, looking East 102 First floor, bedroom 7, looking North-east 103 First floor, bedroom 6, looking West 104 First floor, bedroom 6, looking South 105 First floor, bedroom 6, looking North 106 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North-west towards staircase to ground floor [Pl. 20] 107 First floor, function room, looking North 108 First floor, function room, looking North-west 109 First floor, function room, looking West 110 First floor, function room, looking East 111 First floor, function room, frieze detail, looking West 112 First floor, bedroom 4, looking West 113 First floor, bedroom 4, looking East 114 First floor, bedroom 4, looking North 115 First floor, bedroom 4, timber detail, looking North 116 First floor, bedroom 4 & function room, looking South 117 First floor lobby, timber detail, looking South [Pl. 21] 118 First floor lobby, staircase to ground floor, looking West 119 First floor lobby, looking East into Bedroom 4 en-suite 120 First floor, bedroom 4 en-suite, looking North 121 First floor hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 122 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North 123 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 124 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North-east 125 First floor, bedroom 3, looking South 126 First floor, bedroom 2, looking North 127 First floor, bedroom 2, looking South [Pl. 19] 128 First floor, bedroom 2, fireplace, looking East 129 First floor, bedroom 2, looking West 130 First floor, bedroom 2, timber detail, looking up West 131 First floor, bedroom 2, en-suite, looking South-west 132 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking up 133 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, brickwork detail, looking South-west 134 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, timber detail, looking up North-west 135 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 26

30 Number Description 136 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West [Pl. 18] 137 First floor, bedroom 1, looking North 138 First floor, bedroom 1, fireplace, looking West 139 First floor, bedroom 1, looking West 140 First floor, bedroom 1, looking South 141 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking South 142 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking West 143 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, timber detail, looking West 144 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 145 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking East 146 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking West 147 Top of stairway, second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 148 Second floor, staff bedrooms, small room West of stairway, looking South 149 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking East 150 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking West 151 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking East 152 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking West 153 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking East 154 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking North 155 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking North 156 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking West 157 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking South-west 158 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking East 159 Second floor, staff bedrooms, south corridor, looking West 160 Second floor, staff bedrooms, west corridor, looking North 161 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking West 162 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking East 163 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking North 164 First floor, late C19th extension, lintel detail above bathroom, looking West 165 First floor, late C19th extension, bathroom, looking East 166 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking South 167 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking East 168 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking West 169 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking North 170 First floor, late C19th extension, central corridor, looking North 171 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking West 172 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking East 173 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking South 174 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking North 175 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10 en-suite, looking South-east 176 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking North-west 177 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 27

31 APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue (cont d) B. Colour slides Number Description 1 Ground floor, kitchen, looking North-east 2 Ground floor, kitchen, looking East 3 Ground floor, kitchen, looking South-east 4 Ground floor, kitchen, ceiling detail, looking up, West 5 Ground floor, South-east corner of kitchen, brickwork detail, looking East 6 Ground floor, bedroom 14, looking North-west 7 Ground floor, bedroom 14, looking South-west 8 Ground floor, bedroom 15, brick & timber detail, looking North 9 Ground floor, bedroom 15, ceiling detail, looking South 10 Ground floor, bedroom 15, looking South-west 11 External view of late C19th extension, looking East 12 External view, looking North-east 13 External view of C19th extensions, looking South-east 14 External view, looking North 15 External view of entrance to ground floor South two-storey extension, looking East 16 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 16, looking East 17 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 16, looking West 18 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking East 19 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking West 20 South two-storey extension, ground floor, bedroom 17, looking East into en-suite bathroom 21 South single-storey extension, bedroom 18, looking West 22 South single-storey extension, bedroom 18, looking East 23 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19, looking South-east 24 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19 sky-light window detail, looking West 25 South single-storey extension, bedroom 19, looking West 26 South single-storey extension, bedroom 20, looking South-east 27 South single-storey extension, bedroom 20, looking North 28 External view of South two-storey extension and single-storey extension, looking East 29 External view of South single-storey extension, looking South-east 30 External view, looking South-south-east 31 Ground floor, bar lounge west, entrance, looking East 32 Ground floor, bar lounge west, entrance, beam detail, looking up East 33 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking East 34 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking North 35 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 36 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking West 37 Ground floor, bar lounge west, plate detail, looking West 38 Ground floor, bar lounge west, brickwork detail, looking North-west 39 Ground floor, bar lounge west, fireplace, looking East 40 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking South 41 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 42 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North 43 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace, looking West 44 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail, looking West 45 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North-east 46 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 47 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 48 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South-east 49 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East 50 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking West to cellar staircase 51 Ground floor, restaurant, looking South 52 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 53 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 54 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 55 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking West 56 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 57 Ground floor, restaurant, corner detail, looking South-west 58 Ground floor, restaurant, looking North 59 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 60 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-east 61 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-west 62 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 63 Cellar, North room, looking North 64 Cellar, North room, looking North-west 65 Cellar, North room, looking East 66 Cellar, North room, looking North-east 28

