11.1 Design Education & Practice [Design Knowledge & Authority]

Transcription

1 11.1 Design Education & Practice [Design Knowledge & Authority] TODAY S CLASS 1. Warm-Up Exercise 1. History of Environmental Design Education + Practice 3. Nine Approaches to Design (in relation to the existing hierarchy) ANNOUNCEMENTS 1. Paper 2 Final Draft Due in Lecture 11/16 2. Final Project Reviews Next Week Model of the Library at Alexandria 3. Project Paper Due in Lecture 11/30 4. Paper 3 Issued on Thursday, Due 12/12 5. Course Portfolio Due 12/12

2 Professional Knowledge WARM-UP EXERCISE 11.1 PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE (15 minutes) In groups please discuss professional knowledge. Think of all the different things that might be meant by "design knowledge. (5 Minutes- groups) 1.List all the kinds of knowledge that are needed to design an environment. (5-10 Minutes- All Class) 3. Create a shared list on white board Model of the Library at Alexandria (note papyrus scrolls)

3 Types of Knowing Explicit (consciously learned, knowledge identified as such) Tacit or Implicit (embedded in action, learned by doing)- example- skills

4 Handout: The Relation Between Professional Role, Education & Knowledge

5 Egypt; BC- Architect as Construction Manager Funerary Complex & Stepped Pyramid of Zoser, 1520 BC, Saqqara, Architect, Imhotep Architect Imhotep Religion-based Government: priest-administrators Hierarchical class structure with slaves Ancient Egyptian murals showing construction methods & supervision of labor

6 Ancient Greece: BC-Leaders of Workmen Parthenon, Athens, BC- Architects: Ictinus & Callicrates Arkhi= chief Tekton= craftsman, builder School at this time in Sparta Theater of Dionysus,Athens, 500 BC [330BC] Hoisting Equipment Device for moving stone

7 Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15 th C- Architect as knowledgeable professional Pantheon, Rome, 25 BC Vitruvius 3 paths to the profession Miliary Engineering Liberal arts + Apprenticeship Civil Service (Route by some former slaves) Baths or Thermae of Caracalla, Rome AD

8 Roman Empire: 700 BC- 15 th C- Military Engineering Prowess Pont du Garde Aqueduc,t Nimes, France, 14 AD Appian Way Roman Road Roman colonial city in Africa Plan of a Roman military camp Organization of a

9 Middle Ages: 5 th -15 th C- Architect as Master Craftsman Guilds Education through apprenticeship Written knowledge controlled by the church Notre Dame de Paris, Sienna Italy Palazzo Publico

10 Dome of the Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence Renaissance: 14 th -17thC - Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar Sculpture of Filippo Brunelleschi in his Dome for the Cathedral of Florence Merchant class develops Universities- Secularization of knowledge Brunelleschi educated in Literature and math Entered silk merchants guild and got his first Architectural commission Separation of design knowledge from construction Circa 1420 Brunelleschi rediscovers Perspectival drawing

11 Renaissance: 14 th -17thC -Emergence of Architect as Conceptualizer & Scholar Sant Andrea, Mantua, & page from Alberti s De Re Aedificatoria, 1485 Andrea Palladio Villa Capra, eon Battista Alberti portrait medal Andrea Palladio The Four Books of Architecture, 1570 Development of printing

12 France 16th Century- The beginning of professionalism Anthony Blunt. Art and Architecture in France 1500 to , fig Sebastiano Serlio & his design for the Chateau D Ancy Publications of Italian Architect, Serlio attracted the attention of Francois the first of France Appointment of Serlio as royal architect considered the beginning of professionalism of architecture

13 France 17th & 18th Centuries- Education for Civil Engineering Versailles Le Vau & Le Notre Establishment of bureaucracy and royal educational institutions 1654-Royal Building Adminstration founded 1671-Académie Royale d Architecture- founded 1671

14 England 16th & 17th Centuries -the beginning of professionalism Inigo Jones, Whitehall Castle 1638 (Banquet Hall) Wren, St Paul s Cathedral Sir Christopher Wren Inigo Jones Portrait by Anthony Van Dyck

15 England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle) Chiswick House, Lord Burlington (client), William Kent, Architect, Landscape Architect, Interior Designer

16 England 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs Photo: Carolyne Roehm Osterly Park, Robert Adams (& James Adams) Architect & Interior Designer Created the Adams Style

