MINIMALISTINËS RAIÐKOS TIKSLAI IR PRIORITETAI ÐIUOLAIKINËJE ARCHITEKTÛROJE
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1 URBANISTIKA IR ARCHITEKTÛRA Town Plnning nd Architecture 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3 ISSN MINIMALISTINËS RAIÐKOS TIKSLAI IR PRIORITETAI ÐIUOLAIKINËJE ARCHITEKTÛROJE Kæstutis Lupeikis Architektûros ktedr, Vilnius Gedimino technikos universitets, Trkø g. 1/26, LT Vilnius, Lietuv. El. pðts kestl@tks.lt Áteikt Sntruk. Minimlistinæ riðkà ðiuolikinëje rchitektûroje formuoj ðios vertyës: tyl, o ne triukðms; tuðtum, o ne pilnums, perpildyms, perkrovims; pprstums, o ne ámntrums; gyvenims, o ne mirtis; lengvums, o ne sunkums; skidrums, o ne klinums; tvirums, o ne uþdrums; ðvies, o ne tmsums; ðiltums, o ne ðltums; pprstums, elegntiðkums, sntûrums, o ne rogntiðkums; dvsingums, o ne prgmtizms; esmingums, o ne nusismulkinims; koncentrcij, o ne iðsirstyms. Ði vertyinë sklë lemi tm tikrus specifinius minimlistinës riðkos tikslus ir prioritetus: su mþiu siekim sukurti dugiu ; pprstomis (kurios krtis prilyginmos primityvioms) priemonëmis siekim toulumo; prgmtizmu, rcionlizmu siekim poezijos; sketiðkums, dvsingums ir elitiðkums vieni dþniusiø minimlistinës riðkos veiksniø. Aptrimi ávirûs minimlistinës riðkos spekti ir sritys, iðskirimi krðtutinii, chrkteringi tveji, tspindintys pltø minimlistinës riðkos tikslø ir prioritetø dipzonà. Prsminii þodþii: minimlizms, tyl, tuðtum, redukcij, grynums, primityvums, toulums, prgmtiðkums, poezij, sketiðkums, elitriðkums. OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITIES OF MINIMAL EXPRESSION IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE Kæstutis Lupeikis Dept of Architecture, Vilnius Gedimins Technicl University, Trkø g. 1/26, LT Vilnius, Lithuni. E-mil: kestl@tks.lt Sumitted 22 Sept 2005 Astrct. Miniml expression in contemporry rchitecture is n pproch to true vlues, serch for the essence, cognition, spirituliztion of cretive powers. The following originl esthetic vlues of miniml expression ecome distinct: simplicity (not poorness), clrity, purity, clenness, sterility, clenness, trnsprency, lightness, trnquillity, deepness, reduction, modesty, sceticism. One my distinguish vlule priority fctors, determining the cuslity nd continuity of the origin of miniml expression, such s emptiness, silence, ide, light, spce. Generlizing the studies of miniml expression in historic nd contemporry rchitecture, the specific ojectives of miniml expression in contemporry rchitecture come to light: with the help of less it is sought for more, through nturl simplicity it is sought for spiritul perfection, hrmony, poetry in prgmtism s well s the priorities sceticism nd n elitist chrcter. Keywords: minimlism, reduction, emptiness, simplicity, pureness, clrity.
2 132 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, Ávds Minimlistinë riðk ir priemonës rchitektûroje egzistuoj prktiðki nuo pt jos tsirdimo. Ju pèiuose seniusiuose iki mûsø likø iðlikusiuose sttiniuose glime áþvelgti vienokis r kitokis minimlistinës riðkos forms. Áviriose epochose jos keitësi, evoliucionvo, ti drësi sudëtingesnës, ti vël pprstesnës, tèiu neiðnyko ir ðiuo metu yr ypè ûdingos ðiuolikinës psulio rchitektûros pletei. Ðiuolikinis minimlizms, tsirdæs kip prieðprieð postmodernistinim pliurlizmui ir eklektizmui, sieki iðgryninimo, meditcinio ðvrumo. Formø iðorinis rcionlums ið tikrøjø dþniusii sieki ne rcionlumo, o svo redukcij, pprstumu, grynumu, mse dryti mksimlø emociná poveiká. Èi ir glûdi prdokss, kd minimlizms ti ne prgmtizms, funkcionlizms r kþks pnðus, o tiesiog riðkos ûds, kûryinis metods. 