32 Number Description 67 Cellar, North room, looking South 68 Cellar, North room, detail of archway to East room, looking East 69 Cellar, East room, looking West 70 Cellar, East room, looking South 71 Cellar, East room, looking East 72 Cellar, North room, brickwork detail in alcove, looking East 73 Cellar, passageway, archway detail, looking South-west 74 Cellar, passageway, stone floor detail, looking South-west 75 Cellar, passageway, West staircase, looking West 76 Cellar, passageway, brickwork detail above west staircase and archway, looking South-west 77 Cellar, South room, looking West 78 Cellar, South room, looking East 79 Cellar, South room, looking South-east 80 Cellar, South room, looking South-west 81 Cellar, South room, beam detail, looking South-west 82 Cellar, passageway, East staircase, looking East 83 Cellar, North room, beam detail, looking North-west 84 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North-east 85 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North 86 Attic, late C19th area, looking South-south-west 87 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 88 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 89 Attic, late C19th area, looking South 90 Attic, early C19th area, joist detail, looking North 91 Attic, looking North toward early C19th area 92 Attic, late C19th area, joist detail, looking South-west 93 Attic, early C19th area, looking North 94 Stairway to 1st floor, late C19th extension, looking East 95 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, floor detail, looking North 96 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North 97 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, loft-hatch detail, looking North 98 First floor, bedroom 8, looking West 99 First floor, bedroom 8, looking South-east 100 First floor, bedroom 7, looking West 101 First floor, bedroom 7, looking North-east 102 First floor, bedroom 6, looking West 103 First floor, bedroom 6, looking South 104 First floor, bedroom 6, looking North 105 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North-west towards staircase to ground floor 106 First floor, function room, looking North 107 First floor, function room, looking North-west 108 First floor, function room, looking West 109 First floor, function room, looking East 110 First floor, function room, frieze detail, looking West 111 First floor, bedroom 4, looking West 112 First floor, bedroom 4, looking East 113 First floor, bedroom 4, looking North 114 First floor, bedroom 4, timber detail, looking North 115 First floor, bedroom 4 & function room, looking South 116 First floor lobby, timber detail, looking South 117 First floor lobby, staircase to ground floor, looking West 118 First floor lobby, looking East into Bedroom 4 en-suite 119 First floor, bedroom 4 en-suite, looking North 120 First floor hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 121 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North 122 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 123 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North-east 124 First floor, bedroom 3, looking South 125 First floor, bedroom 2, looking North 126 First floor, bedroom 2, looking South 127 First floor, bedroom 2, fireplace, looking East 128 First floor, bedroom 2, looking West 129 First floor, bedroom 2, timber detail, looking up West 130 First floor, bedroom 2, en-suite, looking South-west 131 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking up 132 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, brickwork detail, looking South-west 133 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, timber detail, looking up North-west 134 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 135 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West 29

33 Number Description 136 First floor, bedroom 1, looking North 137 First floor, bedroom 1, fireplace, looking West 138 First floor, bedroom 1, looking West 139 First floor, bedroom 1, looking South 140 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking South 141 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking West 142 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, timber detail, looking West 143 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 144 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking East 145 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking West 146 Top of stairway, second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 147 Second floor, staff bedrooms, small room West of stairway, looking South 148 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking East 149 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking West 150 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking East 151 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking West 152 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking East 153 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking North 154 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking North 155 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking West 156 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking South-west 157 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking East 158 Second floor, staff bedrooms, south corridor, looking West 159 Second floor, staff bedrooms, west corridor, looking North 160 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking West 161 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking East 162 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking North 163 First floor, late C19th extension, lintel detail above bathroom, looking West 164 First floor, late C19th extension, bathroom, looking East 165 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking South 166 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking East 167 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking West 168 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking North 169 First floor, late C19th extension, central corridor, looking North 170 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking West 171 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking East 172 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking South 173 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking North 174 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10 en-suite, looking South-east 175 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking North-west 176 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 30

