РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ КОРЕЙСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ 2 В ХАРБИНЕ

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1 Йингли Мао, Ян Вэн ХТИ, Харбин, Китай РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ И ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ КОРЕЙСКОЙ ШКОЛЫ 2 В ХАРБИНЕ Абстракт - С конца девятнадцатого века до начала двадцатого века при строительстве Китайско-Восточной железной дороги большая часть западной архитектурной культуры была перевезена в Харбин, и значение европейского архитектурного стиля постепенно начало увеличиваться. Среди таких построек - Корейская средняя школа 2 Харбина (в оригинале - еврейская средняя школа Харбина), которая была самой уникальной не только для типичного еврейского стиля, но также и для всего существующего еврейского архитектурного наследия в Харбине с большим историческим наследием. Исследуя историю школы и анализируя её исторические и архитектурные ценности, эта статья представляет некоторые соответствующие меры для восстановления и повторного использования её архитектурного пространства, чтобы дать этому архитектурному наследию новую жизнь. Ключевые слова: Харбин, еврейская архитектура, реставрация, эксплуатация. Yinghui Mao, Yingli Mao, Yan Wang @163.com; mystic @163.com; ayan97@sina.com QQC, Qingdao, China; HIT, Harbin, China THE MAIN TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY Abstract - A residential group is made up of several individual residential component, which according to the needs of different users and use are divided into different types of residential housing types, Chinese Eastern Railway is mainly divided into single-family residence, joint-family residence and amalgamated dwelling, in each of the number of urban land associated with joint-family residence units in the majority, while the different housing types has its own distribution characteristics. Single family residence because of different users, then dividing into two types, advanced single-family residence and ordinary single-family residence. Advanced single-family residence as rank higher housing types, in a residential area allocated only to the appropriate level of senior railway workers lived in the number of residential small proportion of the population. Keywords: residential group, advanced single-family residence, ordinary singlefamily residence, amalgamated dwelling, Chinese Eastern Railway 154

1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design 1.Various shapes of single-family residence.

2 1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design 1.Various shapes of single-family residence. In a book entitled History of East Provincial Railway History wrote: Here in the construction of houses, mostly level, and many are cottages that they have a variety of auxiliary facilities, courtyard. along fence, refrigerated cellar, shed and a separate board with summer kitchen. most have a balcony house, and other external facilities. [1,p.11] 1.1. advanced single-family residence. In residential areas, for example the new city of Harbin, the new city is located in the highest position in Harbin terrain, built railway station, Railway Bureau office buildings and railroad clubs and other public buildings, the majority of railway workers house located near the area where public buildings. Districts in the new city in the southwest with a garden and a vegetable garden is single-family homes, generally are two-story, and with a winter greenhouse, these single-family homes in different areas, different layout. Meanwhile, due to the construction of large public buildings in the new city, which also is becoming a senior staff, government officials and the general staff of the residential areas, such as villas, the official residence and singlefamily homes, with its modernist architectural style mostly based. It has still retained blocks of luxury villas in Harbin Nangang District (Fig.1)., then these are the only railway officer floor, these alone are generally equipped with a certain floor area of the courtyard, and a richly decorated vault balcony. This unique floor living area generally vary, usually according to my level or at the level of the duties of the authorities to distinguish between different railway, the most common residential senior staff has 156 square meters, while the Eastern Railway Authority can enjoy 1090 square meters of luxury [1,p.11] a)gongsi street number78,harbin b) Lianfa street number64,harbin Figure 1. Advanced single-family residence of Harbin 1.2. Ordinary single-family residence. The façades of ordinary single-family residence is more complex compared with the general joint-family residence, there will be an Art Nouveau building local or symbol of the Renaissance as a decoration, construction is generally level, in addition to the basic use of the interior space as well as a servant room, living room and so on. The building environment is spacious and comfortable. Ordinary single-family residences in Yimianpo and Boketu, which are novel and unique architectural style, building a wall at the entrance to make prominent treatment, using a different kind of decorative brick wall, these decorative brick neoclassical style embodies the characteristics (Fig.2). 155

because relatively simple architectural forms, different sizes, different units can reference the appropriate design standards for construction, so the relatively broad range of applications

