III The Buildings of the Forum. Cosa. Frank E. Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson, and L. Richardson, jr

Transcription

1 Cosa III The Buildings of the Forum Frank E. Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson, and L. Richardson, jr The forum of Cosa is our purest example of a republican forum and shows clearly the sequence of planning and building, step by step, from the comitium/ curia complex and reservoirs laid out and constructed at the time of the colony's foundation down to the conversion of its basilica into a festival hall in the time of Nero. Thereafter the record is thin but well enough documented for us to be able to trace life there through the time of Constantine and into the Dark Ages, when it became an impoverished farming community. The forum of Cosa was laid out in the saddle between the dominant heights of the city site, readily accessible to the city gates and framed by the principal streets. It began as the political heart of the city and its market square, and the comitium/ curia complex was set on its axis facing across the square toward the temples on the arx. This was the first monumental building here and continued to be the focus of planning. In the first quarter of- the second century B.C., the other three sides of the forum were ringed with porticoes, behind which opened shops and offices that met the demands of increasing prosperity and population, and on the main axis opposite the comitium an area of public assembly and advertisement led to a long, well-appointed fishmarket replacing the old market in the forum square. This general remodeling of the forum is of the greatest importance for the history of Roman town planning. About the same time, the forum entrance was monumentalized by the addition of a triple arch. By about 140 B.C. the forum had received a

2 The Forum of Cosa about 150 B.C. This model, created for the "Year of the Etruscans" in Italy by Studio RomaTre, Rome, formed part of the exhibition "La Romanizzazione dell'etruria: Il Territorio di Vulci," housed in the Polveriera Guzman in Orbetello (GR), 24 May-20 October Professor Andrea Carandini (University of Pisa) was project director. Architect Marco Travaglini directs the work of Studio RomaTre.

3 COSA III THE BUILDINGS OF THE FORUM Colony, Municipium, and Village BY tfrank EDWARD BROWN EMELINE HILL RICHARDSON L. RICHARDSON, jr PUBLISHED FOR THE AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME by The Pennsylvania State University Press University Park, Pennsylvania 1993

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brown, Frank Edward, Cosa III: the buildings of the forum: colony, municipium, and village / Frank Edward Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson, L. Richardson. p. cm. -(Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome; v. 37) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN Cosa (Extinct city) 2. Excavations (Archaeology)-Italy. 3. Architecture, Roman-Italy. I. Richardson, Emeline Hill. II. Richardson, Lawrence. III. Title. IV. Series. DG12.A575 vol.37 [DG70. C63] 700 s-dc20 [937'.5] CIP Copyright C) 1993 American Academy in Rome All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper for the first printing of all clothbound books. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z

5 THE COSA PUBLICATIONS Cosa I, History and Topography, by Frank E. Brown, MAAR 20 (1951) La centuriazione di Cosa, by Ferdinando Castagnoli, MAAR 24 (1956) Cosa: Black-Glaze Pottery, by Doris Mae Taylor, MAAR 25 (1957) Cosa II, The Temples of the Arx, by Frank Edward Brown, Emeline Hill Richardson, and L. Richardson, jr, MAAR 26 (1960) The Roman Thin Walled Pottery from Cosa ( ), by Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, MAAR 32 (1973) Cosa: The Utilitarian Pottery, by Stephen L. Dyson, MAAR 33 (1976) Cosa: The Coins, by T. V. Buttrey, MAAR 34 (1980) Italo-Megarian Ware at Cosa, by Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, MAAR 34 (1980) Aco in Northern Etruria: The Workshop of Cusonius at Cosa, by Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, MAAR 34 (1980) Cosa IV, The Houses, by Vincent J. Bruno and Russell T. Scott, MAAR 38 (1993) The following studies of archaeological material from the excavations at Cosa are in progress and will be published in due course: The Lamps by Cleo Rickman Fitch and Norma Goldman, Inscriptions on Stone and Brick-Stamps by Edward Jan Bace,

6 David Grose, The Arretine Pottery, The Italic and Gaulish Sigillata by Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, Black-Glaze Pottery Studies by Ann Reynolds Scott, The Storage Ware by Elizabeth Lyding Will, and supplementary studies of the Arx by Ann Reynolds Scott, Russell T. Scott, Elizabeth Fentress, Michelle Hobart, and Teresa Clay. From other publishers: A Late Antique Shrine of Liber Pater at Cosa, by Jacquelyn Collins-Clinton (Etudes preliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'empire romain, edited by M. J. Vermaseren, volume 64), Leiden (E. J. Brill) 1977 The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa, by Anna Marguerite McCann, Joanne Bourgeois, Elaine K. Gazda, John Peter Oleson, and Elizabeth Lyding Will, Princeton, New Jersey (Princeton University Press) 1987 Cosa, The Making of a Roman Town, by Frank E. Brown (Jerome Lectures, 13th series), Ann Arbor, Michigan (The University of Michigan Press) 1980