34 APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue (cont d) C. Monochrome contact prints Number Description 1 Ground floor, bar lounge west, fireplace, looking East 2 Ground floor, bar lounge fireplace inside, looking North 3 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking South 4 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 5 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North 6 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail, looking West 7 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North-east 8 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 9 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 10 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South-east 11 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East 12 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking West to cellar staircase 13 Ground floor, servery looking East 14 Ground floor, toilets looking South 15 Ground floor, toilets looking East 16 Ground floor, toilets looking East 17 Ground floor, restaurant, looking South 18 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 19 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 20 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 21 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 22 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 23 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking West 24 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 25 Ground floor, restaurant, corner detail, looking South-west 26 Ground floor, restaurant, looking North 27 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 28 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-east 29 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-west 30 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 31 Cellar, North room, looking North 32 Cellar, North room, looking North-west 33 Cellar, North room, looking East 34 Cellar, North room, looking North-east 35 Cellar, North room, looking South 36 Cellar, North room, detail of archway to East room, looking East 37 Cellar, East room, looking West 38 Cellar, East room, looking South 39 Cellar, East room, looking East 40 Cellar, North room, brickwork detail in alcove, looking East 41 Cellar, passageway, archway detail, looking South-west 42 Cellar, passageway, stone floor detail, looking South-west 43 Cellar, passageway, West staircase, looking West 44 Cellar, passageway, brickwork detail above west staircase and archway, looking South-west 45 Cellar, South room, looking West 46 Cellar, South room, looking East 47 Cellar, South room, looking South-east 48 Cellar, South room, looking South-west 49 Cellar, South room, beam detail, looking South-west 50 Cellar, passageway, East staircase, looking East 51 Cellar, North room, beam detail, looking North-west 52 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North-east 53 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North 54 Attic, late C19th area, looking South-south-west 55 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 56 Attic, late C19th area, looking North 57 Attic, late C19th area, looking South 58 Attic, early C19th area, joist detail, looking North 59 Attic, looking North toward early C19th area 60 Attic, late C19th area, joist detail, looking South-west 61 Attic, early C19th area, looking North 62 Stairway to 1st floor, late C19th extension, looking East 63 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, floor detail, looking North 64 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North 65 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, loft-hatch detail, looking North 66 First floor, bedroom 8, looking West 31

35 Number Description 67 First floor, bedroom 8, looking South-east 68 First floor, bedroom 7, looking West 69 First floor, bedroom 7, looking North-east 70 First floor, bedroom 6, looking West 71 First floor, bedroom 6, looking South 72 First floor, bedroom 6, looking North 73 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North-west towards staircase to ground floor 74 First floor, function room, looking North 75 First floor, function room, looking North-west 76 First floor, function room, looking West 77 First floor, function room, looking East 78 First floor, function room, frieze detail, looking West 79 First floor, bedroom 4, looking West 80 First floor, bedroom 4, looking East 81 First floor, bedroom 4 looking East close shot of fireplace 82 First floor, bedroom 4, looking North 83 First floor, bedroom 4, timber detail, looking North 84 First floor, bedroom 4 & function room, looking South 85 First floor lobby, timber detail, looking South 86 First floor lobby, staircase to ground floor, looking West 87 First floor lobby, looking East into Bedroom 4 en-suite 88 First floor, bedroom 4 en-suite, looking North 89 First floor hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 90 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North 91 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 92 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North-east 93 First floor, bedroom 3, looking South 94 First floor, bedroom 2, looking North 95 First floor, bedroom 2, looking South 96 First floor, bedroom 2, fireplace, looking East 97 First floor, bedroom 2, looking West 98 First floor, bedroom 2, timber detail, looking up West 99 First floor, bedroom 2, en-suite, looking South-west 100 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking up 101 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, brickwork detail, looking South-west 102 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, timber detail, looking up North-west 103 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 104 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West 105 First floor, bedroom 1, looking North 106 First floor, bedroom 1, fireplace, looking West 107 First floor, bedroom 1, looking West 108 First floor, bedroom 1, looking South 109 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking South 110 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking West 111 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, timber detail, looking West 112 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 113 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking East 114 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking West 115 Top of stairway, second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 116 Second floor, staff bedrooms, small room West of stairway, looking South 117 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking East 118 Second floor, staff bedrooms, South-east room, looking West 119 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking East 120 Second floor, staff bedrooms, East-central room, looking West 121 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking East 122 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-east room, looking North 123 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking North 124 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-central room, looking West 125 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking South-west 126 Second floor, staff bedrooms, central bathroom, looking East 126A Second floor, staff bedrooms, south corridor, looking West 127 Second floor, staff bedrooms, west corridor, looking North 128 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking West 129 First floor, late C19th extension, lintel detail above bathroom, looking West 130 First floor, late C19th extension, bathroom, looking East 131 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking South 132 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking East 133 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking West 134 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking North 32

36 Number Description 135 First floor, late C19th extension, central corridor, looking North 136 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking West 137 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking East 138 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking South 139 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking North 140 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10 en-suite, looking South-east 141 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking North-west 142 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 33

