Constructions of space separation external space separation, façades

Transcription

1 Architecture of Workplaces 1. Lecture 5 Size standardization-coordination Constructions of space separation external space separation, façades Dobai János DLA associate professor Bartók István DLA associate professor

2 Big spaces are separated by big façade and roof surfaces > space separation task Two solutions: carpet principle : the form is covered by cut off surface from a homogenous, endless surface, monolithic solutions tile principle : the surface is distributed, paved with a number of coordinated elements prefabricated, pre-assambled, industrialized solutions Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA, Aero Saarinen, 1966

3 Tile principle > Size standardization: When the completing and the placing of the ready-made building elements are separate in time and place > the coordination of the building material: brick module Early (ancient) examples - the 15cm brick module has always been present during the history of construction Revealed again by the modern movements: For improving efficiency - bulk production of great elements: economic, constant - plant production, prefabrication: better quality - less work on the building site, faster building - ability of multiplying - useful for general purpose - reduces the number of elements But: -high quality detail development -increasing of element size>lifted weight -uniformity

4 Pyramid of Cheops b. C.

5 Wall detail from Babylon round 600 b. C.: millions of bricks

6 Crystal Palace, London, 1851, Joseph Paxton cast iron elements, coordinated, moduled dimensions > hierarchy

7 Plan of a hangar for the US Air Force, 1945 Konrad Wachsmann ( ) modular coordinated bar and joint elements

8 The surface, space is paved, tiled with uniform elements. In case they were too big, they will be divided in more parts. The grid is distributed due to the structural hierarchy (?) However the structures are not 0 in extent! 1M=A 1/6B=C 1/6A=B 1M=A

9 the coordination of the old brick: not only the size, the interspace matters as well!

10 overlapping element parts overlapping element parts partition wall grid In case of different thickness the task is even more difficult! floor plan Already on the level of one particular construction (e.g. partition walls) turn up several coordination questions! The question of interspace (tolerance). The place need of joints (details), the precision of production, place need of placement, thermal expansion!!!, other movements

11 grid pillar overlapping > irregular size element wall element grid The structural hierarchy causes further problems! The elements of different size are multipliing. The line of space separation? overlapping > irregular size elements

12 Normal position: 1M=x m 2 Corner 1. 2 irregular normal element 1 irregular additional (corner) element too small! The elements of different levels of hierarchy are on different grids. In which group should be the irregular elements? Corner 2. irregular 3. 2 (here the level of the structure) 1 mixed (a bit better alternative) 2 normal element 1 additional (corner) element

13 The irregular elements are on the lower level> Less different primary elements are needed New complications: even the elements of the same level are not homogeneous: coordination of details, layers And this was only an examination in 2D of a small part of the possible questions...

14 Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958

15 Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958

16 The modular coordination is senseless for itself > Size standardization: premise: size-rows that can be theoratically anything > professional common agreement (eg. brick module) previously the human sizes: inch system, 1 inch, 1 foot, 1 yard stb. 1/12 twelve-based size system (today in the USA) but elsewhere (almost everywhere) the decimal system is general The practice has chosen 10 cm for base module. The suggestion of the Hungarian practice ( ), but not contradicting the common western practice was: base module: 60 cm, expanded module: 300 cm The result: mainly the coordination of the primary (bearing) structures > prefabrication suiting well the needs en masse, standard (6,00-9,00-12,00-18,00m) grids, spans suiting structural subsystems, products: suspended ceilings, light fittings, floors of elements, building service systems But: Alvar Aalto: 1 mm Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm (golden section)

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18 Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm

19 6x12 meter short main beam skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete

20 9x9 meter main beam with purlins skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete

21 Skeleton panel multi-storey short main beam skeleton structure of reinforced concrete

22 Flexibility Size coordination>the possibility to apply replaceble elements It aims during design: changeability, possibility for multipurpose, durability, through these is heading sustainablity without using technology arrangements is useful, practical and should be applied! To reach this: well considered functional order, rational plans > rational buildings less architectural gestures, forms, durable materials... The elements size standardization > possibility of replacement didn t succeed: because of the variaty of sizes and needs the producing, storing, coordination of lots of different elements (also because of developments of different dinamism) effected in the end cost increasing.