2. Mþiu yr dugiu Tyrimi rodo, kd minimlistinæ riðkà ðiuolikinëje rchitektûroje formuoj ðios vertyës: tyl, o ne triukðms; tuðtum, o ne pilnums, perpildyms, perkrovims; pprstums, o ne ámntrums; gyvenims, o ne mirtis; lengvums, o ne sunkums; skidrums, o ne klinums; tvirums, o ne uþdrums; ðviesums, o ne tmsums; ðiltums, o ne ðltums; pprstums, elegntiðkums, sntûrums, o ne rogntiðkums; dvsingums, o ne prgmtizms; esmingums, o ne susismulkinims; koncentrcij, o ne iðsirstyms. Ði vertyiø sklë lemi tm tikrus specifinius minimlistinës riðkos tikslus ir prioritetus: su mþiu siekim dugiu ; pprstomis (krtis prilyginmomis primityvioms) priemonëmis siekim toulumo; prgmtizmu, rcionlumu siekim poezijos; sketiðkums, dvsingums ir elitriðkums vieni dþniusiø minimlistinës riðkos veiksniø. R. Chmetzky, tiklii pstei, kd prieðingus polius mþiu yr dugiu minimlizms <...> sieki sujungti, tèiu jie nuolt konfliktuoj [1, p. 113]. W. Ttrkiewicz, lygindms mksimlistiná ir minimlistiná filosofijos tipà, teigi, kd <...>minimlistinë filosofij pripþást tik minimumà, tik fenomenlizmo, empirizmo, sujektyvizmo, utilitrizmo tezes. Tuo trpu mksimlistinë filosofij, e to minimumo, dr yr linkusi pripþinti trnscendentines, priorines, intuityvis tiess, pripþinti dvsiná, idelø, ntgmtiná psulá ei kitus, ne vien utilitrinius siekius, tikslus, gërius [2, p. 11]. Èi minimlizms yr siejms su redukcij, psidrudëliðkumu, vrtotojiðkumu. Vis dëlto tiek minimlistø dri, tiek jø deklruojmos vertyës rodo, kd XX. pigos minimlizmo redukcij yr nukreipt ne á sumþinimà, supprstinimà, et greièiu á pdidinimà, tèiu ne pimties r struktûrinio komplikuotumo, o iðriðkos átigumo, hrmoningumo. Mksimlii supprstintomis priemonëmis yr siekim mksimlii iðriðkingo, toulo rezultto. Su mþiu yr siekim dugiu. Ti tspindi ðiuolikiniø minimlistø progrminis lozungs less is more, perimts ið Mies vn der Rohe. Pts Mies vn der Rohe ðá principà ndë ákûnyti dugelyje svo projektø, viens ryðkiusiø ið jø krtu su Ph. Jonson suprojektuots Segrm firmos ukðtyinis pstts Niujorke (1 pv.). Kontrsts trp ktegorijø mþiu ir dugiu suformuoj specifinæ situcijà, iðsipleèi riðkos dipzons nuo minimlios formos iki mksimlus iðriðkingumo, kûrinys tmp turtingesnis, átigesnis. Minimlizme trsi susijungi minimums ir mksimums. Peter Murry pgrindinæ minimlizmo temà ávrdyj kip <...>formos ir erdvës vieðptijà [3, p. 8]. Pt Kufmn pstei, kd minimlizms, kip ir dugelis nkstyvojo modernizmo judëjimø, yr <...>sietins ne tik su nepirëþtumu liko tþvilgiu, et ir su nonimiðkumu, vietos, plinkos neutrlumu<...> [3, p. 12]. Viens ið þinomiusiø ðiuolikinio minimlizmo propguotojø rchitekts Cludio Silvestrin pie minimlizmo sntyká su liku yr pskæs, kd <...>groþis nepvldus likui<...>, o, minimlistiniø vertyiø (pprstumo, tuðtumo) reikðmës sustiprëjimà siej su kultûros sumterilëjimu [3, p. 11]. Tèiu, nors dugelis rchitektø ei kritikø ir pripþást, kd ðiuolikinis minimlizms turi dug endr su perspektyviis mþius prdþios rchitektûriniis judëjimis vertyiø lygmeniu (pprstums, grynums, iðkums, ðvrums, sterilums ir kt.), visgi jie kcentuoj prigimtinius skirtumus ir teigi, kd ti yr svrnkiðks, konceptulii kitoks, ðiuolikinis stilistinis judëjims, kuris nër tiesioginis nksèiu vyrvusiø rchitektûriniø krypèiø tæsinys. Ðiuolikinime minimlizme pprsto elegntiðkumo strtegij nesiremi nei konstruktyvumo, 1 pv. Segrm firmos pstts Niujorke. Archit. Mies vn der Rohe su Ph. Jonson ( ) Fig 1. Segrm uilding in New York. Arch Mies vn der Rohe nd Ph. Jonson ( )
3 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, nei universlumo, nei ekonomiðkumo, nei vrtotojiðkos etikos, nei interncionlumo idëjomis [4, p. 7]. P. Murry teigi: Minimlizms ið esmës yr dugiu meno reiðkinys, o ne prgmtinë filosofij<...> [4, p. 8]. Minimlizms prieðprieð iðorinims efektms, ti tiesiog erdvës ir idëjos koncentrts, tsiriojims nuo vizdvimo ir ego riðkos. Þymus rchitekts minimlists Alerto Cmpo Bez svo esë Dugiu su mþiu ( More with Less ) [5, p. 22] iðskiri tris pgrindinius veiksnius: idëjà, ðviesà, erdvæ. Idëj gimdo rchitektûrà; e idëjos ji tmp eprsmë, ti tik tuðèi form. Visvertë idëj tmp tuomet, ki ji gli tenkinti þmogus poreikius funkciniis, estetiniis spektis. Formos gli keistis, o idëjos liek mþinos. Ðvies rchitektûri leidþi egzistuoti. Be ðviesos ji yr nieks. Ti esminë medþig rchitektûros konstrukcijoje. Ðvies yr ti, ks sukuri sntykius ir sàryðá trp þmogus ir rchitektûrinës erdvës. Erdvë yr sukurim ið formos, kurios