17 United States 17th & 18th Centuries- Self-Educated Gentlemen Amateurs Samuel Macintire, Derby House, Salem, 1762) Thomas Jefferson Monticello (

18 England 18th-19th Century- Architect as Businessman & Entrepreneur Royal Crescent & Circus at Bath John Wood I & John Wood II John Nash Regent s Park, London

19 France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution Ecole des Beaux Arts Jacques-Felix Duban, Henri LaBrouste, Bibliotheque Sainte Genevieve, 1850 Reading Room & Exterior

20 France 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution Ecole des Beaux Arts Classroom with Student Work Ecole des Beaux ArtsExample of Student Work Ecole des Beaux Arts Students in Atelier

21 United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution Also Carpenter Architects New York Tribune Building , R M Hunt Henry Latrobe 18 th Century Richard Morris Hunt 19 th Century

22 Gothic revival house in Stillwater, MN Photo by Roger Miller, 2004 United States 19th Century- Ecole des Beaux Arts Dominant Educational Institution Also Carpenter Architects House from Andrew Jackson Downing pattern book, Cottage II, 1842

23 Frederick Law Olmsted & his office United States 19th Century- Professionalism of Landscape Architecture Humphrey Repton, first Landscape Architect England, 1860s Central Park, New York City, 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux

24 United States 19th Century- Architects as Businessmen Richardson & Assistants in his library c 1886 H H Richardson Boston Public Library, McKim Meade & White, Crane Memorial Library, Massachusetts AIA established 1857

25 United States Late 19th, Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training Studio Life Class at MIT c Late 19 th & Earlly 20 th Century Education emulated the Ecole des Beaux Arts in terms of subject matter, but dd not include apprenticeship

26 Early 20th Century - Architect as businessperson, professional, artist Thomas Church, Landscape Architect Crown Hall at Illinois Institute of Technology, Mies van der Rohe Technically oriented education rank Lloyd Wright establishes a ormal educational apprenticeship aliesen East & then West

27 United States -Late 19 th Early 20th Century-Women practice architecture San Simeon, California, 1919 Julia Morgan Architect Dumbarton Oakes, Washington DC Beatrix Ferrand

28 UK & United States -Late 19 th Early 20th Century-Professionalism of Interior Design Illustration of a drawing room from their book House Decoration Agnes & Rhoda Garrett first interior design firm Art Decoration Business London, 1875 Elsie de Wolfe, Colony Club,, NYC First interior design firm in London

29 Early 20th Century-Women seek formal education Women at MIT, 1909 Cambridge School Massachusetts, All Graduates vs Women Graduates University of Minnesota School of Architecture

30 Early-Mid 20th Century-African-Americans enter the architectural profession Drawing for the Saint Paul Winter Carnival Ice Palace, 1940 Roy Wilkins Auditorium, Saint Paul Clarence Wigington The first African American Municipal Architect & first African American Architect registered in Minnesota

31 United States Early 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training Originally Ecole de Beaux Arts Influenced, but in the 1930 s, influcenced by the new European ideas from the Bauhaus ( ) During WW!!, wo prominent educators went to the US Walter Gropius taught at Harvard Ludwig Mies van der Rohe taught at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Interest in: Industrial systems (mass production, modular design, etc) Innovation rather than historic precedent Using new materials and processes Social issues (housing for everyone) Combining design disciplines New ideas about structure light and ventilation (science) Hands on design

32 United States Late 20th Century-Universities as Sites of Architectural Training Pruitt-Igoe- 1970s Addition of courses on social issues Questioning Modernism Post-Occupancy Evaluation & Arch Programming Participatory Design Energy Crises (1970s, 1980-) Research on Environmental Performance LEED Ecology/ Global Warming Research & Continuing Education Post-Modernism Historic Preservation & Heritage Preservation Consumerism/ Participatory Design Changing ideas about the design process- Design loop research informing design environment as built, operated and demolished need for long-term analysis of costs & benefits New Technology Air travel normalized- internationalization CAD/ GIS environmental design practice Internet /Smart Phones- globalized communication