37 APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue (cont d) C. Monochrome contact prints Number Digital ref Description Ground floor, bedrooms 1215 with modern partitions removed [Pl. 17] 2 DSC_2640 Ground floor kitchen area looking North 3 DSC_2641 Ground floor kitchen area looking West 4 DSC_2642 Ground floor kitchen area looking North West 5 DSC_2643 Ground floor kitchen area ceiling timbers 6 DSC_2644 Ground floor kitchen area set in piece of wall 7 DSC_2646 Ground floor kitchen area set in piece of wall 8 DSC_2650 Ground floor, bedroom 12 looking south-west 9 DSC_2651 Ground floor, bedroom 12 looking south 10 DSC_2652 Ground floor view from room 12 looking north to kitchen after walls removed 11 DSC_2653 Ground floor entrance door between rooms 12 and 14 after walls removed, looking West 12 DSC_2655 Ground floor ceiling beam detail 13 DSC_2656 Ground floor looking south across bedroom 14 after wall removal 14 DSC_2657 Ground floor boiler room looking South 15 DSC_2658 Ground floor boiler room looking South ceiling timber detail 16 DSC_2659 Ground floor bedroom 15 under stairs looking south west 17 DSC_2661 Ground floor boiler room looking East 18 DSC_2679 Ground floor bar lounge looking south across the servery 19 DSC_2700 Ground floor, corridor outside bedroom 16 looking east 20 DSC_2701 Ground floor doorway to bedroom 16 showing manhole cover looking South 21 DSC_2706 Ground floor bedroom 17 looking east 22 DSC_2707 Ground floor bedroom 17 looking south-east 23 DSC_2708 Ground floor bedroom 17 looking west 24 DSC_2709 Ground floor en suite bathroom to bedroom 17, looking south 25 DSC_2710 Ground floor bedroom 17, detail of wall construction in bathroom 26 DSC_2711 Ground floor bedroom 16 looking east 27 DSC_2712 Ground floor bedroom 16 looking east 28 DSC_2713 Ground floor bedroom 16 looking west 29 DSC_2714 Ground floor en suite bathroom to bedroom 16, looking south 30 DSC_2715 Ground floor en suite bathroom to bedroom 16, looking north 31 DSC_2716 Ground floor en suite bathroom to bedroom 16, window detail, looking east 32 DSC_2717 Ground floor lobby to bedrooms DSC_2718 Ground floor bedroom 18 looking east 34 DSC_2719 Ground floor bedroom 18 looking west 35 DSC_2720 Ground floor en suite bathroom to bedroom 18, looking north 36 DSC_2721 Ground floor bedroom 37 DSC_2722 Ground floor bedroom 19, looking west 38 DSC_2723 Ground floor bedroom 19 window detail, looking east 39 DSC_2724 Ground floor bedroom 19 window detail, looking east 40 DSC_2725 Ground floor bedroom 20, looking north-west 41 DSC_2726 Ground floor bedroom 20, looking east 42 DSC_2727 Ground floor bedroom 20, bathroom and closet, looking south-east 43 DSC_2729 Ground floor looking into bar from main entrance 44 DSC_2735 Ground floor detail of bar window looking north 45 DSC_2736 Ground floor detail of bar ceiling 46 DSC_2737 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking West 47 DSC_2740 Ground floor, bar lounge west, plate detail, looking West [Pl. 14] 48 DSC_2743 Ground floor, bar lounge west, brickwork detail, looking North-west 49 DSC_2745 Ground floor, bar lounge west, fireplace, looking East 50 DSC_2746 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail 51 DSC_2748 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail 52 DSC_2749 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail 53 DSC_2751 Ground floor, bar lounge west, looking South 54 DSC_2752 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 55 DSC_2753 Ground floor, bar lounge west, timber detail, looking up 56 DSC_2755 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North 57 DSC_2757 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace, looking West 58 DSC_2758 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace, looking West 59 DSC_2760 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail, looking West 60 DSC_2764 Ground floor, bar lounge east, fireplace lintel detail, looking West 61 DSC_2767 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking North-east 62 DSC_2769 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 63 DSC_2770 Ground floor, bar lounge east, timber detail, looking East 64 DSC_2771 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South-east 65 DSC_2772 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South 66 DSC_2773 Ground floor, bar lounge east, looking South 34