minimlus ûtinø elementø skièius gli iðreikðti idëjà. Architektûr erdvës esmë. Erdvë gli ûti lieèim þmoniø. Architektûr, pgimdyt idëjos, sukurt ið erdvinës esmës ir pripildyt ðviesos, leidþi joje rsti groþá, kurá vien tik rchitektûr gli tverti. A. C. Bez, klëdms pie rchitektûros esmes, neigi rchitektûros ðltumà, þiurumà, nelieèimumà, impozntiðkumà, nenuglimumà, fotogeniðkumà ir teigi, kd rchitektûros esmë yr preciziðkums, kþks dugiu negu vien tik form, idëjos relizvims, poetiðkums, dugiu su mþiu, ðvrums ir pprstums, ntûrlums ir tvirums, lisvë ir iðsilisvinims, kitip trint, rchitektûr yr skirt gyventi. Kip teisingi pstei W. Alsop, rðydms pie erdvæ, <...>ti yr li sujektyvu, ir skirtingos kultûros skirtingis likotrpiis svip ti interpretuoj, tm suteiki skirtingà svrà [6, p. 20]. Minimlisti tokioms ktegorijoms, kip ðvies, ðviesums, lengvums, ðvieþums, tyl, tuðtum, rmum ir pn. suteiki iðskirtiná groþá kurinèiø veiksniø, estetiniø vertyiø sttusà. Britø rchitektms Jh. Pwson ir Cl. Silvestrin didelës átkos turëjo jponø estetinës teorijos, vienuolynø rchitektûros sketiðkums. Ið èi iðpluki ir ðios nuosttos: <...>vienuolynø rchitektûr tikrs groþio pprstume pvyzdys ; <...>sumþinims, redukcij, pprstums nër nihilizms ; <...>vizdo grynums viens ið rchitektûros kûrimo principø ; <...>pie erdvæ glvoju kip pie oro msæ, kvëpvimà, gilumà, glimyæ judëti, vizuliná skidrumà [7, p. 32]; <...>yr pvojus, kd kûrinys gli tpti meno kûriniu ir td glim prrsti sntûrumà. Klm pie sntûrumà, kuris yr gertins kip esminis rmiø, tyliø ir vientisø erdviø kûrimo stimuls (John Pwson). Au rchitekti mno, kd þmogus kûns tip pt tmp ojektu erdvëje, o rchitektûr yr trsi pvlkls, rëms, todël sieki formuoti tvirs, kiek glim tuðtesnes erdves (2 pv.). Tuðtum mums leidþi mtyti erdvæ tokià, koki ji yr, mtyti rchitektûrà, koki ji yr, ið nksto jà psugnt nuo glimo iðkripymo [8, p. 21]. Specifinim minimlistø poþiûriui á tuðtumà piûdinti tiktø G. Deleuze frzë: <...>droë neûn tuðèi [9, p. 16]. Tuðtumos, tylos ir redukcijos sàvokos dugelio minimlizmo rchitektø yr vrtojmos kip nuji, konceptulûs þiûrëjimo, mtymo, jutimo, màstymo ir suvokimo recepti. Tyl, tuðtum yr krðtutini riinës dvsinës, estetinës vertyës. Filosofë Suzn Sontg stripsnyje Tylos estetik rðo: <...>tikroji tuðtum, grynoji tyl nër glim nei strkèii, nei ið tikrøjø. Kdngi meno kûrinys egzistuoj psulyje, kupinme dugyës kitø diktø, menininks, kurintis tylà r tuðtumà, turi gminti kþkà dilektiðkà: pilnà tuðtumà, prturtinnèià tuðtumà, rezonuojnèià r iðklingà tylà ; <...>konstrvimi minimlistiniø formø, kurios trodo stokojnèios emocinio tsko, ptys svime yr gyvi, dþni tonizuojntys psirinkimi [10, p ]. Neuþpildytos tuðèios erdvës, tuðtumos, tylos, groþio ir tiesos idëjø minimlistms teikë ir M. Heideggerio mintys: <...>tylëjims yr svotiðk áþng kli ; <...>nieks kûryos prdþi ei ið J. P. Srtre poþiûrio á tuðtumà kip á ûties neûtá, grynà egzistencijà, niekà, gyvenimo pilntvës ir ávirovës ðltiná. Tuðèis erdves minimlisti trktuoj kip esteti- 2 pv. Neuendorf nms, Mljorkoje, Ispnijoje. Archit. Jh. Pwson ir Cl. Silvestrin (1989) Fig 2. Neuendorf House in Mjork, Spin. Arch Jh. Pwson nd Cl. Silvestrin (1989)
4 134 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, ne prsme svriusius kûryos veiksnius, potencilii junginèius svyje visà psulio ir þmogiðkosios ptirties ávirovæ [11, p. 29]. Ph. Jodido, piendrindms jponø minimlisto Tdo Ando rchitektûrà, rðo: <...>ti tuðtum, kur tik ðvies ir erdvë sup lnkytojà [12, p. 6]. E. Pnofsky yr pskæs, kd <...