The Bauhaus. 1 The Bauhaus 1. 2 German workshops 5. 3 The Weimar Location The Dessau Location New Faculty The Epoch Closes 66

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1 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS / Overview i / lxxii The Bauhaus 1 The Bauhaus 1 2 German workshops 5 3 The Weimar Location 23 4 The Dessau Location 44 5 New Faculty 53 6 The Epoch Closes 66 7 Conclusion 70 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

2 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS / Overview ii / lxxii KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

3 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS 1 / 72 The Bauhaus A German design school where ideas from all advanced art and design movements were explored, combined, and applied to the problems of functional design and machine production. KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 JOOST SCHMIDT, EXHIBITION POSTER, 1923

4 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS / The Bauhaus 2 / 72 The Bauhaus The name translated into The House of Construction or School of Building. Weimar Dessau Berlin Weimar Dessau Berlin Walter Gropius Hannes Meyer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

5 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS / The Bauhaus 3 / The Bauhaus Twentieth-century furniture, architecture, product design, and graphics were shaped by the work of its faculty and students, and a modern design aesthetic emerged. MEGGS KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

6 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS / The Bauhaus 4 / The Bauhaus Ideas from all advanced art and design movements were explored, combined, and applied to the problems of functional design and machine production. The Arts & Crafts: Applied arts, craftsmanship, workshops, apprenticeship Art Nouveau: Removal of ornament, application of form Futurism: Typographic freedom Dadaism: Wit, spontaneity, theoretical exploration Constructivism: Design for the greater good De Stijl: Reduction, simplification, refinement KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

7 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS 5 / 72 German workshops Prior to its industrial philosophy, the fundamental structure for the Bauhaus was modeled after the Deutcher Werkbund, an Arts & Crafts workshop in Weimar, Germany. KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 PETER BEHRENS, POSTER FOR THE DEUTSCHER WERKBUND EXHIBITION, COLOGNE, GERMANY, 1914

8 6 / The Deutscher Werkbund German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists Arts & Crafts guild Series of workshops Joined craft and industry Incluced Eliel Saarinen, Mies van der Rohe, among others KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 DEUTSCHER WERKBUND POSTERS; BRUNO TAUT, GLASS PAVILLIAN, 1914

9 7 / The Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition of 1914 Cologne, Germany Featured works by Henri van de Velde, Peter Behrens, and Walter Gropius Scheduled to last from May October Closed in August in response to outbreak of WWI Influenced the The Weimar Arts and Crafts School KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 BRUNO TAUT, GLASS PAVILLIAN, 1914

10 8 / The Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition of 1914 Cologne, Germany Featured works by Henri van de Velde, Peter Behrens, and Walter Gropius Scheduled to last from May October Closed in August in response to outbreak of WWI Influenced the The Weimar Arts and Crafts School KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 BRUNO TAUT, GLASS PAVILLIAN, 1914

11 9 / The Weimar Arts and Crafts School Originally called the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School The building existed since 1860 in varying capacities In 1904 occupied a building designed by Henry van de Velde Reorganized in 1910 to join three other schools into one KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, WEIMAR SAXON-GRAND DUCAL ART SCHOOL, BUILT

12 10 / The Weimar Arts and Crafts School Modelled after the earlier Deutsche Werkbund Stained glass, wood, and metal workshops Medieval Bauhütte: master, journeyman, and apprentice KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, WEIMAR SAXON-GRAND DUCAL ART SCHOOL, BUILT

13 11 / The Weimar Arts and Crafts School Arts & Crafts origins Unity of artists and craftsmen to build for the future Expressionist leanings at turn of century Utopian desire to create a new spiritual society KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, WEIMAR SAXON-GRAND DUCAL ART SCHOOL, BUILT

14 12 / The Weimar Arts and Crafts School Henry van de Velde, Director Belgian Art Nouveau architect Designed the building at the turn of the century Built in two separate efforts: 1904 & 1911 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, GRAND DUCAL ART SCHOOL, STAIRCASE, BUILT 1904

15 13 / 72 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, (LEFT) TROPON POSTER, 1898, (RIGHT) RUTH BOOK COVER, 1899

16 14 / 72 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, CIRCA 1900

17 15 / 72 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 HENRY VAN DE VELDE, CIRCA 1900

18 16 / The Weimar Arts and Crafts School Henry van de Velde, Director Forced to resigns in light of WWI Returns to Belgium, 1914 Closed duration of WWI Van de Velde recommneds Walter Gropius, Hermann Obrist, and August Endell as successors Four year delay by WWI KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015

19 17 / Walter Gropius Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts merges with neighboring Weimar Academy of Fine Arts Walter Gropius, architect, is appointed as next Director to succeed van de Velde in 1918 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 (LEFT) HENRY VAN DER VELDE, (RIGHT) WALTER GROPIUS

20 18 / Walter Gropius 3 year assistantship with Peter Behrens, Together they used modern materials like glass and steel in new ways Gropius introduces to modernism to factory design KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 STUDIO OF PETER BEHRENS: MIES VAN DER ROHE, ADOLF MEYER, HERTWIG, WEYRATHER, KRÄMER, WALTER GROPIUS, 1908

21 19 / 72 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 TYPICIAL FACTORIES OF THE LATE 1800 S

22 20 / 72 For the first time a complete facade is conceived in glass. The supporting piers are reduced to narrow mullions of brick. NIKOLAUS PEVSNER, PIONEERS OF MODERN DESIGN Walter Gropius Factory design Fagus factory in Berlin, 1911 KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 WALTER GROPIUS AND ADOLF MEYER, THE FAGUS FACTORY, 1911

23 21 / The corners are left without any support, yielding an unprecedented sense of openness and continuity between inside and out.... NIKOLAUS PEVSNER, PIONEERS OF MODERN DESIGN KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 WALTER GROPIUS AND ADOLF MEYER, THE FAGUS FACTORY, 1911

24 22 / Another exceedingly important quality of Gropius s building is that, thanks to the large expanses of clear glass, the usual hard separation of exterior and interior is annihilated. NIKOLAUS PEVSNER, PIONEERS OF MODERN DESIGN KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 (RIGHT): WALTER GROPIUS AND ADOLF MEYER, FAGUS FACTORY (INTERIOR), 1911

25 23 / 72 The role of the walls becomes restricted to that of mere screens stretched between the upright columns of the framework to keep out rain, cold and noise. WALTER GROPIUS KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 (RIGHT): WALTER GROPIUS AND ADOLF MEYER, FAGUS FACTORY (INTERIOR), 1911

26 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / THE BAUHAUS 24 / 72 The Weimar Location Gropius begins to shape the philosophy of the school. Expressionist origins slowly progress towards a more open, rational, and modern point of view. KEVIN WOODLAND, 2015 THE LIFE AT THE WEIMAR BAUHAUS, CIRCA 1922 BAUHAUS-ARCHIVE BERLIN