Click the picture to visit The Caves at Lascaux Paleolithic era, approx. 15,000 BC

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1 Click the picture to visit The Caves at Lascaux Paleolithic era, approx. 15,000 BC Dolmen (burial) 4,000 3,000 BC Different Neolithic sites Lintel Midterm Exam Review Things to Focus On Simply supported beams are in tension and compression They are often supported by columns or walls The distance between its supports is called its SPAN Poulnabrone dolmen in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland Post firmness/structure (firmitas): structural stability Juhfiyeh Northern Jordan Zhane river valley, Russia Gochang County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea Oleiros, Spain Roknia, Northeast Algeria We discovered fire and was able to tame the caves We like those herds so much we painted them on our walls We have so much respect for the animals we know they can overcome us as well (check out the last clip The Shaft and the great Fissure ) Marayur, India Check out this link to know where we can find dolmens and what they are: Module 1 Architectural History 4 By the way what do all of those letters mean? What is the meaning of AD, AC, BC, BCE and CE? AD = Anno Domini or Year of our Lord referring to the year of Christ s birth. You might also see this as AC = After Christ BC = Before Christ. CE = Common Era and is a recent term. It is used in place of A.D. The dates are the same i.e., 2009 AD is 2009 CE BC Carnac Stone Alignment BCE = Before Common Era. For example 400 BC is 400 BCE. Megalithic temple Maltese island of Gozo 3600 BC The huts of Terra Amata located near Nice, France. 400, ,000 B.C. [in the Paleolithic Era] (paleo=old; lithic=stone) A stone age hunt camp. Huts were made of branches tied together. Only traces remain today Reconstruction is based on post holes and rocks around the perimeter. Inhabited by our relatives the Neanderthals Village of Callanish on the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides 2900 and 2600 BC Callanish Stones Stone Circle Why Orkney Fertile land that was ideal for farming A vast variety of wild animals to hunt Easy to reach by sea A large quantity of natural resources Isolated from other rival groups A large amount of undiscovered land Skara Brae Mainland, Orkney, Scotland BC Play Video:

2 Ziggurat at Ur BC They thought it must have been a temple because they found the remains of burnt fish which had been left as offerings This staircase runs up the side of the ziggurat. Possibly only priests were allowed to climb these steps to get to the higher stages of the ziggurat. The three staircases on the front of the ziggurat came together at a gate. Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, Code of and Assyrian empires Hammurabi 1794 Modern-day Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Kuwait BC Most architecture found was constructed First law or building during the Bronze Age, but it is suggested code that states an that the culture existed as far back as eye for an eye 5500BC. If a building Known as the cradle of civilization collapses and somebody dies, the Mesopotamia Between two architect is Rivers : Tigris and Euphrates responsible for repaying a similar loss of life. Indus Valley Technologies Indus flooding is unpredictable Monsoon winds Mountains, deserts were natural barriers Mohenjo-daro wall construction Workmen's platforms - were first thought to have been used to thresh grain Well: using cylyndrical brickwork or indigo dye Corbeled drain at Mound ET Made of baked bricks, with gateway water management a wooden mortar (or basin) infrastructure in the middle These would have originally been inside buildings Mohenjo Daro Sewer Line Some of the first industrial architecture, found in Harrapa, 2450BC: Sunrise Summer Solstice Mud Brick Housing Assyrian decoration stone figure of White Temple and ziggurat Uruk (modern humanoid with wings Warka) Iraq 3,200 3,000 B.C.E. mud brick construction Cuneiform: Sumerian letter from 2400BC Rainwater harvesting system Mound E and ET excavations found large quantities of manufacturing debris have been found in this area indicating the presence of workshops for making stone beads, shell ornaments, glazed faience ornaments, stone tools and possibly even gold working. Analyzing a Neolithic Structure Firmitas Post and lintel construction Venustas Contrast in dark and light shades and smooth and rough textures Venustas Harmony in color (materials used) monochromatic Cairn(stone Mound) of Gavrinis, France Utilitas may have served as a calendar through its alignment with the sun As with Stonehenge, light passes through the door into the interior of the Carin during the winter solstice Venustas Rhythmic patterns in the design and the boulders 3500 BC Mesopotamian Technologies Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates is unpredictable No natural barriers Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Weeper holes Small holes were left in the Drains Two ziggurat to allow water to vertical drains evaporate from the core. The made of baked brick were built archaeologist C. Leonard Woolley on the sides of called these 'weeper' holes. the ziggurat. Each weeper hole was lined with baked bricks. On either side of the main Marduk s Dragon staircase was a buttress. Glazed Tiles Mosaic Glazed brick may have come from the highest terrace