>kiekvienà gmtos r þmogus sukurtà diktà glim iðgyventi estetiðki [13, p. 21]. Ti tip pt gli ûti tikytin ir tuðèioms minimlistinëms erdvëms r tuðèii trodntiems tûrinims ojektms. Tuðtum, ekstremlus pprstums, chrkterizuojntis minimlistinæ rchitektûrà, kompoziciniø elementø sumþinims, plieknt tik esminius dlykus, endrme procese yr rdiklii funkcionlus veiksnys, siekintis nukreipti vertyes nuo fiziðki sleginèios, formlios, svimi esireminèios rchitektûros prigimties prie þmogiðkø veiksmø nemterilumo (3 pv.). Norint suvokti minimlistinæ estetikà, reiki didelio susikupimo, dëmesingumo, o ne svitikslio virtuoziðkumo ir opervimo gusye eklektiniø dëmenø. Minimlistinë pozicij tm tikr prsme uþim rimtosios, estetiðki iðgrynintos, motyvuotos estetikos pozicijà, ein tylos siekio, meditcijos, skrlumo, ntûrlumo, iðkumo, formos iðgryninimo, jos suvokimo kip skulptûrinio vienio keliu (Tdo Ando, John Pwson, Cludio Silvestrin, Sonto de Mour, Herzog & de Meuron ir kt.). Nors XX. pigos kultûrinis konteksts psiþymi dugelio nlitikø prëþimu pliurlizmu, komuniktyvumu, iðryðkëj minimlistinës riðkos gjums. Pstruoju metu im ryðkëti tm tikros tendencijos, tsirnd ir plëtojsi tokie estetinii reiðkinii, kuriø stilistik veiki trsi fizikinis susisiekinèiøjø indø dësnis. Tip minimlistiniø tûriø sttiniuose, tiknt nujusis technologijs, tsirnd, trodo, tik dimetrlii prieðingi riðki ûdingø detliø, cittø, á endrà visumà átrukim ir sviti suvoktø dekoro, ornmento idëjø (Herzog & de Meuron). Minimlistinës formos iðgryninims, tm tikrs skurdums ir yr siekis soliuto, siekis per formos skurdumà trsti meditciná ûvá, skrliðkà pjutà, prirtëti prie esminio pþinimo, mikrokosmoso gelmës, trnscendento, meno esmës. Idëj, ðvies, erdvë krtu su pprstumo, tylos, tuðtumos ktegorijomis yr pgrinds ðiuolikinio minimlizmo riðki. Minimlistinëje kûryoje eksplotuojm tylos, tuðtumos idëj krtis yr liu pveiki ir ðokiruojnti þiûrovà ei vrtotojà nei postmodernus plepëjimo, átikinëjimo, detliø modelis. Minimlios riðkos ojekti intrvertiðki, sukurintys didesná tstumà trp ojekto ir vrtotojo, tip uþurintys, hipnotizuojntys þiûrovà, visà jo dëmesá koncentruojntys ties grynosiomis, mþinosiomis vertyëmis, ekstrkto pieðkos siekiu. Minimums, minimli riðk tiesiog átikin formø pprstumu, ojektyvi, iðki estetine pozicij. Ki kurie sttinii provokuoj pie juos ðnekëti, juos nlizuoti, interpretuoti riðkos priemoniø sistems, inspircijø kilmës ðltinius, provokuoj semiotinei nlizei, o minimlistiná ojektà norisi tiesiog kontempliuoti, susilieti su jo erdvës tuðtumu, formø grynumu, dþiugtis iðgrynintu, iðlisvintu nuo gusyës detliø kûryiniu ekstrktyvumu. Ðiuo metu, S. Sontg þodþiis: Krypstme link mþiu ir mþiu. Bet niekd mþiu nër tip stengæsis psirodyti kip dugiu ; < >mtoms troðkims psiekti nevrþomà, neselektyvià, soliuèià Dievo sàmonæ [10, p. 82]. 3 pv. Archit. A. C. Bez sukurti dri: Grci Mrcos nms Mdride (1991); Gspro nms Codize (1992) Fig 3. Arch A. C. Bez Grci Mrcos House in Mdride (1991); Gspr House in Codiz (1992)
5 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, Primityvums r toulums, prgmtiðkums r poezij Minimlistinë riðk, nudojmos formos dël svo pprstumo, iðkumo dþni trktuojmos kip skurdþios, lëkðtos, nuoodþios ir neintelektulios, kitip trint, primityvios. Tèiu vrgu r ks nors drástø teigti, kd Egipto pirmidës, jponø sodi r tokie ðiuolikinio minimlizmo pvyzdþii, kip Tdo Ando ðventyklos, Alvro Siz, Jeno Nouvelio reprezentcinii ekspozicijø pviljoni, yr primityvûs sttinii tiek svo form, tiek turiniu. Ankstesnime skyriuje uvo iðryðkints pgrindinis minimlistinës riðkos tiksls per pprstumà, lkoniðkumà siekti intelektulumo, dvsingumo, pirmiesiems tip pt suteikint vertyiná sttusà. Pprstums, lkoniðkums tm tikr prsme gli ûti siejms su skurdumu, primityvumu, o intelektulums, dvsingums su toulumu. Ti sktin ðià prolemà pngrinëti plèiu. XX. meno rid, dugyë jo krypèiø ir jø iðnykims, modernizmo ir postmodernizmo smplik pgimdë sàvoks primityvs, primityvums ei primityvizms ir jø prieðtringumà. Atsilikusiø ir pirmujnèiø (ekonomine prsme) kultûrø ir visuomenës grupiø vizdiniø prieðpsttyms lyg ir primet pirmosioms primityvumo etiketæ: tsilikusios, nes primityvios. Architektûrinis primityvums tip pt tsispindi áviriuose regionuose dël stichiniø r kro negndø netekusiems ûsto þmonëms sttomuose sttiniuose (4 pv.). Tokiis tvejis primityvums yr fizinio ir mterilinio neglëjimo, o ne kokios nors estetinës pozicijos (tip pt ir minimlistinës) iðdv. Primityvumo smprtos istorine kit, jos trktuotës nlize domimsi ir Lietuvoje. Ðiems klusimms 1999 m. uvo skirt Kultûros ir meno instituto surengt mokslinë konferencij. Joje dlyvvæ menotyrininki, istoriki, kultûrologi pþvelgë áviris primityvumo priðks. Psteët, kd ju XVIII. pigoje <...