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1 Formative Histories of Architecture the Crystal Palace

2 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice

3 iron & industrialised building Thomas Rickman s churches St George Birmingham, c 1812 St George, Everton, Liverpool, St Michael in the Hamlet, Liverpool, c 1813 Joseph George s patent system, 1856 James Edmeston & terra cotta slabs

4 St George's, Birmingham, by Rickman, c 1812: cast iron gallery front Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 344

5 Thomas Rickman s iron churches: St George, Everton & St Michael in the Hamlet, c 1813 Nikolaus Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers of the Nineteenth Century(Oxford 1972), pl 12 & unidentified

6 Joseph George s patent fireproof construction, 1846 Joseph George, British p g, patent no 11,257, for 'Construction of Buildings', 22 December 1846

7 GLASS AND ARCHITECTURE crown glass sheet (or cylinder glass) plate glass

8 manufacture of crown glass: the table on the end of the punty Raymond McGrath & A C Frost, Glass in Architecture and Decoration (2nd ed, London 1961 [1937]), p 75

9 two ways of dividing a table of crown glass W Cooper, Crown Glass Cutter and Glazier's Manual (1835), p 745

10 the manufacture of sheet glass by Chance Brothers, c 1850 Jackdaw no 43, The Great Exhibition 1851

11 sheet glass being reheated and flattened Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass', pp 41, 42

12 GREENHOUSES & CONSERVATORIES the double cusp profile

13 Glasshouse at Bretton Hall, Yorkshire, 1827 J C Loudon, An Encyclopædia of Cottage Farm and Villa Architecture (London 1846 [1833])

14 greenhouse of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, by Charles Rouhault de Fleury, 1833 Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture: the Growth of a New traditions (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), p 178

15 SIR JOSEPH PAXTON gardener at Chiswick from 1826 head gardener to the Duke of Devonshire (Chatsworth estate, Derbyshire) 1836 Great Stove 1849 Victoria i Regia Lily 1850 patent roofing 1850 designed the Crystal Palace 1851 knighted

16 Paxton's system of construction in wood, glass and iron as used at Chatsworth, from the Magazine of Botany, 1834 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 82

17 the 'Great Stove or conservatory, Chatsworth, by Paxton, Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture in Britain (2 vols, New York 1972 [New Haven (Connecticut) 1954]), II, XV, 29

18 Great Stove, interior, and detail drawing of a column, by Decimus Burton MUAS12,466, Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 87

19 Palm Stove, Kew, by Decimus Burton, Jeff Turnbull 1976 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XV, 32

20 the Victoria Regia lily at Chatsworth Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 37

21 water lily, Thailand underside of the leaf of the Victoria Regia Miles Lewis 1998 Julian Vincent, 'Stealing Ideas from Nature', ournal of the Royal Society of Arts, CXLV, 5482 (August/September 1997), p 37

22 Victoria Regia Lily House, Chatsworth, Derbyshire, by Paxton, Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 89

23 Paxton's patent roofing system, 1850 Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 91

24 details of Paxton s patent system

25 THE GREAT EXHIBITION proposal by Henry Cole Royal Commission i 1849 design competition March-April 1850 Hector Horeau wins official Commission design June 1850 Paxton s design published July 1850 tenders July 1850 modified contact design July 1850 construction by Fox & Henderson opened 1 May 1851

26 above: Hector Horeau's premiated design for the Great Exhibition building: section below: Hector Horeau's scheme for a channel tunnel, 1841 Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 252 Country Life, CLIII, 3695 (321 June 1973), p 1782

27 the Commission's official design for the Great Exhibition building, 1851 Illustrated London News, 1850, reproduced in Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126

28 Paxton's blotting paper design for the Great Exhibition building, 7 June 1850 Christopher Hobhouse 1851 Christopher Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace (London 1950 [1937]), p 30

29 Crystal Palace, Paxton's original scheme as published in the Illustrated London News, 6 July 1850 Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 126

30 the Crystal Palace, as built: 'standard view Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl II