of the temple Brick stamped with the name and title of Ur Nammu, the king who ordered the ziggurat built House construction Egypt and the Nile Mastaba Saqqara Bent pyramid" Used small stones shift from 54 degrees to 43 degrees During the Bronze Age The lower section showed signs of cracking It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently One of the three Old World Civilizations Giza True Pyramid Click the pyramid for an Saqqara interactive virtual tour Stepped pyramid" Spynx: Head of Pyramid at Meidu Used Large the Pharaoh "collapsed pyramid (used mud)" Egypt Nile stones as tall as the Egyptian Hieroglyphics White House Pyramids at Giza: BC Temple Façade (2 pylons like the mountain) Imhotep Abu Simbel, Pharoah seated among the gods. At the mouth of the Nile to intimidate enemies Winter solstice Ramses II is lighted Temple Courtyard Hypostyle hall Early River Valley Civilizations Environment Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates is unpredictable Sumer No natural barriers (Mesopotamia) Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings Flooding of the Nile is predictable Egypt Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt s villages Deserts were natural barriers, no wood for construction Harappa Reconstructed During the Bronze Age One of the three Old World Civilizations Modern-day Pakistan One of the largest Harrapan Civilization cities of The Great Bath approximately 5,000 people Built of fired bricks and mortar and/or dried mud bricks There were public spaces like halls and baths Homes were typically 1-storey, the more prestigious ones 2-storeys Some had underground furnaces called hypocaust Mohenjo-daro Mountain of the dead, Indus Valley : Mohenjo Daro / Harappa 3200BC. Egyptian Technologies Flooding of the Nile is predictable Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt s villages Deserts were natural barriers, no wood for construction Nilometer Bump Checker, Level Side Ramp Stone Drill Scrapper Copper tool Indus flooding is unpredictable Indus Valley Monsoon winds Mountains, deserts were natural barriers Huang He flooding is unpredictable China Mountains, deserts natural barriers Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations Pashupati seal, traded with Mesopotamia Water Reservoir Indus Valley Script Indus Valley pottery, BCE A Frame External Ramp Internal Ramp F Frame Lotus flower and leaf

3 Pyramids and offerings Ball Court c CE Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico MesoAmerica Temples A bloody sacrifice of human heart is offered to the god Huitzoilophochtli Temple of the Great Jaguar. The top of the structure is known as a roof comb mimicking headdresses of warriors. Chinese Technologies Huts of Banpo Matriarchal Clan Community: BC The earlier houses were like tepees, with angled wooden posts supporting a thatched roof, over a sunken circular living space Found in the Yellow River Valley, China They sat on low foundations China - Environment Huang He flooding is unpredictable Mountains, deserts natural barriers Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations During the Bronze Age the cradle of Chinese civilizations Yellow River region irrigated in 2200 BC some evidence/controversy around first known civilizations in the area. However, the earliest archaeologically verifiable dynasty in recorded Chinese history, the Shang Dynasty, emerged around 1750 BC. There were two groups of people: peasants and nobles frame + skin Construction Overview of Types by Region Long House Eastern Woodlands Bent saplings form a barrel vault Covered in bark Palisade for safety against intruders, both human and animal! Roof Comb, the Cresteria Temple of the Sun, c.700 Palenque, Mexico El Castillo Chichen Itza Shadow of snake formed during the equinox El Castillo, Tulum(The Castle a landmark for sailors) Caracol Observatory, c. 900AD Chichen Itza Photo of Chicago Field Museum Diorama Bone whistle to lure deers Ancient Chinese Pottery images: studios.com/illustration/artpage/history/iroquoislonghouse_cu.html Meso America Technologies Long House Brick/block on block Construction Igloo Wigwa m Plank House Brick/block on block Construction Overview of Types by Region Igloo Artic Snow and clear ice for a window Seasonal F Y I 1922 documentary Nanook of the North shows the making of an igloo Aztec weapons frame + skin Construction North America Teepee Aztec farming Technique Mayan Calendar Mayan Alphabet Corbel Vault Column of warrior with butterfly breastplate Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Tula Mexico. C. 700 L Anse aux Meadows Prior to European settlement in the 1500s Huts of Banpo Matriarchal Clan Community: BC Middle Neolithic period BC frame + skin Construction Overview of Types by Region Plank House Northwest Coast Always faced the water, with its back to the mountains Set up side by side along a community s waterway Typically of cedar construction post and beams represented the bones and cedar planks (up to 4: thick) represented the skin Axial plan coming from a central fire place Each side represented one of the cardinal directions frame + skin Construction Overview of Types by Region Wigwam Subarctic, Plains, Plateau Sapling frame and bark covering Coverings rolled up and transported China Yellow and Yangtze Rivers Photo of Chicago Field Museum Diorama Late Neolithic village BC Neolithic: Banpo symbols Image:

4 Greek Neolithic age The Classical Orders: Relative size of temples, according to columns Overview of Types by Region BC Neolithic Around 6000 people, small communities, farming. Megaron House. Tepee Subarctic, Plains, Plateau Buffalo hides and poles Easily transported Megaron House at Mycenae is the forefather of the Greek Temple. It was part of a larger precinct. Images: The Colossus of Rhodes: Greek god Helios 292 and 280 BC. over 30 metres high one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Doric Ionic Corinthian Ancient Greece Selinus Megaron, Mycenae Samos Temple of Zeus, Olympia Classic Greek Age BC Classical Age.. First Olympic games 776 BC The Acropolis and its works embodied the Greek ideals of freedom and democracy. Pericles ruled during the rise of the Acropolis WATCH THIS: reconstruction of the Parthenon The Doric Order Originally (6 th c. BC) No bases Drums plain Column 8:1 or 7:1 as high as the diameter of its base (both proportions exist) The column characterized as masculine Trireme The Acropolis The Doric style is sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. Linear A Linear B Democracy: The Athenian Statesman Pericles in the Agora Akropolis Parthenon Iktinos and Kallikrates A chronology of Greek History BC Neolithic Around 6000 people, small communities, farming. Megaron House BC Early Bronze Age Making tools and weapons from bronze this knowledge came from Egypt BC Middle Bronze Age Grave Circle at Mycenae BC Late Bronze Age Destruction of Minoan palaces BC Greek Dark Ages BC Classical Age.. First Olympic games 776 BC BC Hellenistic Age. 30 BC death of Cleopatra and the end of the Ancient Greek period The Agora The Agora was the domain of the people. The Agora was Athen s civic centre which included government and commerce. Architecturally, the story moves from the fortress to the marketplace, from the citadel to the Agora Nuttgens Click the picture to go to the website for the Agora The Ionic Order Characteristics: More delicate and ornate More feminine than the Doric Matronly Taller & thinner (height 8x diameter) Rests on a base Flutes come together at the ends volutes at the capital spread to gather loads of architrave The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a scroll like design (a volute). This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.

5 The Corinthian Order Capital is composed to represent natural foliage (acanthus leaves) This motif is first used on tombs. Never developed its own distinctive entablature. Always had some sort of story told via its frieze Mythological rather than architectonic inspiration. - Also characterized as feminine but more so Acanthus Leaves maidenly. The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples. Its capital is very elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaves. Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire Click the link to see what the Roman s did first in history: Rome Infographic.jpg Domus Italica: Ideal Roman House Vitrivius wrote about an ideal Roman house You will find the same setup as the house shown here if the owner of that house followed Vitruvius prescription. Cella(e) Extra bedroom accessed from inside only Entrance Compluvium Altar Ala(e) Dining impluvium Atrium Greeted visitors for business Masters / (Tablinum) library / Archives Garden No Windows Taberna(e) Shops / Rental Units. Accessed from outside Bedrooms 43 Hv0?version=3&start=257&end=755&autoplay=0&hl=en_US&rel=0 Arcade, Barrel Vault, Groin Vault, Dome House with Hellenistic influence, Pompeii: Some houses of the rich would like to brag and show taste by adopting the peristyle, a Hellenistic (Greek) influence Optical illusion of bulging lines Entasis to compensate. Not a single straight line used in the temple Column Orders Precision, use of wooden connection for column drums Marbles carried through the notch protruding out. This will be chipped off when the marble drum is in place Portico Dining And above at the roof Compluvium Dining Garden Court (Peristyle, Hellenistic influence) Wooden Crane Bedrooms Masters / library / Archives (Tablinum) Cellae Impluvium Post and Lintel Construction Proportions The Caryatid Porch Erechtheum, Acropolis c BC Athens Dome 41 Fauces Module 2 Architectural History Atrium Altar (Alae) 44 Forum of Trajan Pantheon Circus Why is there a hole at the top of the dome? How did they build the dome? Baths Basilica Ancient Rome Drinking Fountain Bridges Aqueduct Roman temple Why is there a triangle shape at the top of the portico? Hypocaust Roman Cement Roman Technologies Aqueduct Triumphal Arch Colosseum Why is the pantheon facing north, against the light Groma: Surveying Instrument Pantheon, temple for all the gods Roman Latin Alphabet 8. The Pantheon, Rome, Italy. AD , attributed to the emperor Hadrian. Wall Construction Dome Construction Post and Lintel Construction