7 CONTENTS List of Illustrations xi Plans xi Figures xii Plates xiv Foreword xxiii Abbreviations xxvii I. 276?-273 B.C. 3 II B.C. 11 III B.C. 31 IV B.C. 51 V B.C. 57 VI B.C. 107 VII B.C. 139 Addendum 1: Temple B, Tiles and Terracotta Revetments 154 Addendum 2: Terracotta Sculpture from Temple B 167 VIII B.C. 207 IX. 40/30 B.C.-A.D. 265/

8 Appendix 2: The Pottery Evidence from the "Teatro Circolare," Paestum, Appendix 3: Faunal Material from Forum SW/SE Cistern 295 Plates 299

9 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece: The Forum in the mid-second century B.C., 1:100. Plans a model at the scale of I. Town plan II. Plan of Forum III. Plan of Comitium IV. Plan of E buildings V. Atrium Buildings I/II VI. Atrium Buildings VII/VIII VII. Atrium Buildings III/IV VIII. Atrium Buildings V/VI IX. Southwest Annex X. Plan of Basilica

10 1. Scheme of layout 2. Hill and town as planned 3. Basilica, sounding in Nave-3 4. Forum, restored plan (A), as of 241 B.C. 5. Comitium/Curia, NE and NW sections 6. Curia, SW and NE sections 7. Comitium, sounding in N corner 8. Comitium, NE sounding, potsherds 9. Comitium/Curia, restored plan and sections 10. Forum, restored NE elevation, as of 241 B.C. 11. Forum, restored plan (B), as of 209 B.C. 12. Sections of Plan IV 13. Carcer, sections, actual state and restored 14. Hypothetical bracing of posts, axonometric 15. Forum, restored NE elevation (B), as of 209 B.C. 16. Forum, restored plan (C), as of 197 B.C. 17. Forum, restored NE elevation (C), as of 197 B.C. 18. Forum, perspective, looking N (C), as of 197 B.C. 19. Forum, restored plan (D), as of 180 B.C. 20. AB I, plan, sections, and elevations, restored, first phase 21. AB I, sections A-E 22. AB I, Compluvium tiles 23. AB I, Room 18, basin 24. AB I, doorsills of Rooms 7, 1, and AB I, Taberna 2, doorsill 26. AB I, Taberna 2, Fauces 4, and Taberna 5, sections 27. AB I, Fauces 4, "Tuscan" capital 28. AB II, plan, schematic reconstruction, first phase 29. AB II, SE fagade, soundings 30. AB VII, plan, conjectural reconstruction 31. AB VII, section, center, looking NE 32. AB VII, section, Taberna 3, looking SW; AB VI, NE and NW sections; AB IV, SE Taberna, SE section 33. AB III, section, S sounding, looking SE 34. AB V/VI, axonometric, cross walls, facing W 35. Forum Annex, sections, bicolumnar monument, well-curb 36. Forum, as of 180 B.C., elevations and sections, NE, SW, and SE 37. N corner plot, sections F, G 38. N corner plot, Tabernae 25 and 24/26, I 39. Street 0, sidewalk before Taberna 25, rim of puteal, presumably from Taberna 26