>modernizcijos kivizdoje prdedm domëtis primityvumu, tèiu ðis primityvums nër ntûrlus primityvums, jis iðglvots ir primests elito ; <...>primityvums tsirnd td, kd nusprendþim, kd ti yr primityvu ; primityvums yr <...> elito konstrukts, nusprendþintis, koks turi ûti primityvums, kd jis mums ûtø ádomus [14, p. 44]. Primityvizmo, kip moderniosios dilës istorinës krypties, prdþi susijusi su Anri Ruso kûryine veikl; glutinæ iðriðkà jis ágijo ddizmo nuosttuose. Colin Rhodes primityvizmo rnd ki kuriø dilininkø, trp jø ir strkcionistø V. Kndinskio, K. Mlevièius ir kitø, kûryoje [15, p. 52]. Ði nuomonë diskutuotin, nes vrgu r strktø geometriná màstymà glim trktuoti kip primityvø, ti dugiu tikytin nivus, liudiðko meno, kurio priðkø krtis psitiko ir ðiuolikinëje rchitektûroje, tendencijoms. Sottssso Associti 1989 m. Ridgvëjuje (JAV) relizuots vilos projekts glëtø ûti viens ið nivumo rchitektûroje pvyzdþiø (5 pv.). Postmodernistinës rchitektûros trdicijoje stilizuots elementrus dviðlièio nmo tûris, trsi uþdëts nt tvoros, primen pskø nmelá nt viðtos kojelës, kitip trint, dvelki niviu litertûriðkumu. Ðiuolikinëje minimlistinëje rchitektûroje r ji priskirimø utoriø druose tip pt glim sutikti tviri primityvistiniø sprendimø. Tik, skirtingi nuo nksèiu pteikto pvyzdþio, yr operuojm ne litertûriðkumu, o formø ir nudojmø medþigø ntûrlumu, vietiniø trdicijø tæstinumu. Pvyzdþiui, ðveicrø minimlists P. Zumthors svo druose sàmoningi eksplotuoj vlstietiðkumo idëjà (6 pv.). c 4 pv. Likini ûsti: Izmite Turkijoje; Antolijoje Turkijoje; c Kosove Fig 4. Temporl hittion in: Izmit in Turkey; Antoli in Turkey; c Kosov 5 pv. Vil Ridgvëjuje, JAV. Archit. Sottssso Associti (1989) Fig 5. Vill in Ridgvey, USA. Arch Sottssso Associti (1989)
6 136 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, Ið pteiktø pvyzdþiø mtyti, koks pltus yr minimlistinës riðkos dipzons tiek formos trktuotës (nuo trdicinës, uitinës iki strkèios erdvinës tûrinës kompozicijos), tiek jos pimèiø, msto, tiek pskirties prsme: nuo gyvenmosios ir smulkiø prekyinës, techninës pskirties ojektø, prie muziejø, meno glerijø ir centrø, elitiniø prduotuviø, prestiþiniø ástigø ir skrlinës pskirties ojektø. Ti rodo, kd minimlistinë riðk populirëj, didëj jos pklus, ji siejm su intelektuliniis ir dvsiniis visuomenës poreikiis, o ti yr nukreipt toulumo link. Prgmtizms ti màstyms r veikl, kuri yr grindþim nudos siekimu, prktiniu iðskièivimu, prktiðkumu. Minimlistinë riðk yr specifinë, nes prgmtizme rnd poezijà, ti yr ti, ko niekip neglim pgrásti iðskièivimu r prktiðkumu. Ti visø pirm pskytin pie E. Amsz ástigø interjerus, kuriø pskirtis yr e glo prgmtiðk, tèiu rchitekts minimlistinës riðkos priemonëmis juos tetrlizuoj, suteiki pslptingumo ir dvsingumo (9 pv.). Ðiuolikinis minimlizms dël gludþiø sàsjø su Mies vn der Rohe ir kitø XX. rchitektø funkcionlis- 6 pv. Studij Hldenstine, Ðveicrijoje. Archit. Peter Zumthor ( ); gyvenmsis nms Bvrijoje, Vokietij. Archit. Fink+Jocher ( ) Fig 6. Studio in Hldenstin, Switzerlnd. Arch Peter Zumthor ( ); Living house in Bvri, Germny. Arch Fink+Jocher ( ) Minimlistinës formos ir pskriti riðkos evoliucijà nuo pirminiø primityvistiniø ndymø iki pretenduojnèiø á toulumà megprojektø glim iliustruoti minimlistø Herzog ir de Meuron kûryos pvyzdþiu (7 pv.). Ðis kontrstings plyginims netskleidþi viso minimlistinës riðkos spektro. Klnt pie primityvumo toulumo reiðkinius reikëtø ptrti specifinæ rchitektûros ojektø grupæ, kurii minimlizms, trodo, yr priimtiniusis estetinës riðkos genertorius. Ti ávirûs techninio, inþinerinio poûdþio sttinii trnsformtorinës, trukiniø terminlø dispeèerinës, tilti ir pn. (8 pv.). Ðiems ojektms, nors jie dþniusii sudëtingi technine prsme, nekelim yptingø estetiniø, funkciniø reiklvimø, o ti li plnki situcij tuðèii, elngei rchitektûri kurti. 7 pv. Archit. Herzog ir de Meuron sukurti dri: Mëlynsis nms Oervilyje, Ðveicrijoje ( ); Wlkerio meno centrs Minepolyje, JAV (1999) Fig 7. Arch Herzog nd de Meuron: Blue House in Oervile, Switzerlnd ( ); Wlker Art Centre in Minepolis, USA (1999)