6 In the news in fall /02/2017 Roman temple vs. Greek temple Maison Carre, 4-7AD, Nimes, Temple of Concord at Agrigentum, France. c. 430 BC Columns become applied and the Columns are structural and are walls are structural seen in the round Roof is vaulted, thus size can be Roof was made of wood beams larger limiting size People worship outside of the People worship inside the temple temple, in the courtyard Access is from all sides Access is linear Sited within the landscape Sited in an urban setting Early Christian / Byzantine 4 th to 15 th century Converted Ancient Roman buildings for the use of the new church Used the Roman Basilica for its gathering and rituals Adopted the central and cross shaped plans Building using materials from ancient Roman ruins Pattern for churches based on the old St. Peter basilica; Narthex and Atrium, Nave, Side Aisles, Transept and the apse Invention of the pendentive Mosaics on walls The Arch of Triumph was one of the most recognizable sites in Palmyra, the central city affectionately known by Syrians as the "Bride of the Desert,"... The monumental arch sat atop the famed colonnaded streets of the ancient city, which linked the Roman Empire to Persia and the East. from cbc.ca Via Latina Catacomb (Rome 4rth century AD) Decorated in the Old St. Peter s interior with murals Basilica 4th to 16th AD and mosaics depicting the life and struggles of the early Christians who Titulus Church (Domus Ecclesia) were in hiding away from Early Christian / persecution Byzantine Architecture Constantine was the First Christian emperor in 330 AD, he moved the capital of Rome to Byzantium. Part or entire house converted into a church Hagia Sophia ( AD) was initially built as a Christian basilica during the byzyntine period. Minarets were added when it was converted into a mosque Baloch Black tents Spiral Minaret of al Malwiya Mosque, Samarra, Iran, begun 848 CE Islamic Architecture Islamic Architecture Aniconic Ornament No people! Numerology Geometry Pattern-making Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi UAE (by Furious111) Source:travelingcolors Old Saint Peter Cathedral. (330 AD) Believed to be the burial place for St. Peter. Section view shows materials used for the building were taken from the ruins of ancient Rome Santa Maria Maggiore north (apse) side 435 AD After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms. San Vitale, Ravenna, AD Mosque and Madrasah (school system) are popular building types of the architecture. Ka bah Taj Mahal in Agra India, Dome of the Rock AD Alhambra, Granada Spain The Nasir al Mulk Mosque in Shiraz, Iran Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran Photo by formido solozaynvevo Fatima Masumeh Shrine, Qom, Iran Photo by formido solozaynvevo Pendentive: Dome on square base Islamic Architecture Ka bah (or Kaaba) near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia Considered to be the most sacred place on earth Many pilgrims pay homage here every year and walk around it 7 times Four corners align to the cardinal points Only thing inside: 3 pillars supporting roof + suspended lamps Exterior made of stone and marble Islamic Architecture Parapet wall provides a full height of surface for decoration which was originally made out of glass mosaic Mosaic is now made with sheaths of blue and gold ceramic tiles Dome of the Rock Section Dome of the Rock AD, Old City of Jerusalem On a site that is sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims Sits within a precinct Muslims refer to it as 'as-sakrah', the rock from where they believe the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven In Jewish tradition, it is known as 'the Foundation Stone,' where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son and where the Temples stood Interior view of the Hagia Sophia. The dome feels like it is floating in mid air because of the clerestory windows Click the image to watch how pendentives work Mosaics

7 Islamic Architecture Plan of the mosque based on the shape of Muhammad s house (top) Islamic Architecture Components of Mosque Architecture: Courtyard for assembly (Jama Masjid, Delhi, India 1648) Fountain for ritual cleansing Islamic Architecture 7 th to 13 th century Aniconic application of decorative details Pointed horseshoe arches creating onion shaped domes Use of Minarets to call people to prayer Courtyard with fountain for cleansing ritual Use of Mihrab that indicates the qibla or the direction of Mecca Use of Minbar which is equivalent to the pulpit for Christian churches Islamic Architecture Components of Mosque Architecture: Large gathering space Orients worshippers to Mecca Mihrab is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla; that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying. Its shape can reflect sound Alhambra, Granada Spain Domestic architecture for the very rich! Originally a small fortress in 889 Then transformed into a palace in the 11 th century Courtyards / landscapes = the fecundity of nature + geometry Idea of the Paradise garden is dominant in this culture Sited on a hill, the views are made important via their drama Tough on the exterior vs detailed and diaphanous on the inside Series of Pavilion units linked by elaborate courts Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Cluny Abbey Reconstruction 910AD The Abbey was a key structure in the spread of devotion Romanesque 800 to 1200 AD As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers. Worms Cathedral, Germany 1016 The pileup roof with its semiconical caps emphasizes the location of the altar Aminbar is a pulpit in the mosque where the imam (prayer leader) stands to deliver sermons This one if from the Hagia Sophia Palace of Alhambra Granada, Spain PLAN Transparent architecture of screens Court of the Lions Cathedral at Pisa, Click on the image and watch the video and find out what design principle did the Alhambra use to