Shelter. International Recovery Platform (IRP) & Y. Shiozaki, Y. Tanaka, and A. Hokugo (Kobe University)

Transcription

1 Shelter International Recovery Platform (IRP) & Y. Shiozaki, Y. Tanaka, and A. Hokugo (Kobe University) 1

2 Flow of Housing Recovery Process Disaster Evacuation Shelter Usually municipal buildings, schools, gymnasiums Transitional Shelter (temporary housing) Built using funds from central gov., organized by prefectural gov., construction contracted out to private companies Permanent Recovery Housing 1. Survivors build their own houses by themselves. 2. Survivors live in rental public housing with discount rent. 2

3 1. Transitional Shelter [Regional situation] Ria coastal areas: lack of buildable land near the coast Coastal plains: more available land, dominated by Sendai city Towns in Fukushima: residents evacuated for an unknown period Private rental housing Temporary housing Different Types of Transitional Shelters Temporary housing (As of 1/10/2012, Source: MLIT) Gov.-owned accommodations (As of 1/9/2012, Source: MOF) Public housing (As of 1/9/2012, Source: MLIT and MOF) Private rental housing (As of 12/27/2011, Source: MHLW) Number of houses residents are living in or decided to live in 52,182 9,832 8,238 65,692 Total 135,944 3

4 Two Types of Temporary Housing Sites (i) Large group sites: publicly owned land (residents chosen by lottery) (ii) Smaller group sites: privately owned land (group relocation from nearby neighborhoods) [Minami-sanriku Town] Heisei-no-Mori Athletic Park(246 units) Tomari Hama(23 units) Tate Hama(built by Town Gov.)(15 units) 4

5 Support for Temporary Housing Residents Physical improvements Governments and non-profit groups are building awnings or verandas, adding insulation or soundproofing materials, and providing benches or other interior furniture / shelves. Transportation In locations that are far from work, schools, hospitals, and shopping, provision of adequate transportation to support residents is a crucial challenge. Livelihood Many groups have started projects for residents of temporary housing to generate some side income by making and selling handmade products. Community-building and emotional care Efforts have been made to support community-building, encouraging interaction with neighbors. Town governments have hired disaster survivors to work as supporters at the Local Support Centers using central government funds. A satellite location of Disaster Victims Support Center in Minami-Sanriku Life support advisors visit each house to confirm safety and give advice (Kobe earthquake 1995) 5

6 Transitional Shelter Options Compared Type Advantages Disadvantages Temporary housing Standard specifications Requires available, safe, and (prefabricated) Can be built in large undisputed land quantities offsite Slower relocation than rental units Easy to keep track of (needs to be constructed) relocated people Low quality and lack of comfort Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes networks) If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum Private rental housing Cheaper May not exist in affected areas Fast relocation (already constructed) Relocated people are scattered - difficult to keep track and provide Flexibility and comfort services Can reinforce social isolation Public and Cheaper Can reinforce social isolation government-owned Fast relocation More difficult to preserve social housing Comfort networks and provide services than temporary housing Temporary housing Can evolve to permanent Requires available, safe, and (owner-built) housing undisputed land Flexibility in location, Principles of building back better (or in materials, style non-risk areas) may not be followed 6

7 Innovations in Temporary Housing Wooden Temporary Houses Wooden houses are more comfortable than prefabricated houses. Materials are reusable. Multistoried Container Temporary Houses 3-storey temporary houses have been built for the first time in Japan. In Onagawa, available land for temporary housing is scarce. Containers placed in a checkerboard pattern Housing units surrounding common space (Iwaki city, Fukushima pref.) 2-3 storey temporary houses in an athletic park Limited construction sites for temporary housing in the town Local timber is used (Rikuzentakata City) 7

8 LESSONS 1. Multiple options (private rental housing, public housing, temporary housing, etc) provide more flexibility to better match the local situation. 2. Learning from past experiences of disaster recovery (e.g., loss of community, solitary death of elderly) helps to develop support systems for residents. 3. Housing design (balcony, insulation, etc) must be better from the beginning. Transportation to school, shopping, hospitals, and work must be improved. 4. Local governments should select a suitable construction site for temporary housing before a disaster happens. 5. A better database of disaster survivors is necessary, to be able to understand the complete situation and provide suitable support. 8

9 2. Permanent Housing The Great East Japan Earthquake Damages of Buildings of Coastal Areas 120,000 houses : completely destroyed 190,000 houses : half destroyed Reconstruction Methods Relocation Reconstruction at the original place after land readjustment Reconstruction at the original place or Public rental housing The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Main projects for Housing Reconstruction Group Relocation Project for Disaster Mitigation (Public purchase of affected lands and relocation to higher ground ) DR Function Enhancement Project of Fishing Communities (Raising ground level and relocation to higher ground) Land Readjustment Project (Land readjustment, construction of public facilities, and raising ground level) Urban Areas Development Project for Tsunami Recovery (Development of safer urban areas by purchasing all lands ) Disaster Public Housing Project Reconstruction at one s own expense Fundamental Reconstruction of Urban Areas and Villages Damages of Buildings 100,000 houses : completely destroyed 140,000 houses : half destroyed Reconstruction at the original place after land readjustment Reconstruction at the original place or Public rental housing Land Readjustment Project (Land readjustment and construction of houses and public facilities ) Urban Redevelopment Project (Development of safer urban areas by purchasing all lands ) Disaster Public Housing Project Reconstruction at one s own expense Reconstruction of Urban Areas 9