31 Crystal Palace: end view University of Maryland

32 Crystal Palace, working drawing by Downes, showing the interior and exterior elevations of the transept end, and a section of the nave and gallery roofs Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 133

33 Sash bar machine in use at the Crystal Palace, 1851 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XVI, 11

34 Crystal Palace, during erection, 1850 Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 45

35 Crystal Palace base of a column raising the girders of the central aisle Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 46, 48

36 Crystal Palace elevation of girders connections at a column head Giovanni Brino, Crystal Palace: Cronaca di Unavventura Progettuale (Genova, nd [c 1995]), p 43 Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 47 RJM Mainstone, Developments in tructural Form (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1975), p 58

37 Crystal Palace: raising a transept arch Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 52

38 Crystal Palace, north transept University of Maryland:

39 Crystal Palace: the Sibthorp Elm Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 53

40 Crystal Palace: the roofing system Brino, Crystal Palace, p 43

41 Crystal Palace: the glazing of the roof Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 56, 50

42 Crystal Palace: western or British nave, looking east from Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 118-9

43 Crystal Palace: interior, & eastern or Foreign nave, looking west Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2nd ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1958]), pl 64 From Dickinson's Pictures of the From Dickinson s Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43

44 Crystal Palace, Owen Jones's colour scheme Brino, Crystal Palace, p 87

45 Crystal Palace, view of the opening ceremony Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 66

46 Crystal Palace: view of the opening ceremony the transept From Dickinson's Pictures of the Great Exhibition, reproduced in Jackdaw Series, no 43 Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl I

47 EXHIBITS the crystal fountain hardware exhibits the Coalbrookdale dome & Bell s Eagle Slayer child s cot, by R W Winfield Day Dreamer chair Pugin s Medieval Court church plate by Hardman The Pilentum carriage

48 Crystal Palace: view across the transept, with the Crystal Fountain Brino, Crystal Palace, pp 116-7

49 hardware exhibits Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, pl IV

50 the Coalbrookdale Company's dome and J Bell's 'Eagle Slayer Gloag & Bridgewater, Cast Iron in Architecture, fig 256

51 the 'Day Dreamer' chair in papier mâché, by Jennens & Bettridge, designed d by Fitz Cook child's cot, by R W Winfield Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, pp 111, 106

52 Mediæval Court, by A W N Pugin Yvonne Ffrench, The Great Exhibition: 1851 (London 1950), p 106

53 Gothic furniture derived from church details A W N Pugin, The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (London 1853 [1841]), p 34

54 bookcase or armoire designed by A W N Pugin and made by J G Crace Paul Atterbury & Clive Wainwright, Pugin: a Gothic Passion (New Haven [Connecticut] 1994), p 139 Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, II, p 54

55 church plate, and detail of chalice designed by Pugin and made by Hardmans Pevsner, Studies in Art, Architecture and Design, II, pp 56, 57

56 the 'Pilentum' carriage, designed by Mulliner Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace, p 75

57 C t l P l L d b J h P t Crystal Palace, London, by Joseph Paxton, : interior perspective

58 REACTIONS TO THE CRYSTAL PALACE A W N Pugin John Ruskin the Ecclesiologist Matthew Digby Wyatt Thomas Harris

59 A W N Pugin the 'glass monster' the 'crystal humbug' Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 115

60 John Ruskin The quantity of thought it expresses esses is, I suppose, a single and admirable thought... that it might be possible to build a greenhouse larger than ever greenhouse was built before. This thought and some very ordinary algebra are as much as all that t glass can represent of the human intellect. t Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 154

61 Ecclesiologist 'lost in admiration of the unprecedented inner effects' 'engineering of the highest merit and excellence, but not architecture Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 133

62 Matthew Digby Wyatt two types of designers in iron - the Utilitarians, who are 'careful cast iron constructionists', building railway stations and bridges, and the Idealists, 'who cover dog kennels with crockets and finials, turn stoves and clocks into cathedral facades... and too often sacrifice comfort... to ornament and effect' 'The novelty of its form and details will be likely to exercise a powerful influence upon national taste.' Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, pp