achieve such beauty as a structure? View from Exterior Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy Islamic Architecture Components of Mosque Architecture: Minaret (Arabic: beacon ), is the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Always connected with a mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries. Islamic Architecture Taj Mahal in Agra India, Mausoleum for the Emperor s favourite wife White marble at a current cost equivalent of $827millionUS Paradise gardens are prominent their plan is important The plan of the building is a smaller version of the plan of the garden The plan of the towers is a smaller version of the plan of the building Module 4: Romanesque WHAT? European architecture containing both Roman and Byzantine elements Sometimes applied to the debased style of the later Roman Empire Includes the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Less concerned with Classical orders Strong foundation in vaults Generated by an obsession with security = fortress, stronghold Minarets at the Blue Mosque, 1609 to 1616, Istanbul Cathedral at Pisa,

8 Romanesque Not Roman, just Roman like Round Arch Rib Vault Thick Buttress walls Dark interior Fortress like Varies per region Associated with Abbeys and monasteries which are located outside town centers Saint Denis, Paris 1. Clear geometrical composition 2. First large round rose window 3. Concentric sculpted archivolts 4. New choir suffused by divine radiance, earthly light through sacred images of stained glass News of Suger s success traveled quickly influencing (in chronological order) the building of cathedrals in Paris, Noyon, Senlis and Laon. Cluny Abbey Reconstruction 910AD Workshops often happen in an Abbey where craftsmen experimented on building techniques and got their inspirations that blossomed into the Romanesque Style 1100 to 1450 AD Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture. Wells Cathedral Rheims Cathedral Started 1211 Henry VII Chapel Gothic Westminster Abbey London, Cloth Hall Ypres, Belgium Chartres Cathedral North Transept Rose Window Chapel of the Holy Thorn La Sainte Chapelle Paris Jacques Cœur s House Bourges, France Gothic WHAT French Gothic cathedrals were characterized by lighter construction and large windows. The pointed arch was the defining architectural feature of Gothic construction. Height is characteristically further enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building. Has the relics of St. Peter and St. Paul Benedictine Abbey San Denise started 1135 Module 4: Romanesque Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Built by the Crusaders The Crusades were an attempt by kings and barons to recapture the Holy Lands from the Turks, as implored by popes and bishops This is a castle building Built to provide a stronghold in the area and house troops From Romanesque to Gothic THE YEAR GOTHIC WAS BORN: 1144 The Abbey Church of St-Denis was consecrated It was rebuilt after a fire BY WHO? Abbot Suger Served the kings of France, as an advisor, theologian and administrator St. Vitus Cathedral Gargoyle (gargouille) = duct Paisley Abbey, 13th century Scottish abbey WATCH THIS: click here Choir, St-Denis, , Paris. All you who seek to honor these doors, Marvel not at the gold and expense but at the craftsmanship of the work. The noble work is bright, but, being nobly bright, the work Should brighten the minds, allowing them to travel through the lights. To the true light, where Christ is the true door. The golden door defines how it is imminent in these things. The dull mind rises to the truth through material things, And is resurrected from its former submersion when the light is seen. from the doors of St Denis Nave looking towards choir, St-Denis, , Paris. Source:

9 Gothic Pinnacle adds to the vertical weight The Birth of Renaissance WHAT The flying buttress Masonry vault served as fire protection from In-class demonstration lightings that usually burns the wooden roof Two class members each hold an end of the stick Another class member hangs from the centre of the stick TELL US HOW IT FEELS to hold that person up Next: add a second person supporting the original holders HOW DOES IT FEEL NOW? 1. Pinnacle 2. Flying Buttress The flying buttress 3. Vaulting Web acts as an arch in 4. Diagonal Rib conducting thrust 5. Transverse Rib and it also 6. Springing buttresses the 7. Clerestory nave pier 8. Oculus 9. Lancet 10. Triforium 11. Nave Arcade 12. Compound Pier with responds Fifty cubits is the size of Noah s arc, biblical numbers in cathedral building. Here 50 is used as the dimension at the intersection of the nave and the transept at Amiens Height of the city of God Book of Revelation Amiens Beauvais The medieval builders were looking at biblical numbers to guide them in the heights and proportions they will use for the cathedral Beauvais tries to gain more height for their cathedral used the royal feet to reach the magic number 144 making that structure much taller at the expense of its structural integrity Gutenburg Florence Cathedral Ospedale degli Florence Perspective Press Started the construction of Innocenti Cathedral Invention of the the cathedral design by Drawing Opened on march book press Arnolfo di Cambio Brunelleschi designed Brunelleschi 25, 1426 allowing the the Foundling Hospital demonstrated one faster way of which started point perspective reproducing