3 Figure 2. Ordinary single-family residence along with Chinese Eastern Railway 2. Convenient and pleasant of joint-family residence Joint-family residence, mostly single rectangular plane, but the internal layout of the diverse, flexible, suitable for 2-8 family household use, and because relatively simple architectural forms, different sizes, different units can reference the appropriate design standards for construction, so the relatively broad range of applications associated family homes Two Apartment style. Two joint-family residence are linked family homes in the more advanced types of residential, residential generally have two separate entrances, or use a common entrance, often equipped with a sun room, sun room, or diagonally arranged symmetrically arranged in two buildings side, usually two tenants share a courtyard space, number of rooms for internal use room 1-5 range. Building a plane generally rectangular, usually set at the midpoint household wall construction plane, twofamily use of the area are equal, mutually symmetrical pattern interior space (Fig.3). Figure 3. Two Apartment joint-family residences along with Chinese Eastern Railway 2.2. Three Apartment style. Most three-family residential area showed uneven distribution, generally as a big two small form, and because of this distribution makes them a family or two-family and airy room facing the situation is not ideal, so use is not 156

1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design wide enough.

Three multi-family homes for two or three entrances, balcony area, number and orientation of the configuration and there is no specific standard, basic household can configure a kitchen, an

4 1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design wide enough. If the plane is a rectangular plane, Transverse type, the basic equality of the three families of the area. Three multi-family homes for two or three entrances, balcony area, number and orientation of the configuration and there is no specific standard, basic household can configure a kitchen, an individual also has a shared kitchen, two-family situation (Fig.4). Figure 4. Three Apartment joint-family residences along with Chinese Eastern Railway 2.3. Four Apartment style. Four family homes are linked Family groups use more common units, similar to the two-family homes, flat rectangular single building, the interior of the space is divided into four parts equal to Bedroom type mostly basic the household are equipped with a kitchen, there are cases of two families sharing a kitchen or a living room. Door bucket and the sun house are generally 2-4, and symmetrical layout. Four family homes in the most common model is the flat plane pattern field glyph (Fig.5). Figure 5. Four Apartment joint-family residences along with Chinese Eastern Railway 2.4. Multi Apartment style. More than four residential units called multi-family residential units, multi-family residential living standards of low and construction costs over the previous several inexpensive, exterior walls of the smaller, but comes with a few families shared courtyard area. Multi-family homes more than a simple one -shaped plane, generally in accordance with the number of households design entry, mostly for a room type, construction less configuration between the sun, which is more suitable for single-family railway staff accommodation. Building entrance can be used a one-in form can also be used in the form of several families shared. Building entrances often set up in the mountains, building entrance wall or facade ends, this design ensures the integrity of the building facade, relatively easy to form a strong sense of street (Fig.6). 157

began the construction of apartment-style, best embodies this cluster of houses is the Middle East along the railway staff quarters, including staff quarters because of the different layout gallery

5 Figure 6. Multi Apartment joint-family residences along with Chinese Eastern Railway 3. Concise and trendy of amalgamated dwelling. With the development of urban construction and population base increases, personal residential use of the area has been limited, plus the start of centralized heating, centralized residential thus began the construction of apartment-style, best embodies this cluster of houses is the Middle East along the railway staff quarters, including staff quarters because of the different layout gallery style collection divided into inner corridor and unit type amalgamated dwelling Inner Corridor. This collection of dormitory space constitute a very simple style, almost repeated the same living space, can also be seen as an early type of residential units. Such as Manchuria, a second set of dormitory apartments Hengdaohezi locomotive apartment, Suifenhe railway staff quarters (commonly known as the white building), Yimianpo crew Apartment and so on. In order to fit a larger staff accommodation building plan in the one on the basis of shape in more complex changes, the formation of broken line, shape or dendritic enclosed so as Yimianpo crew Weiheshi spatial structure of the apartment is. Suifenhe railroad workers to housing for example, also known as white building, it s flat elongated square ring, protruding roof done locally processed and made Mengsuo style roof, doors and windows fine carving, construction was typical European style, with wrought iron fence and trees around, elegant and vicissitudes of the building environment (Fig.7). Figure 7. Inner Corridor of amalgamated dwelling along with Chinese Eastern Railway 3.2. Unit type. Chinese Eastern Railway dormitory buildings have in modern modular housing means, and already has a modular housing features, such as multiplanar rectangular building, with a standard cell as a template, can form a ladder or a ladder more than two family residential patterns, which are household stairwell as traffic space, interior features and reasonable layout, kitchen, bathroom and other configuration is complete. Architectural composition easier to follow a certain percentage of relations especially is good at using the symmetrical composition principles (Fig.8). 158

1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design Figure 8.