7 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, pv. Signl Box Ciuriche, Ðveicrijoje. Archit. Gigon ir Guyer ( ); Nesslu tilts Bonduze, Ðveicrij. Archit. Wlter Bieler (1996) Fig 8. Signl Box in Zurich, Switzerlnd. Arch Gigon nd Guyer ( ); Nesslu Bridge in Bonduze, Switzerlnd. Arch Wlter Bieler (1996) Minimlistms vien tik rcionlus, tikslings, prgmtiðki pgrásts erdviø plnvims, formø kûrims dugeliu tvejø nër rtims. Ar gli ûti tuðèi, e diktø ir ldø erdvë ptogi ir rcionli gyventi? Ptogums, prktiðkums minimlistms yr ntreilis klusims. Pprstums, iðkums, grynums, erdvës ir formos ðvrums jiems dvsine prsme vertingos ktegorijos, jusminis ptyrims. Visgi neglim nepsteëti ryðio trp pprsto ir prktiðko r rcionlus prdø, tik, skirtingi nuo rcionlistø, minimlistinis poþiûris prktiðkume rnd ne prgmtinæ nudà, o dvsingà poezijà. Ti sietin su jponø dzen filosofij ir pskriti su jponms ûdingu sugeëjimu <...>ksdieniðkuose nepsteimuose reiðkiniuose áþvelgti yptingà poetikà, gelmæ [18, p. 147]. Ðis poþiûris tsispindi ir portuglø rchitektûrinëje trdicijoje, ypè jos tstovo Edurdo Souto de Mour kûryoje. Pvyzdþiui, Kultûros centre Oporte jis semisi tm tikro <...>poetiðkumo ið prgmtiniø stereotipø, loklizmø, trdicijos r stilius [19, p. 56]. Vienu ryðkiusiø prgmtizmo poetø yr likoms rgentinieèiø kilmës rchitekts Emilio Amsz, kuris svo druose siekë iðryðkinti estetines prktiðkumo svyes. Jo rchitektûr privilegijuoj pprstumo sugráþimà, sumþinimo, nekltumo integrvimà. Geometrij kivizdþii krypting: dominuoj ðiek tiek komplikuoti kvdrti, trikmpii ir pskritimi. Jo, kip istringo minimlisto, intervencijos á plinkà skirtos mþiusiems rchitektûros mterilizcijos þenklms tirti (10 pv.). 9 pv. Finnsinio grnto drudimo kompnijos ástig Niujorke. Archit. E. Amsz Fig 9. Finncil Gurntee Insurnce Compny Office in New York. Arch E. Amsz tø ir rcionlistø kûry dþni yr siejms su rcionlizmu. Áviriose filosofijose <...>rcionlizms posûká á sujektà suprnt kip posûká á protà ir krtu kip juslumo nuvertinimà [16, p. 152]. Minimlisti progrmiðki vdovujsi Mies o devizu mþiu yr dugiu, tèiu á rcionlizmà, pgrástà protu, grieþt logik, jø poþiûris nedekvtus, tuo liu, kd, kip teigi J. Kipnis: Rcionlistinis modelis tip pt yr ircionlus [17, p. 288]. 10 pv. Archit. E. Amsz sukurti dri: konservtorij Teksse; Leo Cstelli nms JAV Fig 10. Arch E. Amsz: Conservtory in Texs; Leo Cstelli House, USA
8 138 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, Aistrà ir prgmtizmà E. Amsz pteiki kip prieðprieðà dominuojnèim siurm rcionlizmui. Jis tiki, kd rchitektûr yr mitinis kts, ir siûlo emocionlios, istringos ir jusmingos egzistencijos ûdà. E. Amsz mintys ir vizdi susijæ su primityviu, et mþinu gimimu, ásimylëjimo ir mirties procesu [20, p. 16]. 4. Asketiðkums ir elitiðkums Asketiðkums turi gilis istorines ðknis. Ju Senovës Egipto fronms uvo tikoms epitets ukojntis gyvenimà. Vëliu sketizms uvo siejms su religingumu. Askets religijoje tptinms su tsiskyrëliu, mrinnèiu svo kûnà. Asketizms dþniusii suprntms kip fiziniø mlonumø (vlgymo, gërimo, lytiniø sntykiø, þmoniø drugijos ir pn.) tsiskyms. Asketi dþniusii dël religiniø psktø renksi fizinius neptogumus ir skusmà. Asketik ti krikðèioniø teologijos ðk, iðkinnti krikðèioniðkojo toulumo siekimo priemones, propguojnti grieþtumà su, sntûrumà. Ðie principi dþni siejmi su minimlizmo vertëmis. Asketiðkums minimlizme psireiðki formø sntûrumu, grieþtumu, iðgryninimu, meditciðkumu. Þvelgint tgl ðiø ruoþø glime rsti rchitektûroje, kurioje juèim kd ir senovës Egipto, cistersø ordino r jponø dzen átk (11 pv.), o ti yr zinës ðiuolikinio minimlizmo iðtkos. Ðiuolikinio sketizmo dvsià tiklii tspindi grikø rðytojo Niko Kzntzkio teiginii: <...