and construction in 1419 publishing books Baptistery Competition for the bas relief sculptures for the door of the baptistery. Ghiberti won the competition. It took him 21 years to complete Duomo Competition was held for the design of the great cathedral dome 1418 Santa Maria Novella 1420 Completed in A trademark in façade treatment of a church with regular shapes and volute transition from nave to aisle Pazzi Chapel Solved the challenge of a rectangular shape by breaking it to form a square. Added a dome with a circular drum that has clearstory windows like the Hagia Sofia De re aedificatoria Leon Battista Alberti published the 10 Books on Architecture Window in Chartres Cathedral, dedicated to the Life and Miracles of St. Nicholas Saint Peirre de Beauvais Cathedral Northern France 1247 Tallest Cathedral Like the race for the prestige of having the tallest structure, Beauvais suffered a tremendous failure in structure in reaching that goal Alberti: Malatesta Temple, Rimini, designed 1450 Introduces the height of the nave Michelozzo di Bartolommeo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, ITALY, Dome construction after over a hundred years of being open to ( ): the skies Medici Palace, The door panels that lost the Florence competition, changed the direction of Renaissance architecture! Early Renaissance 15th century Virgin and Child CE Biblical Scene Saints Virtues Still incomplete with wooden bracing to support the tall structure that partially collapse twice in its lifetime Brunelleschi, Masaccio, and Alberti: experiments in perspective, The stained glasses of the cathedrals served as the way to teach the people about their religion Fortitude, Faith, Charity, Hope and Chastity (Kylemore Abbey, Connemara) Leonbattista Alberti S. Andrea, Mantua, th century Competition to construct the bronze Inspired by Roman triumphal arches doors for the baptistery at San Giovanni in Florence Brunelleschi: Pazzi Chapel at S. Croce, Florence, harmonious proportions Gothic vs Romanesque Plan Gothic Started in San Denise France by Abbot Suger in 1144 Pointed Arch Rib Vaulting Flying Buttresses Bright interior thanks to larger stained glasses More Verticality, soaring up the sky An international style copied in different parts of Europe Main entrance facing west, making the altar face East which receives the rising sun glowing through the stained glass Built over a hundred year period, explains the varying style (some parts may be Romanesque) A MAJOR TURNING POINT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE THE RESULT: The middle class rose up and there was a rebirth Rebirth = RENAISSANCE! Rebirth of what? A return to the glory of Ancient Roman culture = lots of visits to Rome to study the architecture A return to philosophy, mathematics and geometry see the Vitruvian Man, Man within a Square and a Circle The square represents the Earth The circle represents the Cosmos = The Divine Beauty of God in conjunction with Man Beauty offers a glimpse to the Heavens!

10 Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Pompei BC Painting showing 1 point perspective One point perspective can be seen in the wall paintings in the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Pompei about BC. Medici Coat of arms Coins 1469 Lorenzo de Medici 20 years young Takes over the Medici Bank Brunolesschi s Proposal We can say that Brunelleschi rediscovered perspective and fully utilizes it to convey architectural drawings This veared us away from the reliance on the master masons sketch and experimentation instead have drawings that will appear as real as what the eye can see Solving the problem can provide a lot of influence for the Medici family Pointed dome design Double dome Masonry Construction 24 ribs to tie the two domes together The birth of the architect of publius fannius synistor The Medici family were patrons of the art and architecture in Florence Stone and timber chains with iron tie rods to counter the hoop stress How did we get from Gothic to Renaissance? Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Dome) Initial design by Arnolfo di Cambio Born: 1240, Colle di Val d'elsa, Italy Died: 1310, Florence, Italy BAPTISTERY of BELL TOWER by San Giovanni Giotto 1059 to 1128 Completed in 1359 Romanesque Gothic DOME by Brunelleschi Renaissance Florence Cathedral Address: Piazza del Duomo, Firenze, Italy Construction started: 1294 Height: 114 m Opened: March 25, 1436 Dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi Born: 1377, Florence, Italy Died: April 15, 1446, Florence, Italy Buried: Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy Born over 80 years after the start of the construction of the cathedral The ancient mixture of cement was lost in the downfall of Rome Thin part of the drum, it is hallow, how was this The pantheon is the largest supported? dome structure made of cement at the time of the renaissance. 