23 Size standardization>flexibility, possibility of rearrangement, replacement Processor factory INMOS, Newport, Wales, Richard Rogers,

24 External space separation Roofs Façades - the surface to be placed between (in front of) the skeleton structure Tasks: separation: against wind, rain, safety thermal requirements: thermal insulation: heated temperated (+5 C) mechanical tasks: weather loads: wind load technology loads: machines, equipment impacts by accident: hurtling architectural requirements: openings: lighting, traffic building technology requirements: possibility of construction, size limits construction time and weather limits cost requirements: aesthetic requirements : thrift, sustainability should be nice and proportional image, meaning, modernity, harmony

25 Brick Chocolate factory Menier, Noisel-sur-Marne, near Paris, Jules Saulnier,

26 Brick Vitriol factory, Luban, Silesia, Hans Poelzig, 1911

27 Brick Fagus last factory, Berlin, Walter Gropius, H. Mayer, 1913

28 Brick Ziegler Wafer Factory, Zsámbék, Hungary, Turányi Gábor, Turányi Bence, 2002

29 Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

30 Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

31 Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

32 Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016 terracotta panels

33 Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016 terracotta panels

34 G. Ostervig cable plant, Nieporęt, Poland, Stefan Kuryłowicz: 1999 Glass, metal sandwichpanel

35 Médiathèque Lucie Aubrac, Vénissieux, France, Domeniquie Perrault, Glasswall, perforated sheet with shading

36 BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany Zaha Hadid, 2005 Profile and sheet glass, concrete, aluminium trapezoidal sheet

37 Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks

38 Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks

39 National Art Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands, Wiel Arets Glass concrete surfaces

40 Printing hall, München, Germany Amann+Gittel 2000 Profile glass, aluminium frame structure

41 Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

42 Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

43 Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993 Polycarbonate sheet with printed pattern

44 Factory building, Vitra Campus, Weil am Rhein, Germany, SANAA, 2012 Acrylic glass (building high)

45 RBS Railway station, Worb, Switzerland Smarch Architekten, Web of stainless steel stripes

46 Breathing (medical) Factory, Osaka, Japan, Takashi Yamaguchi, 2009 aluminum louvers

47 Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller, Corten steel panels

48 Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller, Corten steel panels

49 Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal

50 Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal

51 Sportshall, Saarburg, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1999 Stainless steel web + glass

52 BTV Bank building, Wolfurt, Austria, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1989 Unattended wood battens on batten frame

53 Hydropower Plant Ragn d'err, Vincenzo Cangemi Architects, Tinizong-Rona, Switzerland, 2016 wooden planking

54 BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014 Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading

55 BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014 Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading

56 Dominus Winery, Napa Valley, California Herzog & de Meuron, 1997 Monolith concrete, gabion, premise of stone

57 Sewage works, Berlin, Gustav Peichl, 1980 Plastered surface (Dryvit)

58 Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1995 Monolith concrete

59 Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete

60 Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete

61 CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen

62 CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen

63 Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs

64 Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs

65 Back to the earth... Ordinary structures of today and of the recent past of non-accentuated tasks: Light structure space separation: corrugated, or trapezoidal sheet metal (carpet principle) policarbonate, profile glass (basically tile principle) sandwich panels (tile principle) framed glassed-in constructions (tile principle) Reinforced concrete based space separation: layered mononithic constructions (eg. Thermo-Mass) (carpet principle) standing and lying panels - usually as sandwich panels (tile principle) Visible brick masonry: nowadays only layered constructions pseudo tectonic! (carpet principle)

66 Layered light structure 1. corrugated (sinus) sheet metal

67 Layered light structure 2. trapezoidal sheet metal

68 Layered light structure 2. Coffer

69 standing trapezoidal sheet metal cladding wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar) tie beam (footing) trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade cladding, coffer back structure

70 lying trapezoidal sheet metal cladding vertical spacer batten wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar) trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade cladding, coffer back structure tie beam (footing)

71 Cargocenter Frankfurt, Germany, 2007, Kölling Architekten trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade

72 Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade

73 Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade

74 Sandwich panels with metal sheet surface

75 Sandwich panel façade

76 Sandwich panel façade

77 Sandwich panel façade

78 facade panel pillar rider wall column tie beam Reinforced concrete façade panels

79 Thank you for your attention!