Planning London From Julius Caesar to Boris Johnson

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Planning London From Julius Caesar to Boris Johnson"

Melanie McGee
6 years ago
Views:

1 Planning London From Julius Caesar to Boris Johnson RTPI London Centenary Series RTPI London Centenary Partners:

2 Roman London

4 Roman London No pre Roman settlement in London area. Raid by Julius Caesar 54BC ; Invasion by Emperor Claudius AD43 Settlement under Ostorus Scapula AD 50 first settlement east of Walbrook with forum and basilica Burnt down by Boudicca AD60 Reconstruction under Governor Agricola Fire in AD 150 City wall constructed at end of 2 nd C AD under Governor Clodius Albinus ( as defence against invasion by Septimus Severus) Wall enclosed 330 acres. Main fort at Cripplegate with amphitheatre. Gates at Ludgate, Newgate,Aldersgate, Bishopsgate and Aldgate ( medieval names)

5 Medieval London

6 Early planning policy for London 1189 First Mayor of London, Henry Fitz Ailwin. First Building Code. Regulated construction including party walls, rights of light, drainage (rain gutters) and location of privy pits Elizabeth I. Proclamation against any new building within 3 miles of the City of London Proclamation widely ignored!

7 London before the Great Fire

9 Restoration planners: Wren, Hooke, Evelyn and Newcourt

11 Richard Newcourt s Plan

12 Christopher Wren 1666

13 Before and after the Fire Principles for redevelopment had been set out in John Evelyn s pamphlet Fumifugium in Legislation drafted by Evelyn for Charles II to establish ring of gardens around city had not been enacted 1667 First Rebuilding Act. Specified minimum road widths 1670 Second Rebuilding Act. Specified churches to be rebuilt

14 London Squares in 18 th century

15 London Development to 1785

16 John Gwynn: London and Westminster Improved 1776

17 Plans for Street Improvements John Nash. Regents Park, Regent Street, Haymarket, Carlton House Terrace ( ) Sydney Smirke. Suggestions for the Architectural Improvement of the Western Part of London (1834) Thomas Maslen. Suggestions for the Improvement of Our Towns and Houses (1843) Henry Bridgman. Street Re-alignment and Reconstruction of Central London (1886) Arthur Cawston. A Comprehensive Scheme for Street Improvements in London (1893) Aston Webb. The Mall and Admiralty Arch, Trafalgar Square (1901) George Pepler. Proposal for Ringway (1910)

18 John Nash and Regency London

19 John Claudius Loudon 1829

20 Paxton s Great Victorian Way 1855

22 Metropolitan Board of Works and Sir Joseph Bazalgette

24 1889 London County Council Lord Rosebery, John Williams Benn and John Burns

25 Lord Meath s Green Girdle (1901)

26 Paul Waterhouse: Imaginary Plan for London (1907)

27 Waterhouse plan for central London road network

28 Pepler s Ringway (1910)

29 London Society Development Plan for Greater London (1913)

30 Aston Webb s plan for Imperial London

31 London County Council : Kingsway redevelopment 1905 and

32 Octavia Hill and Hampstead Garden Suburb from 1909

33 Raymond Unwin 1929 and 1933

34 The Independent Plans The Bressey regional road plan of 1938 Royal Academy Plans (Lutyens) The Corbusian MARS Plan of 1942 (Arthur Korn and Felix Samuely) The RIBA Plan (1943) by the London regional reconstruction committee New parks system for London proposed by Ralph Tubbs in Living in Cities (1943) Trystan Edwards. Hundred New Towns Association plan (1943) Lindy and Lewis in Architecture Journal (1944) Harold Bailey in The Builder (1944)

35 Royal Academy Plan 1942

36 Royal Academy Plan

37 The MARS plan

39 The RIBA plan

40 Tubbs Parks System Plan

41 Trystan Edwards. Hundred New Towns Association (1943)

42 Lindy and Lewis (1944)

43 Harold Bailey (1944)

44 Three Traditions Imperial Planning Aston Webb; London Society; Lutyens and the Royal Academy Plan Geddesian Organic planning Unwin to Abercrombie Corbusian Modernisation - The MARS Plan

46 Abercrombie County of London Plan 1943

47 1943 Abercrombie: Working London

48 1943 Abercrombie: Neighbourhood Functions

49 Abercrombie 1943: Roads

50 1943 Abercrombie: Open Space

51 Abercrombie 1943: Zoning

52 1943 Redevelopment of Bermondsey

53 1943 Redevelopment of Stepney

54 Abercrombie: Greater London Plan: 1944

55 Abercrombie s 1944 Greater London Plan Assumed industrial dispersal, and little pop growth in 50 km city region Decentralise from congested inner to outer Adequate Open Space standards meant 600,000 overspill from LCC area plus 400,000 more from outer London Avoid urban sprawl with strong Greenbelt, beyond normal commuting range 400,000 to 8 New Towns, km from London 600,000 to Expanded Towns 50-60km away No regional admin structure: LCC, shires and districts but a strong role for govt and New Towns Commission Local interests made Expanded Towns initially problematic