38 Number Digital ref Description 67 DSC_2774 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East 68 DSC_2775 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East, timber detail 69 DSC_2776 Ground floor, bar lounge east, servery, looking East, fittings detail 70 DSC_2778 Ground floor, bar lounge east, stairs to basement, looking West 71 DSC_2780 Ground floor, restaurant, looking South from bar 72 DSC_2781 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 73 DSC_2783 Ground floor, restaurant, looking West 74 DSC_2784 Ground floor, reception/restaurant, looking South 75 DSC_2785 Ground floor, reception, looking East 76 DSC_2787 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking East 77 DSC_2788 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking East 78 DSC_2789 Ground floor toilets, tiling detail, looking East 79 DSC_2790 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 80 DSC_2791 Ground floor, restaurant, timber/brickwork detail, looking North-West 81 DSC_2793 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking West 82 DSC_2796 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking? 83 DSC_2797 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking? 84 DSC_2798 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking? 85 DSC_2891 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking south 86 DSC_2892 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking East 87 DSC_2894 Ground floor, restaurant, timber/window detail, looking East 88 DSC_2895 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking East 89 DSC_2896 Ground floor, restaurant, timber/window detail, looking East 90 DSC_2897 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking East 91 DSC_2898 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South-East 92 DSC_2903 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 93 DSC_2904 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North 94 DSC_2905 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North 95 DSC_2907 Ground floor, restaurant, ceiling detail, looking North 96 DSC_2908 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South 97 DSC_2909 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking North-east 98 DSC_2910 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking South-west 99 DSC_2912 Ground floor, restaurant, timber detail, looking West 100 DSC_2913 Ground floor, kitchen ceiling, showing charring 101 DSC_2914 Ground floor, kitchen ceiling detail, showing charring 102 DSC_2922 Cellar, North room, looking North 103 DSC_2923 Cellar, North room, looking North-west 104 DSC_2924 Cellar, North room, looking East 105 DSC_2925 Cellar, North room, looking North-east 106 DSC_2926 Cellar, North room, looking South 107 DSC_2927 Cellar, North room, detail of archway to East room, looking East 108 DSC_2928 Cellar, East room, looking West 109 DSC_2929 Cellar, East room, looking South 110 DSC_2931 Cellar, North room, brickwork detail in alcove, looking East 111 DSC_2932 Cellar, passageway, archway detail, looking South-west 112 DSC_2933 Cellar, passageway, archway detail, looking up 113 DSC_2934 Cellar, passageway, stone floor detail, looking South-west 114 DSC_2935 Cellar, passageway, stone floor detail, looking South-west 115 DSC_2936 Cellar, passageway, West staircase, looking West 116 DSC_2937 Cellar, passageway, brickwork detail above west staircase and archway, looking South-west 117 DSC_2938 Cellar, South room, looking West 118 DSC_2939 Cellar, South room, looking East 119 DSC_2940 Cellar, South room, looking South-east 120 DSC_2941 Cellar, South room, looking South-west 121 DSC_2942 Cellar, passageway, East staircase, looking East 122 DSC_2943 Cellar, North room, beam detail, looking North-west [Pl. 8] 123 DSC_2944 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North-east 124 DSC_2945 Cellar, North room, grate over well 125 DSC_2946 Cellar, stairs to bar, looking west 126 DSC_2947 Cellar beam detail 127 DSC_2948 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, looking North 128 DSC_2949 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, brick detail 129 DSC_2950 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor, brick detail 130 DSC_2951 Cellar, North room, beer trapdoor,looking north-east 131 DSC_2952 Roofspace, general view 132 DSC_2953 Roofspace, general view 133 DSC_2954 Roofspace, general view [Pl. 22] 134 DSC_2955 Roofspace, general view 135 DSC_2956 Roofspace, general view 35

39 Number Digital ref Description 136 DSC_2957 Roofspace, timber frame detail 137 DSC_2958 Roofspace, timber frame detail 138 DSC_2959 Roofspace, crown post detail, looking south 139 DSC_2961 Roofspace, join between wall and roof 140 DSC_2962 Roofspace chimney breast detail 141 DSC_2963 Roofspace, general view 142 DSC_2967 Roofspace, floor 143 DSC_2968 Roofspace, timber detail 144 DSC_2969 Roofspace, timber joint detail 145 DSC_2970 Roofspace, timber joint detail 146 DSC_2972 Roofspace, timber joint detail 147 DSC_2973 Roofspace, timber joint detail 148 DSC_2974 Roofspace, timber joint detail 149 DSC_2976 Stairway to 1st floor, late C19th extension, looking East 150 DSC_2977 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, looking North 151 DSC_2978 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, loft-hatch detail, looking North 152 DSC_2979 First floor hallway, late C19th extension, floor detail, looking North 153 DSC_2980 First floor, bedroom 8, looking West 154 DSC_2981 First floor, bedroom 8, looking South-east 155 DSC_2982 First floor, bedroom 7, looking West 156 DSC_2983 First floor, bedroom 7, looking North-east 157 DSC_2984 First floor, bedroom 6, looking West 158 DSC_2985 First floor, bedroom 6, looking South 159 DSC_2986 First floor, bedroom 6, looking North 160 DSC_2987 First floor, hallway looking south 161 DSC_2988 First floor, function room, looking North 162 DSC_2989 First floor, function room, looking North-west 163 DSC_2991 First floor, function room, looking West 164 DSC_2992 First floor, function room, looking East 165 DSC_2993 First floor, function room, meander frieze detail, looking West 166 DSC_2995 First floor, bedroom 4, looking West 167 DSC_2996 First floor, bedroom 4, looking East 168 DSC_2997 First floor, bedroom 4, looking North 169 DSC_2998 First floor, bedroom 4, fireplace detail, looking East 170 DSC_2999 First floor, bedroom 4, fireplace detail, looking East 171 DSC_3001 First floor, bedroom 4 and function room, looking South 172 DSC_3002 First floor, bedroom 4, timber detail, looking North 173 DSC_3003 First floor, bedroom 4, timber detail, looking North 174 DSC_3004 First floor, bedroom 4 and function room, looking South 175 DSC_3006 First floor lobby, partition timber detail, looking up 176 DSC_3007 First floor lobby, partition timber detail, looking South 177 DSC_3008 First floor lobby, timber detail, looking South 178 DSC_3009 First floor lobby, staircase to ground floor, looking West 179 DSC_3010 First floor lobby, looking East into Bedroom 4 en-suite 180 DSC_3011 First floor, bedroom 4 en-suite, looking North 181 DSC_3012 First floor hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 182 DSC_3013 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North 183 DSC_3014 First floor, bedroom 3, looking South 184 DSC_3015 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 185 DSC_3016 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 186 DSC_3017 First floor, bedroom 3, fireplace, looking West 187 DSC_3018 First floor, bedroom 3, looking North-east 188 DSC_3019 First floor, bedroom 3, timber detail, looking East 189 DSC_3020 First floor, bedroom 3, timber detail, looking East 190 DSC_3021 First floor, bedroom 3, corner detail, looking North 191 DSC_3022 First floor, bedroom 3, timber detail, looking North-west 192 DSC_3023 First floor, bedroom 3, timber detail, looking North-west 193 DSC_3024 First floor, bedroom 3, timber detail, looking North-west 194 DSC_3025 First floor, bedroom 3, window-frame detail, looking North 195 DSC_3026 First floor, bedroom 2, looking North 196 DSC_3027 First floor, bedroom 2, looking North 197 DSC_3029 First floor, bedroom 2, looking South 198 DSC_3030 First floor, bedroom 2, fireplace, looking East 199 DSC_3031 First floor, bedroom 2, looking West 200 DSC_3032 First floor, bedroom 2, looking West 201 DSC_3033 First floor, bedroom 2, timber detail, looking up West 202 DSC_3034 First floor, bedroom 2, en-suite, looking South-west 203 DSC_3035 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling, looking up 204 DSC_3036 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, brickwork detail, looking South-west 36