10 Reconstruction Projects in the Urban District of Ofunato City Land Use Plan for Recovery Cross Sectional View Route 45 JR Ofunato Line Pref. Rd. Marumori-gongendo Line Sea walls 5 Land Use Zonings Land use plan to reconstruct vitality and livelihood by setting 5 zones. Residents Zone Business Zone Industry Zone Port Zone Green Zone Form 5 Lines for Ensuring of Safety and Vitality Secure Recovery Roads (evacuation roads) from the port side to the mountain side to protect human lives and form the lines which support animation, industry and livelihood. Port Zone Legend Recovery Road Main road JR Ofunato Line Sea walls Additional sea wall function Sea walls (planned position) Green Zone Industry Zone Green Line Business Zone JR Ofunato St. Residence Zone Animation Area Livelihood Line Industry Line Animation Line Water Line 5 Lines 5 Zones Animation Line Industry Line Livelihood Line Green Line Water Line Port Zone Green Zone Industry Zone Business Zone Residence Zone 10

11 Reconstruction Projects in Ofunato City Proposed areas for the projects (Land Readjustment, Group Relocation, Disaster Public Housing) Land Readjustment Project Group Relocation for Disaster Mitigation Disaster Public Housing Project Recovery Grant 1 st allocation Recovery Grant 2 nd allocation Recovery Grant 3 rd application Prefecture-owned City-owned Inundated area Ofunato City Office 11

12 Progress Status of the Projects District Group Relocation for Disaster Mitigation Project Plan for Recovery Grant Approval of Minister (Implementation) Start of the Project Completion of the Project Number of Houses to be Relocated Ofutato Town 150 (plan) 1 Ofunato-kita 1 Undecided 2 Ofunato-kita 2 Undecided 3 Taira Undecided Suesaki Town 150 (plan) 4 Minegishi Undecided 5 Uchida Undecided 6 Kamisaka Undecided 7 Hosoura Undecided 8 Kohosoura 1st allocation Approved FY2012 FY Kokawara 3rd application Preparing for for prior prior consultation FY2013 FY Umegami Undecided 11 Kadonohama 1st allocation Approved FY2012 FY Tomari Undecided Akasaki Town 150 (plan) 13 Sano Undecided 14 Naka-akasaki Undecided 15 Nagahama Undecided 16 Shimizu Undecided 17 Takonoura Undecided Sanriku Town Ayasato Tahama 1st allocation Approved FY2012 FY Minato-Iwasaki 3rd application Preparing for for prior prior consultation FY2013 FY Sanriku Town Okirai 90 (plan) 20 Horei Undecided 21 Tomari 2nd allocation Approved FY2012 FY Urahama-minami 3rd application Preparing for for prior prior consultation FY2013 FY Urahama-nishi Undecided 24 Urahama-naka Undecided 25 Urahama-higashi 3rd application Preparing for for prior prior consultation FY2012 FY Start the research of Preparing Preparing for for prior buried cultural prior consultation 26 Sakihama 1st allocation consultation FY2013 FY properties infy2012 TOTAL 600 (plan) Note 12

13 Results of the 2 nd Survey on Housing (Ofunato City) Period for Survey: April 27 May15, 2012 Distribution : 2,487 Collection : 1,879 (collection rate 75.6% as of June 5) Ages of the Respondents Housing Style before the Disaster No answer (0.4%) 70 s (21.6%) 80 s (10.6%) 60 s (25.9%) 20 s (2.4%) 30 s (7.1%) 40 s (12.7%) 50 s (19.3%) Public housing etc. 1.2% Apartment (6.1%) Rental house (10.5%) Others 1.3% One s own house (79.2%) No answer 2% 13

14 (8) 1.6% (7) 2.3% (6) 2.5%) Desirable Housing Style (9) 0.4% (5) 28.3% (10) 3.4% (11) 2.9% (1) 26.3% (2) 19.8% (1) Detached house / One s own house / Group relocation (2) Detached house / One s own house / Rebuilding at one s own cost (3) Detached house / One s own house / Others (4) Detached house / One s own house / No answer (5) Public housing (6) Apartment (7) Detached house / Rental house (8) Living with relatives (9) Condominium Reasons for not relocating to higher ground (multiple answers allowed) Others (192) No desirable site (125) Number of answers No answers (29) Want to reconstruct at the same place as before (148) Need consesus of 5 families (141) (4) 7.3 (3) 5.2 Need to sell housing site (51) Size of the housing site is limited (114) 14

15 Considerations for Affected Communities 1 Residents consensus in every community is needed Fishing right - every community is a rival Keiyaku-kou (Self-governing organizations of communities) have common lands (possible sites for group relocation) 2 Various needs of disaster victims Residents of urban areas who need early housing recovery and people of fishing industry who give priority to industrial recovery 3 Difference between the project (Group relocation for disaster mitigation) and housing conditions in affected areas The space of the housing site is 330 m2 at relocation areas (much smaller than the original sites) Housing sites are leased (Ownership is preferred in rural areas) 4 Utilization of the vacant sites after relocation (Residence is restricted under Article 39 of Building Standards Act) Shops related to living relocate to higher places. Warehouses for fishing and agriculture, souvenir shops, fishery processing factories, etc. remain at low places. Historical facts show there is a tendency to return to the convenient places near the sea. Many of the overseas cases were not successful. Price of original residential sites (Price after the disaster Price after the land readjustment) Source: Ishikawa(2012) 15

16 Thank you! 16