> ) þmogus prots tegli suvokti tik reiðkinius ir niekd jø esmës; ) ir net ne visus reiðkinius, o tik susijusius su mterij; c) ir dr siuriu: ne reiðkinius, susijusius su mterij, o tik ryðius trp jø; d) ir tie ryðii niekd neûn tikri, nuo þmogus nepriklusomi; ir jie þmogus kûdikii; e) ir nër vienintelii stiprûs þmogiðki ryðii, o tik ptogiusi jo gyvyinims ir protinims poreikims<...> [21, p. 9]. Ti lemi tokiø sketiðkøjø vertyiø, kip tsiriojims, susikupims, meditcij, iðgryninims, tyl, tuðtum, redukcij, plëtotæ, ks yr ûding ne vieno ðiuolikinio minimlisto drms (Alerto Cmpo Bez, John Pwson, Cludio Silvestrin ir kt.). Didþiusi sketizmo dozë, susijusi su skrlumu, yr Tdo Ando druose, pvyzdþiui, Ðviesos þnyèioje Oskoje (12 pv.) r Vndens ðventykloje Hyogo ei Meditcinëje erdvëje, UNESCO, Pryþiuje. Èi dominuoj iki krðtutinumo tðiurus etons, nenudojm joki pdil, siekim netrikdyti dëmesio pðliniis dlykis. Skurdþiomis priemonëmis sukurim mksimlii iðgrynint, sketiðk meditcinë erdvë, sktinnti koncentruotis ties svriusiis dlykis. A. Andrijusks pie sketiðkà estetikà rðo: Skulptûroje ir rchitektûroje sketiðkos estetikos átk reiðkisi menininkø potrukiu ntûrlioms medþigoms, fktûroms, splvoms, neperkruti detlëmis funkcionlii erdvei [11, p. 29]. Ðiuolikinis minimlizms per sketiðkàjà prizmæ reiðkisi ne tik skrlinës pskirties psttuose. Ðios tendencijos ryðkëj muziejø, meno glerijø rchitektûriniuose sprendimuose (13 pv.) ir tokiose, regis, jm idëjiðki svetimose srityse, kip komercij. 11 pv. Le Thoronet tij Prncûzijoje (~XII.); Totsutotsusi. Artos nmelio interjers (~XIX. vid.) Fig 11. Le Thoronet Aey, Frnce. ~12 th c; Totsutotsusi Te House interior (~19 th c) 12 pv. Ðviesos þnyèi Oskoje. Archit. T. Ando (1989) Fig 12. Church of the Light, Osk. Arch T. Ando (1989)
9 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, Ti prngûs restorni, komercinës meno glerijos, ukðtosios mdos rûø prduotuvës (outique), juvelyrinës prduotuvës ei prestiþiniø kompnijø ástigos (14 pv.). Pprstumo, grynumo, ðvrumo, tylos estetikos vertyiø sàsjos su skrlinës, kultûrinës pskirties ojektis turi istorines ðknis (cistersi, jponø dzen), o ðiø vertyiø derinims su komercij visiðki nujs, XX. pigoje tsirdæs, precedento neturintis reiðkinys. Kritiki vieningi pripþást, kd <...>nujs rchitektø nusisttyms kominuoti komerciná ðurmulá su nujomis projektvimo tendencijomis yr tðk, kurià nuþymëjo minimlizms [22, p. 5]. Didelëse, tuðèiose, steriliose skrlinëse erdvëse ieðkom susikupimo, rmyës, meditcijos. Tokiose erdvëse eksponuoti meno kûrinius yr áprsts reiðkinys prestiþiniø meno glerijø veikloje, nes ti visiðki pteisinm ekspoziciniis sumetimis. Tèiu ðio principo perkëlims á mterilistinæ sferà: restornus, prduotuves, kur trdiciðki, siekint privilioti klientus ir ásiûlyti jiems kuo dugiu prekiø, dominvo nesiking perkrovimo estetik, ktyvi reklm ir pnðii yr mþø mþiusii netikëts. Netikëtumo, iðskirtinumo suteiki ti, kd vietoje prekiø gusos eksponuojm, pvyzdþiui, vien por tø r piniginë, trsi vertingiusis meno kûrinys (15 pv.). Minimlizms, kuris ki kuriø kritikø likoms skurdo estetikos ðukliu, ðiuo tveju psireiðki kip elitinis reiðkinys, ieðkntis erdvinës þenklø klos. Didelës tuðèios erdvës ið tikrøjø yr prngos, ristokrtiðkumo, ûdingo ukðtji, mdi rodiklis. Tà pryðkin 13 pv. Modernus meno muziejus Vienoje. Archit. Ortner nd Ortner (2001) Fig 13. Modern Art Museum in Vienn. Arch Ortner nd Ortner (2001) 14 pv. Finnsinio grnto drudimo kompnijos ástig Niujorke. Archit. E. Amsz Fig 14. Finncil Gurntee Insurnce Compny Office in New York. Arch E. Amsz 15 pv. Fusto Sntini outique Diuseldorfe, Vokietijoje. Archit. A. Citterio & Prtners; Helmuto Lngo outique Niujorke. Archit. Gluckmn Myner Fig 15. Fusto Sntini outique in Dusseldorf, Germny. Arch A. Citterio & Prtners; Helmut Lng outique in New York. Arch Gluckmn Myner