40 Number Digital ref Description 205 DSC_3037 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, timber detail, looking up North-west 206 DSC_3038 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, timber detail, looking up West 207 DSC_3039 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West 208 DSC_3040 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West 209 DSC_3041 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, looking West 210 DSC_3042 First floor, hallway to rooms, original building, ceiling detail, looking West 220 DSC_3043 First floor, bedroom 1, looking North 221 DSC_3044 First floor, bedroom 1, fireplace, looking West 222 DSC_3045 First floor, bedroom 1, fireplace detail, looking West 223 DSC_3046 First floor, bedroom 1, looking West 224 DSC_3047 First floor, bedroom 1, looking South 225 DSC_3048 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking South 226 DSC_3049 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, looking West 227 DSC_3050 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, timber detail, looking West 228 DSC_3051 First floor, bedroom 1, en-suite, timber detail, looking South 229 DSC_3052 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 230 DSC_3053 Top of stairway, second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 231 DSC_3054 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking West 232 DSC_3055 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South-east 233 DSC_3056 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, looking East 234 DSC_3057 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 235 DSC_3058 Stairway to second floor, staff bedrooms, timber detail, looking South 236 DSC_3059 Second floor, staff bedrooms, corridor showing remnant of former stairway, looking South 237 DSC_3060 Second floor, staff bedrooms, corridor, detail looking north 238 DSC_3061 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room E, looking East 239 DSC_3062 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room E, looking West 240 DSC_3063 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room D, looking West 241 DSC_3064 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room D, looking East 242 DSC_3065 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room A, looking North 243 DSC_3066 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room A, looking East 244 DSC_3067 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room B, looking North 245 DSC_3068 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room B, looking North-West 246 DSC_3069 Second floor, staff bedrooms, bathroom F, looking South-west 247 DSC_3070 Second floor, staff bedrooms, bathroom F, looking North-east 248 DSC_3071 Second floor, staff bedrooms, bathroom F, looking East 249 DSC_3072 Second floor, staff bedrooms, bathroom F, looking South-west 250 DSC_3073 Second floor, staff bedrooms, south corridor, looking West 251 DSC_3074 Second floor, staff bedrooms, west corridor, looking North 252 DSC_3075 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room C, looking West 253 DSC_3076 Second floor, staff bedrooms, room C, looking East 254 DSC_3077 Second floor, staff bedrooms, North-west room, looking North 255 DSC_3082 First floor, late C19th extension, lintel detail above bathroom, looking West 256 DSC_3083 First floor, late C19th extension, bathroom to bedroom 9, looking East 257 DSC_3084 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking South 258 DSC_3085 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking East 259 DSC_3086 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking West 260 DSC_3088 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 9, looking North 261 DSC_3089 First floor, late C19th extension, central corridor, looking North 262 DSC_3090 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking West 263 DSC_3091 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, looking East 264 DSC_3092 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10, ceiling looking South 265 DSC_3093 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking west 266 DSC_3094 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10 en-suite, looking South-west 267 DSC_3095 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 10 en-suite, looking South-east 268 DSC_3096 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 269 DSC_3097 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 270 DSC_3098 First floor, late C19th extension, bedroom 11, looking East 271 DSC2663 Exterior, west rear entrance, looking east 272 DSC2664 Exterior, west central entrance, looking east 273 DSC2665 Exterior, west central entrance, looking east 274 DSC2666 Exterior, general view of west side of building looking north 275 DSC2667 Exterior, first floor windows on west façade looking north-east [Pl. 9] 276 DSC2668 Exterior, carriage entrance looking north 277 DSC2669 Exterior, carriage entrance timber detail looking up north 278 DSC2670 Exterior, main (north-west) entrance looking east 279 DSC2672 Exterior, entrance to stairs to first floor rooms, looking south-east 280 DSC2673 Exterior, carriage entrance looking south from street 281 DSC2676 Exterior, north façade looking south [Pl. 1] 282 DSC2677 Exterior, front trapdoor detail looking down south 37