11 41. Comitium/Curia, phase 2, restored plan and sections 42. NW cistern and settling basin, cross section 43. NW gutter, settling basin, and conduit, cross sections 44. Forum Reservoir and surroundings, plan, actual state 45. (A) Forum Reservoir, section, actual state, looking NE (B) Forum Reservoir, section, restored, looking SE 46. Main sewer under Street 0, section at Street Fornices, SW half, standing in A.D Fornices, NW face, assembled and restored 49. Forum, as of 175 B.C., elevation and section, looking NW 50. Forum, restored plan, as of 140 B.C. 51. Forum Square, SW center along apron and sockets, restored plan and elevation 52. Forum, as of 175 B.C., elevation and section, looking SW 53. NW entranceway, suggestus, plans, sections, and axonometrics 54. NW entranceway, Tuscan capitals 55. N corner plot, Areas 11, 16, 21, 22 and NW Porticus Annex 56. Temple B, plan and SW and SE elevations 57. Temple B, comparison in plan and elevation with other similar temples 58. Forum, as of 150 B.C., elevations and sections, NE/SE 59. Basilica, sections as excavated 60. Basilica, N sounding, SE section 61. Basilica, E sounding, SE section 62. Basilica, plinths of columns of three types 63. Basilica, columns: shafts, bases, and capitals 64. Basilica, slabs of Vulci tufa steps of two sizes 65. Basilica, Ionic capital of Vulci tufa 66. Basilica, plaster of painted Masonry Style, restored 67. Basilica, base molding of a pedestal for a single statue 68. Basilica, well-curb of cistern 69. Basilica, restored plan 70. Basilica, restored sections 71. First basilica in Rome and Basilica Fulvia-Aemilia, partial plans, restored 72. First basilica in Rome and Basilica Fulvia-Aemilia, sections, restored 73. Forum, as of 140 B.C., elevations and sections, NW/NE 74. Basilica, new settling basin, N corner of square 75. Forum, as of 140 B.C., elevation and section looking SE 76. Forum, restored plan, 40/30 B.C.-A.D. 265/ Odeum, restored section (G. C. Izenour)

12 79. Forum, restored plan, A.D Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," plan, actual state 81. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," sections, actual state 82. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," restored plan 83. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," restored section, looking N 84. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," pottery from trench in SW corner, center room of Curia building, first level 85. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," pottery from trench in SW corner, center room of Curia building, second level 86. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," pottery from trench in SW corner, center room of Curia building, second level (nos ) and apron wall (rostra) fill (nos ) 87. Paestum, "Teatro Circolare," pottery from apron wall (rostra) fill Plates 1. SE cistern on NE side 2. NW cistern on SW side 3. Planting pit #0 4. Comitium and Curia, air view 5. Comitium, NE retaining wall, exterior 6. Unfinished planting pit, #4 7. Comitium, NE retaining wall, exterior plaster 8. Comitium, SW retaining wall, exterior plaster 9. Comitium, amphitheater center, circle step, and drain 10. Comitium, SE steps 11. Comitium, NW retaining wall/basilica SE wall 12. Comitium, sounding in N corner 13. Curia, floor and base of pillar 14. Curia, fragments of wall decoration 15. Comitium, sounding in NE quadrant 16. Forum, E corner, air view 17. E corner enclosure, silting tank, reveal block, looking SW 18. Cistern enclosure, sounding in N corner 19. Precinct and Carcer, looking SE 20. Carcer, looking N 21. Carcer, cross wall 22. Carcer, doorway, looking NE 23. Forum Square, planting pits and post holes, NE side

13 25. Cistern enclosure, stair to Comitium 26. Cistern enclosure, floor and immured drum, looking E 27. Forum Square, NE retaining wall, looking E 28. Templum Beta, dry-laid NW wall 29. Templum Beta, NE wall, exterior 30. Templum Beta, NE wall, interior 31. Inscription, C Forum, SE cistern, SE end 33. Forum, SE cistern, NW end 34. Forum, E corner, Street Q, open drain 35. Templum Beta, forecourt, E corner 36. Templum Beta, forecourt, pavement covering the abandoned silting tank 37. Forum Square, E corner, looking N 38. AB I, balloon photograph (Whittlesey) 39. AB I, looking E 40. AB I, Impluvium, cistern vault and drains, looking E 41. AB I, Atrium, cistern drawshaft 42. AB I, Room 18, doorsill 43. AB I, Room 7, looking NE 44. AB I, Entryway 1, looking NE 45. AB I, Entryway 12, looking SW 46. AB I, Entryway 4, looking E 47. AB I, Taberna 2, doorsill, reused 48. AB I, Taberna 2, Entryway 1, Room 7, looking SE 49. AB I, Taberna 5, E corner 50. AB I, Taberna 19, soak-away pit vault 51. AB I, Taberna 15, looking NE 52. AB II, NE facade (between and beneath late walls), looking S 53. AB II, SE facade and sounding (SW wall of entryway and blocked opening of SW taberna), looking W 54. AB VII, NE fasade and partition walls of Spaces 10, 8, and 6, looking NW 55. AB VII, SW wall of Taberna 3, looking NW 56. AB VII, Impluvium in 12, drain and cistern, looking N 57. AB VII, cistern in 12, looking NE 58. AB VII, gutter and steps of passageway, looking N 59. SE entranceway (Shrine of Liber Pater), "Tuscan" capital 60. Square, AB III/IV, Annex, AB V/VI, balloon photograph (Whittlesey) 61. AB III and II, juncture corners, looking W 62. AB III/IV, party wall and quoins, looking NW