10 140 K. Lupeikis / Urnistik ir rchitektûr 2005, XXIX toms, Nr. 3, nudojmos rngios medþigos ir itin preciziðk tlikimo kokyë. Elitiðkumo siekis rodo minimlizmo lnkstumà ir glimà formø ávirovæ, nujusis tendencijs ieðkoti nujø esikeièinèiø iðriðkos formø ir situcijø. 5. Apiendrinimi Minimlizms ti fenomens, neturintis pirëþtø riø tiek chronologine, tiek ir geogrfine prsme, ti yr reiðkinys, veikiu reiðkiniø sistem su ie kintnèiø dimensijø, átelpntis tiek á skrlus, filosofinio, tiek ir á uitinio interpretvimo rëmus. Ti ne vektorinis reiðkinys su iðki prdþi ir pig. Aiðku, skirisi tos riðkos motyvcijos, semntik, mterilus, glutinis rezultts. Grynumo, iðkumo, skidrumo siekis tspindi dvsinio toulëjimo sieká, ntrin dvsinei kontempliciji, idelo siekiui, ti yr prieðprieð hedonistinei nuostti, þmogiðkøjø geiduliø tenkinimui, mterilistinei kultûri. Iðryðkëj svitos minimlistinës riðkos estetinës vertyës: pprstums, iðkums, grynums, ðvrums, sterilums, tyrums, skidrums, lengvums, ðviesums, rmums, gilums, redukcij, sntûrums, sketiðkums. Iðskirtini minimlistinës riðkos prioritetinii vertyinii veiksnii: tuðtum, tyl, idëj, ðvies, erdvë. Ðiuolikinës minimlistinës rchitektûros tiksli: su mþiu siekim dugiu ; per ntûrlø pprstumà siekim dvsinio toulumo, hrmonijos, poezijos prgmtizme; prioriteti: sketiðkums ir elitiðkums. Minimlistinë riðk ðiuolikinëje rchitektûroje keièi svo stereotipà, trnsformuojsi, tmp dinmiðk, ti yr lnkstus, sprèii evoliucionuojntis ðindienos kûryinio rsenlo veiksnys. Litertûr 1. Chmetzky, R. Phrse Structure. Ið: From GB to Minimlism. Oxford: BlckwellM, p. 2. Ttrkiewicz, W. Filosofijos istorij, t. III. Vilnius: Alm litterr, p. 3. Royl Acdemy nd Interntionl Forum. Something or Nothing: Minimlism in Art nd Architecture. Architecturl Design. London: Wiley & Sons, 1999, p Mggie Toy. Aspects of Miniml Architecture (Editoril). Architecturl Design. London: Wiley & Sons, 1994, p Bez, A. C. More With Less. Architecturl Design. London: Wiley & Sons, 1994, p Alsop, W. The Context for Prctice. Architecturl Design. London: Wiley & Sons, 1996, Nr. 9/10, p Silvestrin, Cl. Architecture of Lessness. Architecturl Design. London: Wiley & Sons, 1994, p Pwson, Jh. Minimum. London: Phidon Press Limited, p. 9. Chevikoff, S. Minimlism Minimlist / Minimlismo. Berlin: Feierend Verlg OHG, 2003, 851 p. 10. Sontg, S. Tylos estetik. Ið: Tyl ir postmodernioji kultûr. Miestelëni. Vilnius: Gervelë, 1999, p , Andrijusks, A. Postmodernizmo iðtkos ir neklsikiniø diskursø erdvë. Ið: Miests ir postmodernioji kultûr. Miestelëni. Vilnius: Gervelë, p. 12. Jodidio, Ph. Tdo Ando. Cologne: Tschen, p. 13. Pnofsky, E. Prsmë vizuliniuose menuose. Vilnius: Bltos lnkos, p. 14. Svukyns, V. Primityvumo ktegorij ntropologinëje perspektyvoje. Ið: Primityvums mene. Vilnius: Gervelë, p. 15. Rimkus, V. Primityvums kip vertyinë ktegorij. Ið: Primityvums mene. Vilnius: Gervelë, p. 16. Anzencher, A. Filosofijos ávds. Vilnius: Ktlikø psulis, p. 17. Kipnis, J. Forms of Irrtionlity, Theories nd Mnifestoes of Contemporry Architecture (edited y Jencks Ch. And Kropf K.). London: Wiley-Acdemy, 2003, p Andrijusks, A. Trdicinë jponø estetik ir mens. Vilnius: Vg, p. 19. Mendes, M. Prgmtic mnifesto. Ið: Less is More. Minimlism in Architecture nd the other Arts. Brcelon: Ingoprint S. A., 1996, p Mendini, A. Emilio Amsz. Ið: The Poetics Of the Prgmtic. New York: Rizoli, p. 21. Kzntzkis, N. Asketik. Vilnius: Alm litter, p. 22. Cstle, H. Editoril. Architecturl Design. London: Wiley- Acdemy, 2000, Nr. 6, p KÆSTUTIS LUPEIKIS Dr, Assoc Prof, Dept of Architecture, Vilnius Gedimins Technicl University (VGTU), Trkø g. 1/26, LT Vilnius, Lithuni. E-mil: kestl@tks.lt Doctor of the Humnities (rchitecture). First degree in Architecture, Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute (VISI, now VGTU), Teching: rchitecturl design, rchitecturl composition. Memership: memer of the LAS nd LDS (Lithunin Union of Architects nd Lithunin Union of Artists), memer of the rtist group Angis. Projects: uthor or co-uthor of 74 projects of rchitecturl design. Competitions: uthor nd co-uthor of 17 projects of rchitecturl design. Art exhiitions: 8 personl, 28 group exhiitions. Reserch interests: theory of rchitecture, vlue of miniml rchitecture.
41/2/9 Student Affairs Programs and Services General Correspondence, Box 1:
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