41 Number Digital ref Description 283 DSC2678 Exterior, front extant trapdoor and remnant of second, looking south [Pl. 2] 284 DSC2680 Exterior, carriage entrance to east, showing east face of King s Arms, looking south 285 DSC2681 Exterior, carriage entrance to east, timber detail looking south 286 DSC2682 Exterior, east side weatherboarding and windows, looking up west [Pl. 3] 287 DSC2683 Exterior, east side windows and join between brickwork and weatherboarding 288 DSC2684 Exterior, east side chimney 289 DSC2685 Exterior, east side, window detail 290 DSC2686 Exterior, east side brickwork detail 291 DSC2687 Exterior, east side rear looking south-west 292 DSC2688 Exterior, east side brickwork detail 293 DSC2689 Exterior, east side, detail of bond between different phases of build [Pl. 5] 294 DSC2690 Exterior, east side, detail of bond between different phases of build 295 DSC2691 Exterior, east side, rear, window detail, west [Pl. 4] 296 DSC2692 Exterior, east side, extreme rear, looking west 297 DSC2693 Exterior, east side, general view loking north-west 298 DSC2694 Exterior, rear roof detail with louvred turret, looking north-west 299 DSC2695 Exterior, detail of eastern carriage entrance looking north 300 DSC2696 Exterior, north façade, brick detail and bond with next building to west; looking south 301 DSC2697 Exterior, north façade, brick detail and bond with next building to east; looking south 302 DSC2698 Exterior, west side, entrances to late 19th century extension, looking east 303 DSC2699 Exterior, west side, southern entrance to late 19th century extension, looking east 304 DSC2702 Exterior, west side, garage at reat looking south-east 305 DSC2703 Exterior, west side, rear, looking east 306 DSC2704 Exterior, west side rear entrance detail, looking north-east 307 DSC2705 Exterior, west side rear window detail, looking north-east 308 DSC2728 Exterior, west side rear entrance detail, looking south-east 309 DSC_3182 Exterior, roof 310 DSC_3183 Exterior, roof 311 DSC_3184 Exterior, roof 312 DSC_3185 Exterior, roof 313 DSC_3186 Exterior, roof 314 DSC_3187 Exterior, roof 315 DSC_3188 Exterior, roof [Pl. 10] 316 DSC_3189 Exterior, roof, detail 317 DSC_3190 Exterior, roof, detail 318 DSC_3191 Exterior, roof, detail 319 DSC_3192 Exterior, chimney stack detail 320 DSC_3193 Exterior, roof 321 DSC_3194 Exterior, roof 322 DSC_3195 Exterior, roof, detail 323 DSC_3196 Exterior, roof, detail 324 DSC_3203 Exterior, roof 325 DSC_3204 Exterior, roof 326 DSC_3205 Exterior, roof, detail 327 DSC_3206 Exterior, roof, detail 328 DSC_3207 Exterior, roof, detail 329 DSC_3197 Exterior, roof, weathering detail 330 DSC_3198 Exterior, roof 331 DSC_3199 Exterior, roof 332 DSC_3200 Exterior, roof 333 DSC_3201 Exterior, roof 334 DSC_3202 Exterior, roof 38

42 APPENDIX 2: HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD SUMMARY SHEET Site name and address: The Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire County: Hertfordshire District: Dacorum Village/Town: Berkhamsted Parish: Berkhamsted Planning application reference: 4/00050/10FUL and 4/00051/10LBC Client name, address, and tel. no.: Oakman Inns and Restaurants Ltd, 9 Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 6AA Nature of application: refurbishment of hotel and the construction of an extension Present land use: Hotel Size of application area:550 sq m Size of area investigated: 400 sq m NGR (to 8 figures): SP Site code (if applicable): KBH10/84 Site director/organization: Danielle Milbank, Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Type of work: Building recording Date of work: Start: 27/8/2010 Finish: 15/9/2010 Location of finds & site archive/curating museum: to go to Dacorum Museum Related HER Nos: Periods represented: Post-medieval Relevant previous summaries/reports Milbank, D, 2010, Kings Arms Hotel, 147 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire: an archaeological watching brief, Thames Valley Archaeological Services rep 10/84, Reading Summary of fieldwork results: Although the earliest parts of the surviving building may date from the late 17th century, there have been numerous extensions from the early 19th century onwards, which have significantly affected the historic fabric of the original building. The majority of the re-development will affect elements dating from the mid 19th century and later. The removal of a staircase and structural work necessary to create the orangery dining area will have a considerable impact upon parts of the hotel dating from at least the early 19th century. Nevertheless, it should be noted that these parts of the hotel have already been substantially altered since their construction. Author of summary: Steve Preston Date of summary: 17/02/2011