23 thick walls Formworks Brunelleschi studied supported at structure until it revealed its the drums secrets to him edge. Wooden Limited Cranes wooden frames needed Use of strings to guide the workers in the alignment of the bricks being laid Researcher analyzing the dome construction More than 4M bricks weighing 37,000 tons for the dome alone Use of an inverted arch similar to the relieving arches technique of the Pantheon!!! This was achieved by using an arch shape at the platform to translate the curve at the dome The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore 1.The ancient mixture of cement was lost in the downfall of Rome 2. Not enough trees in Tuscany to build the centering needed to support the dome while it is being constructed (height of the dome) 4. Will the octagonal drum be able to hold the weight of the massive dome with a huge lantern at the top? 3. How to raised the enormous sandstone beams, 1700lbs. In weight, to the height of the octagonal drum at 170ft. What type of dome should he use given the different forces that will be acting on the dome How will we guarantee that the arches will meet at the top at it s center No common center One solution presented to solve the problem Fill the octagonal with drum and sprinkle with money. Use that as form and when done the people will be more than happy to dig out the dirt to expose the dome and get the coins in the process Stepped Dome Thicker at the bottom Stone Ring Coffered ceiling Compression: Lateral Thrust Tension: Hoop Stress Volcanic Pumice Tufa Brunelleschi studies the Pantheon and made a bold proposal for the Broken Brick dome of the cathedral. But he wouldn't show his sketches, he was competing with Ghiberti again, so instead he gives the challenge of making the egg stand on its end His proposal is to construct the dome without centering. That is all he has to say about his proposal. The competition was in Aug 1418, the decision was announced in He was hired to work with Ghiberti How to raised the enormous materials at a height of over 200ft "You start by teaching them 'forward' and 'stop.' Once they have these commands down, you go on to 'gee' right and 'haw' left. Eventually, you teach them to back up, but it's tough because it isn't natural for cattle to walk backwards. They don't like it because they can't see what's behind them," Tschopp said. Watch: wait for the video to load 114 Meters / 375 feet The Problem A reversible crane that can move up or down by changing gears. With variable speeds to lift lighter or heavier materials. Slower when lifting heavy materials uwfonog?version=3&start=1048&end=1107&autoplay=1&hl=en_us&rel=0

11 More Problem Powerful enemies of the Medici would like to see Brunelleschi fail (Albizzi family) Well success is its own reward. The Albizzi s were found to be traitors of Florence Cornice at the top Pilasters: Corinthian Order, with arches Levels getting smaller as we go up Ionic Order, Pilasters, with arches Grounds the building, a sense of strength. Use rusticated stones Pilaster: Tuscan Order Square window Corinthian Ionic Tuscan High Renaissance The key figure of High Renaissance was Andrea Palladio, His work is calm and harmonious. Important Writings: The Four Books of Architecture, published in Venice in Palladian architecture celebrates the simplicity and purity of classical architecture. His simplicity is in contrast to how Renaissance architecture is starting to morph into the overly ornate Baroque style, popular at this time. Baroque is also known as High Renaissance. Leonbattista Alberti De re aedificatoria 1452, 10 Books on Architecture Alberti says there are two According to Alberti, beauty is: TYPES of beauty: proportion Venustas, is feminine = light it is nature hearted Dignitas, is masculine = serious it is perceived intuitively the numbers and proportions So a country house might have Venustas, but a court house should given to us by the Ancient have Dignitas! cultures are authority. High Renaissance His key building: Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy, Its other names: La Rotonda, Villa Rotonda, Villa Capra and Villa Almerico Copied/inspired by over 100 others, one of the most famous is Jefferson s Monticello. Embodies the humanist values of Renaissance architecture. 4-sided palazzo, each side having a portico Inspired by the Pantheon in Rome In plan a square intersecting a cross Frescos inside use trompe l oeil imagery. Pazzi Chapel - Filippo Brunelleschi, Florence, part of the Basilica di Santa Croce s. Gray Sandstone: Pietra Serena "serene stone Based on simple geometric forms, Symmetry and regularity Roundels in the Triumphal Arch of Constantine Man vs. State. The CIRCLE and the SQUARE are very important to Alberti in terms of church design. He, and many others in Renaissance, believe in centralized plans, but they don t work as well as the cruciform plan. WHY?? They believe that these forms represent the geometric plans of the cosmic orders, in fact, this emphasizes the importance of the individual over the power of religion. WATCH THIS VIDEO CLICK HERE! Pigeon House Divided the rectangular space to form a square for the dome Even smaller than the Pantheon, it get a sense of being in a similar space Facades of Palladio s buildings were often designed to be of equal value so that occupants could have fine views in all directions. The porticos or loggias added an element of protection from the sun and wind. Commissioned by the Pazzi family, 2 nd richest family in Florence. Medici family was 1 st! Structure has a sense of perfection through the use of regular geometric shapes like semi circles, circles, squares The Tempietto, Rome,1502 by Bramante Michelangelo s plan for Saint Peter s Basilica in Rome. Design for a centralizes temple by Leornardo davinci, 1488 Palladio Villa Barbaro a Maser Facades also were inspired by Roman temple facades.