6 1. Вопросы теории и истории в градостроительстве, архитектуре и дизайне Theory and history issues in urban planning, architecture and design Figure 8. Unit type of amalgamated dwelling along with Chinese Eastern Railway Conclusion. Amalgamated Dwellings in general entrance on the second or third first apply to officially enter into the room, and then to continue to bypass the stairwell upstairs, so take off your shoes in the bottom of the stairs where it is located, and this entrance way to reduce the user at the entrance residence time at speed up the access speed, but this approach also has a certain role in the cold wind, and also to ensure clean room. As Inner Corridor style, In Zalantun Building was built in 1908 five railway for example, it was the staff quarters Eastern Railway, two-storey building, the use of a shape plane through the interior space of the gallery fish bone structure, building exterior simple and clean, architectural form was divided vertically asymmetrical facade at doing outstanding handling, very simple wall, door and window openings without too much cheek decorative roof made of wood cornice. As Unit type, Modular set of residential buildings tend to use some symbols or some detail treatment to demonstrate its architectural style, in which the performance of classical style, mostly, it is because the set of modular housing is generally a ladder two or a ladder four and other forms. Bibliography: 1. Н.п. Cragin. Russian, Russia: Harbin the Ideal City in Russian Minds; Harbin, Harbin Press, p. 2. Liu Songfu. Chinese, China: Typological Modernization and Pattern of Analysis in Harbin City Building; Beijing, China Architecture & Building Press, p. 3. Pang Xuechen. Chinese, China: Picture Album of Chinese Eastern Railway; Harbin, Heilongjiang Publishing Group Press, Yu Binyang. Chinese, China: Harbin Impression ( ); Beijing, China Architecture & Building Press, p. 5. Wu Guoqing. Chinese, China: Architectural Art Gallery Old Building Pursuit of Chinese Eastern Railway; Harbin, Heilongjiang Publishing Group Press, Йингхуи Мао, Йингли Мао, Ян Вэн @163.com; mystic @163.com; ayan97@sina.com QQC, Циндао, Китай; ХТИ, Харбин, Китай ОСНОВНЫЕ ТИПЫ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПРИДОРОЖНОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ КИТАЙСКО-ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ Абстракт - Придорожные жилые районы Китайско-Восточной железной дороги представлены разными типами жилья в зависимости от потребностей про- 159

7 живающих в нём жителей. Структура таких жилых районов состоит из домов для одной семьи, домов для нескольких поколений семьи и домов, в которых проживает сразу несколько семей. Типы домов для одной семьи, в зависимости от статуса проживающих, делятся на два подтипа: дома для семей обычных работников КВЖД и дома для семей, чьи члены занимают высокие руководящие посты, которые представляют малую часть населения. Ключевые слова: жилые районы, дом для одной семьи, дом для семьи из нескольких поколений, дом для нескольких семей, Китайско-Восточная железная дорога. Cai Jun, Liu Daping HIT, Harbin, China ANALYSIS ON THE SPACE PATTERN OF BUILDINGS OF THE CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY STATIONS Abstract - The the Chinese Eastern Railway is a cross-border railway line in northeast china which was built from the 19th century to the first half of 20th century.on the basis of the perspective of building typology, this paper aims to analyze and classify the Station Buildings of the Chinese Eastern Railway station. Taking station buildings of different current situations of application as examples,to perform the on-the-spot studies on the architectural complex of the Chinese Eastern Railway through the classification analysis on Space Pattern of Buildings of Chinese Eastern Railway Stations, this paper explores its characteristics and change regularity, so as to try to have systematic knowledge on the patterns of buildings on the Chinese Eastern Railway stations and provide an evidence for the conservation of the liner heritage of the Chinese Eastern Railway as well. Keywords: Patterns of building patterns, Chinese Eastern Railway station, Buildings of station Architecture is formed accompanied with the entire history; architecture originates from its own rationality, only by such surviving process can architecture be integrated with surrounding artificial or natural environment. [1] Aldo Rossi Introduction to the buildings of Chinese Eastern Railway stations Chinese Eastern Railway refers to the railway and outbuildings built in northeast China from Manzhouli to Suifenhe from 1896 until 1935, where the Russian government aimed at plundering and invading northeast China. Buildings of Chinese Eastern Railway station are representative type of railway buildings at that time for meeting. Its design has strong exotic style, where decorations of some small and medium station are also of strong 160

To Improve Space Utilization Efficiency: Periodic Renting Strategies of Residential Open Buildings

UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress P-0769 To Improve Space Utilization Efficiency: Periodic Renting Strategies of Residential Open Buildings Chunyu Wang *1 1 Master Degree Candidate, College of Architecture