57 County of London Plan Review 1960 Some comprehensive redevelopment city and other inner London centres Restrictions on office development Reducing industrial land zoning Increasing residential development in inner London/ higher densities (but lower in some suburbs Mixed use in inner London Decentralisation of employment activity

58 1951 County of London Plan

59 Peter Hall s London 2000 (1963) and London 2001 (1989) The argument for metropolitan city region planning

60 1969 Greater London Development Plan (GLDP)

61 GLDP GLC under Desmond Plummer and Reg Goodwin David Eversley as chief planner Assumed population falling Focus in Inner London Regeneration Density Limits Controversy over Motorway Box Plan adopted 1976 without box

be houses with gardens Norm densities and higher density zones

62 1984 GLDP Amendments Ken Livingstone and George Nicholson Borough Housing targets 70% public sector housing target 80% to be houses with gardens Norm densities and higher density zones Minimum standards Community Areas Policy Blocked by Govt as GLC abolished

63 The London Planning Advisory Committee (LPAC)

64 LPAC Planners 1998

65 LPAC Cross-party Advisory Extensive research output Sustainable Residential Quality Embracement of growth/ world city agenda 1994 Strategic Planning Advice

66 LPAC Strategic Framework

67 LPAC Regeneration Areas

70 Ken Livingstone

71 2004 London Plan

72 2004 London Plan

73 Boris Johnson s 2011 Plan

75 City/regional planning for World City London London Plans World city themes? 1943,44 Abercrombie London centric/reconstruction, imperial, trade, industrial, limited office, inner London 1951 County of London Plan London centric, imperial, trade, industrial, some office, inner London 1976 GLDP London centric, declining trade, industrial, increasing office, pan London 1986 GLDP Alterations London centric but incipient global perspective: industry, offices cf community, multi-cultural 1988/9 SERPLAN Advice & Guidance Watershed balance between London centric and global economy, limited multi-cultural, pro office, anti-planning 1994/6 LPAC Advice & Guidance Consolidating global context, managing post industrial change, pro-office, pro-planning, multi-cultural 2004 and 2011 London Plans Strongly global, clearly post industrial, pro-office, strongly multi-cultural, broader than land use

76 Themes: Spatial Levels City Corporation area Inner London Greater London London Economic Area Growth Areas Greater Southeast/ Metropolitan Region

77 Themes: Status Independent Gwynn Loudon Maslen Bridgman Cawston Pepler London Society MARS RIBA Royal Academy Advisory/commissioned Christopher Wren John Nash Aston Webb Unwin plans Abercrombie (County of London) Abercrombie (Greater London) LPAC 1994 Strategic Planning advice SERPLAN Plan for Greater SouthEast Statutory County of London plan (after 1947 circular) Greater London Development Plan 1976 (Note 1984 GLDP not adopted) RPS9: RPS3 London Plan (2004, 2008,2011)

78 Key themes: Chronology 1 17th,18 th and 19 th centuries: Highway improvement based planning From mid 19 th century: Public health/housing improvement/clearance based planning From 1930 s: Reducing overcrowding /population dispersal; New Towns and dispersal of employment ( Barlow and Location of Offices bureau)

79 Key Themes: Chronology 2 The green belt and containing urban sprawl. From 1930 s Controlling population concentration through density controls. From 1940 s Protection of city fringe communities; neighbourhood based planning. Early 1980 s Planning for economic and population growth world city focus. From 1990 s The Compact City and densification. From 2000 Expansion of Central Activities Zone for world city functions

80 Key Themes: Chronology 3 Sustainable Development transport access and environmental sustainability. The 2004 and 2008 plans Towards a more diverse economic growth. The 2011 plan Limiting intensification; Suburban preservation. The 2011 plan Weakening strategic direction?

81 Towards the 2015 Plan? Meeting the challenges of population growth and global city role Is the compact city approach still viable? Extending the central activities zone High density housing in suburban centres Dispersal and a new programme of garden cities Suburban intensification Urban extensions into the Green Belt Potential for a return to integrated planning?

82 Planning London From Julius Caesar to Boris Johnson RTPI London Centenary Series RTPI London Centenary Partners:

The debate over the 2014

Planning the metropolitan region The debate over the 2014 review of the London Plan RSA Winter Conference, London Duncan Bowie 27-8 November 2014 Research questions Is the compact city concept approach