33 LATE 20 TH CENTURY NINE DIFFERENT APPROACHES/ ATTITUDES TO DESIGN (oversimplified for the sake of clarity) Julia Robinson, Arch 3401, Fall 2005 version FIT EXISTING HIERARCHY CHALLENGED EXISTING HIERARCHY Approach Key Issues Attitude to Client ARTIST Innovation Aesthetics Art object Attitude to User Attitude to Cost Patron Will adapt Secondary concern Aesthetics Systems/ Materials Regulations Design Personnel Avant-garde Medium for art Necessary evil Serve vision /Self expression BUSINESSPERSON Profit Product Market Consumer Interpeted by client Prime concern Relevance depends on clients Cost effectiveness Economic constraint Economic contributer PROFESSIONAL TECHNOLOGIST SOCIAL ADVOCATE/ COMMUNITY DESIGN Service Client Client satisfaction Building performance Social change Client Part of served group Research subject (?) Important contributing factor Cost/ benefit Partner Partner Important limitation Part of service Perfor-mance Part of services Team member Technology= aesthetics User s ideas Experimentation Necessary requirement Important considera-tion Part of service Expert contributer Team member THEORETICIAN Advance in form, Funder social ideas or Supporter practice Audience Experimental subject Irrelevant Based in theoretical stance May be paper arch/ Depends on theory Irrelevant Inconvenient or part of service Solo effort or Serve vision RESEARCHER Discovery Innovation Testing Prediction Funder or General Public Research subject (?) Limitation Variable to be evaluated Variable to be evaluated Variable to be evaluated Research team ECOLOGIST PRESERVATIONIST Green design Minimal impact Maintaining existing environments Partner Partner Long term performance Partner Varies Consider long term investment Ecology= aesthetics Appreciate historical ideas as well as today s Long term performance, greenness Reuse, recycle and rehabilitate existing environments Part of service Part of service Expert team Member Team: researchers, community & designers

34 Mid-Late 20 th Century: New Types of Practice TECHNOLOGIST/ ECOLOGIST Danadjieva & Koenig Associates West Point Sewage Treatment Plant, Seattle Washington, RESEARCHER Moore & Turnbull Architects Kresge College, Santa Cruz, CA, 1973 Designed based on research by Sim van der Ryn & Murray Silverstein THEORETICIAN PETER EISENMAN House IV, Frank Residence, 1977 RESEARCHER IAN McHARG Design with Nature 1992[1969}, New York: Wiley Mineral Resources Plant Species SOCIAL ADVOCATE CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER Linz Café (basec on Pattern Language) Geology Soils

35 Early 21 st Century: National & International Practice TECHNOLOGIST/ECOLOGIST Biomicry (Janine Beyynus) Design Inc, Council House 2 Melbourne, Australia, 2006 SOCIAL ADVOCATE Gando Primary School, Burkina Faaso, Francis Kere, RESEARCHER Perkins & Will, Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, Boston, 2005 ARTIST Zaha Hadid, BMW Central Building Leipzig, Germany, PRESERVATIONIST Halvorson Design Partnership, Lakewood Cemetery, Mpls c2010 BUSINESSPERSON/PROFESSIONAL Kieran Timberlake, Belle Townhomes (developer) San Francisco, 2009

36 Early 21 st Century: National & International Practice Museum of the American Indian-Washington, DC, 2004 GBQC and Douglas Cardinal, Ltd., Design team included consultants Douglas Cardinal (Blackfoot), Johnpaul Jones (Cherokee/Choctaw), Donna House (Diné/Oneida), and Ramona Sakiestewa (Hopi). Following this conceptual design work, the project was further developed by Jones, House, and Sakiestewa, along with the architecture firms Jones & Jones, SmithGroup in collaboration with Lou Weller (Caddo) and the Native American Design Collaborative, and Polshek Partnership Architects.

37 Early 21 st Century: National & International Practice National Museum of African American History & Culture -Washington, DC, 2016 David Adjaye Architect Competition winner: Freelon Group/Adjaye Associates/Davis Brody Bond

38 21st Century: Reframing the design professions? Diversity of community and professions New forms of knowledge New forms of practice & authority New media- digital communication, internet Network rather than hierarchical organization Research as part of professional practice Design for the public good Consumerism & participatory design Global warming & sustainability Global practice METI Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, Diane Von Furstenberg Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-veneto

39 21st Century: Reframing the design professions? How do current practices relate to the professional culture- what changes need to take place? METI Handmade School, Rudrapur, Bangladesh, How will practice change in the future and what changes do we need to make to prepare for that? Diane Von Furstenberg Off Architecture &Duncan Lewis Scape Ecological-design-hotels-in-veneto