63 Thomas Harris a new style of architecture, as remarkable as any... may be considered to have been inaugurated. We consider that iron and glass in conjunction have succeeded in giving a distinct and marked character to the future of architecture t... The architecture of the nineteenth century... cannot be expected to reach its full development in our time, but the future of that style, the Victorian style... is assured Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers, p 228

64 IMPROVING THE CRYSTAL PALACE L Capina Sir Charles Barry Sir Joseph Paxton re-erection at Sydenham, 1852

65 suggestion by L Capina to improve the Crystal Palace, 1852, from his Particolare Generale di Architettura Domestica &c Leonardo Benevolo [translated H J Landry], History of Modern Architecture (2 vols, London 1971), I, pl 161

66 Sir Charles Barry's alternative design for the re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 169

67 Paxton's proposal p for the re-erection of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, with domes, 1852 Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XVI, 20

68 the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, by Paxton, 1854: interior University of Maryland:

69 Crystal Palace, Sydenham, aerial view from Jeff Turnbull

70 Crystal Palace, Sydenham view of the transept & view along the side of the roof from Jeff Turnbull

71 JAMES FERGUSSON 'Nothing can well be better, or better subordinated, than the great and two minor transepts together by the circular roof of the nave 'its construction is absolutely truthful throughout. Nothing is concealed, and nothing added for effect. In this respect it surpasses any Classical or Gothic building ever erected.'

72 JAMES FERGUSSON A new style of Architecture was inaugurated together with the first exhibition of 1851, which has had already a considerable effect on a certain class of designs, and promises to have a still greater influence in future.... As first proposed, the Hyde Park Crystal Palace, though h an admirable piece of Civil Engineering, had no claim to be considered as an architectural design. Use, and use only, pervaded every arrangement, and it was not ornamented to such an extent as to elevate it into the class of the Fine Arts. The subsequent introduction of the arched transept, with the consequent arrangements at each end and on each side, did much to bring it into this category; and a man must have had much more criticism than poetry in his composition, who could stand under its arch and among its trees by the side of the crystal fountain, and dare to suggest that it was not the most fairy-like production of Architectural Art that had yet been produced. As re-erected erected at Sydenham, the building has far greater claims to rank among the important architectural objects of the world

73 THE CRYSTAL MANIA the Crystal Sanatarium project, by Paxton the Crystal Way by William Mosely, 1855 the Crystal Palace, New York, by Carsentsen & Gildemeister, 1853 the Dublin Exhibition Building by John Benson, 1853

74 the Crystal Sanatarium project, by Paxton Chadwick, Works of Paxton, p 136

75 the 'Crystal Way proposed by William Mosely, 1855 McGrath & Frost, Glass in Architecture, p 342

76 Crystal Palace, New York, by Carstensen & Gildemeister, 1853: view, interior i & section Brino, Crystal Palace, p 183 from Jeff Turnbull

77 International Exhibition building, London, by Francis Fowke, 1862 Examples of Architecture of the Victorian Age, frontispiece

78 MYSTERIES the Sydney Mint th Midl d R il the Midland Railway Station, Oxford

79 Royal Mint, Macquarie Street, Sydney, rear wings Miles Lewis 2002

80 Royal Mint, Sydney: interior view & detail at column head Miles Lewis 2002

81 former station of the Midland Railway, Park End Street, Oxford Miles Lewis

82 Midland Railway Station, Oxford: platform shed & canopy Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XVI, 10 Miles Lewis 1978

83 Crystal Palace at Sydenham, by Sir Joseph Paxton, : view during construction Midland Railway Station, Oxford: detail of canopy MUAS 12,472 Miles Lewis 1978

84 Ipswich Railway Station Station, Queensland by Sir Charles Fox & Son, fabricated by J & R Fisher of Westminster, 1868 Illustrated London News, 16 October 1868, p 363

85