43 Baldock Hitchin Stevenage Letchworth Bishop s Stortford SITE Hemel Hempstead Rickmansworth St. Albans Watford Hertford Ware SITE SP KBH 10/84b Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 1. Location of site within Berkhamsted and Hertfordshire. Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Explorer 181 at 1:12500 Ordnance Survey Licence

44 N SITE SP KBH 10/84b Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 2. Detailed location of site on the High Street. Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital mapping under licence. Crown copyright reserved. Scale: 1:1250

45 N Castle SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 3. Tracing from map, possibly John Norden, 1612.

46 N SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 4. Tracing from J. Griffin s 1840 Tithe map.

47 SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 5. First Edition Ordnance Survey, 1878.

48 SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 6. Second Edition Ordnance Survey, 1898.

49 SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 7. Ordnance Survey revision, 1925.

50 SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 8. Ordnance Survey, 1938 revision..

51 SITE Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 9. Ordnance Survey, 1972.

52 Archway (floorplan above on first floor plan) Entrance porch wainscotting removed Bar Lounge basement stairs Bar Restaurant Toilets Kitchen Bedroom 12 Bedroom 14 Key wall/fitting removed prior to visit Entrance hall to rooms Bedroom 15 Storeroom Bedroom 16 Boiler see Figure 13 for rear detail KBH 10/84b N Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 10. Ground floor plan. 0 10m

53 Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Access hall Lobby Flat roof Bedroom 4 Function room Bedroom 6 Bedroom 7 Corridor Key wall/fitting removed prior to visit Bedroom 8 ceiling joist/detail Bedroom 11 see Fig. 13 for rear detail N Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 11. First floor plan. KBH 10/84b 0 10m

54 Second floor C G B A F D E Key wall/fitting removed access for barrels from street ceiling pitch wooden step Basement stairs to Bar Lounge outline of groundfloor N Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 12. Second floor plan and Basement plan. KBH 10/84b 0 10m

55 see Figure 10 Bedroom 16 Bedroom 17 Bedroom 18 Bedroom 20 Lobby Bedroom 19 Rear Ground Bedroom 11 see Figure 11 Bedroom 10 Key Bedroom 9 wall/fitting removed prior to visit Rear First ceiling pitch N Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 13. Ground floor and first floor rear annexe. KBH 10/84b 0 10m

56 Passage Passage Access to basement from street Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Figure 14. Front elevation. 0 10m

57 KBH 10/84b Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 15. Side elevation (west - partial) 0 10m

58 Ground floor First floor Second floor Basement 20th century stairs to bar this addition is 19th century but not closely phased Late 17th -Early 18th Century Early 19th Century Mid/Late 19th Century Late 19th century 20th Century N Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Figure 16. Phased floor plans. (not to scale) KBH 10/84b

59 Plate 1. Exterior view of front from the High Street, looking south-west Plate 2. Exterior view of double cellar openings, looking south-west. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 1 and 2

60 Plate 3. Exterior view of weather-boarding and windows, front of east elevation, looking west. Plate 4. Later windows in east elevation, ground floor, looking west. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 3 and 4

61 Plate 5. Bonding between phases, and repair work, east elevation, looking west. Plate 6. Exterior, rear of east elevation, looking north. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Plates 5 and 6

62 Plate 7. Carriage entrance, looking south. Plate 8. Interior view of now-blocked cellar entrance. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording Plates 7 and 8

63 Plate 9. West elevation, 19th-century section, looking east. Plate 10. Roof, general view looking north. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 9 and 10

64 Plate 11. Interior lounge bar, timbers of east wall, looking east. Plate 12. Interior, lounge bar, fireplace, looking east. Plate 13. Fireplace detail. Plate 14. Decorative fireback. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 11 to 14.

65 Plate 16. Details of re-use in restaurant pillars, looking south. Plate 15. Step up to rear of lounge bar, looking south. Plate 17. Ground floor bedrooms, partitions removed, looking south-east. Plate 18. Bedroom 1, general view looking north. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 15 to 18.

66 Plate 19. Bedroom 2, fireplace, looking east. Plate 20. Function room, looking north. Plate 22. Roof timber frame detail. Plate 21. Remodelled staircase, looking west. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates

67 Plate 23. Cellar barrel run and trapdoor, looking north. Plate 24. Cellar, storage looking east. Kings Arms Hotel, High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 2010 Building recording KBH 10/84b Plates 23 and 24.