12 High Renaissance WATCH THIS aerial view CLICK! street view CLICK! THE CHANGE TO MANNERISM Mastery of Renaissance rules in order for them to break them WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RENAISSANCE & BAROQUE? Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria) Exaggeration Boredom from strict formulas & rules The Ideal City by Fra Carnevale, c Sant'Andrea al Quirinale Renaissance ideal cities inspired by Vitruvius (15th-16th c.) 1. Filarete, 2. Fra Giocondo, 3. Girolamo Maggi, 4. Giorgio Vasari, 5. Antonio Lupicini, 6. Daniele Barbaro, 7. Pietro Cattaneo, 8/9 di Giorgio Martini. Villa Rotonda Includes great qualities of citizenship such as moral, spiritual and juridical Basilica della Collegiata Town planning was important to Renaissance architecture, however none of the full designs were Wait for Video to load completed. Why? No room in Europe! No consideration for the actual geography Except for Palmanova Palazzo del Te Mantua, Italy Form is linear Form is planar Form is closed Multiple individual parts Absolute clarity everything is revealed Form is painterly (flowing, movement) Form is diagonal (numerous points in perspective) Form is open (embraces the city) Unity of parts (everything is mashed together) Relative obscurity somethings are hidden S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Unexpected and playful treatment of classical elements Mannerism Stylishness in design could be applied to a building as well as to a painting. Showed extensive knowledge of Roman architectural style. Complex, out of step style taking liberties with classical architecture. Architecture, sculpture, and walled gardens were seen as a complex, but not necessary unified whole. Baroque Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome exemplifies what is important about Baroque architecture... Mannerist: curved façade, broken in the middle by an irregular portico. The upper rows of windows are horizontally rectangular holes cut out of the façade and framed as if in stone picture frames with the lower row having scrolled curves like sheets of parchment. Mannerism Giulio Romano, Palazzo del Te, Manuta, by Romano, Led to Baroque. Aerial view of the staircase designed by Michelangelo Blind windows that does not go anywhere Baldessare Peruzzi, Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Rome, by Peruzzi 1532 Laurentian Library Michelangelo. Florence, 1524 Unnecessary architecture to achieve aesthetics Double stairs Double pillars Huge bookshelves Unconnected cornice at wall corners Laurentian Library Michelangelo. Florence, 1524 Originally a Medieval Church, it was rebuilt in 1475 by Andrea Bregno Renaissance style The façade was replaced in by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, a sculptor/architect also known for which works? THE CHANGE TO MANNERISM The Counter-reformation is a resurgence of the Counter-reformation Catholic faith and its forms of worship + devotion. Building-wise, we see more seminaries, monasteries, more power to the church! (In opposition to the power of the individual in Renaissance. The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Other changes in the 14 th and 15 th centuries: Hereditary nobles replaced by merchant princes whose commercial empires spread In history, we see changes in the style throughout Europe of architecture because of various Trade, and banking, played a central role in events, inventions, ideologies, power society and of course architects and designers Gunpowder: changed the relations between who shape the form and function of nations buildings Invention of compass + new shipbuilding methods allowed for the expansion of the known world Movable type in printing helped spread ideas Amalienburg Pavilion, Nymphenbu rg Palace, Munich Baroque means Misshapen Pearl in Italian A pearl that has a free flowing characteristics exemplifies the Baroque movement Gian Lorenzo Bernini Trevi Fountain, Rome, Sant Andrea al Quirinale 1658 Baroque and Rococo Borromini (student of Michaelangelo) S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Roma, Italy, Basilica della Collegiata c Rococo Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria) Baroque happens as a result of Counter Reformation (aka, Catholic Revival.) Bernini s Piaza (Draws you in with an embrace) 1657 Bernini s Canopy (Awe inspiring)

13 Baroque Trevi Fountain, Rome, Nicola Salvi The Ecstasy of St- Theresa, Gian Lorenzo Bernini Baroque Form is painterly (flowing, movemented) Form is diagonal (numerous points in perspective) Form is open (embraces the city) Unity of parts (everything is mashed together) Relative obscurity some things are hidden ROCOCO Also called late Baroque Involved viewers The drama and movement of Baroque exemplified in this fountain. A further rebellion against the rigidity of previous forms. Rococo Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria) Temple of Venus at Baalbek, Lebanon. First half of third century AD Borromini S.Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Via del Quirinale, 23, Roma, Italy, Palace at Versailles symbol of absolute monarchy Idea of Baroque BAROQUE BAROQUE Mount Pleasant Cathedral of Santo Domingo 1559 Philadelphia 1761 Rubbled walls stuccoed over and scored to look like brick with brick on the quoins The Americas and Beyond Flatiron 1892 Drama, movement and action Court of Marble (subtle undulating planes, movement) Plan is still rigid at Versailles Hall of Mirrors Bernini s Canopy (Awe inspiring) 17 mirrors under arches Pilasters includes the fleurde lis (symbol of France). All items found in the room are from France and made in France. The Venetians have the skills in making mirrors, so the French ask the artisans from Venice to defect to France. One legend says that Venice sent people to France to poison the defectors. Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City Churrigeresque ornament 1563 Cathedral Zacatecas 1729 Folk Baroque College of William and Mary August 8, 1695 Earliest Renaissance buildings in America possibly by Sir Christopher Wren S curves and ovals Tall Corinthian columns moving away from the human scale in the renaissance Undulating movement in the facade Roundels set in the pendentives Rococo aka Late-Baroque Rococo architecture was a lighter, more graceful, yet also more elaborate version of Baroque architecture, which was ornate and austere. Rococo is more playful, asymmetrical.. Mercedarian Monastery, Quito, Ecuador, 1630 Brunelleschi's Foundling Hospital transplanted in more lush surroundings Octagonal and cross shapes of varying sizes Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Sel, Russia, Where the Europeans established colonies or missionary activity, the architectural style was at first a primitive version of the parent country with adaptations to climate, local materials and the skills of local craftsmen. Sometimes it was a straight import; sometimes the native tradition won out. 117

14 Flatiron Design While these designs were usually dictated by triangular shaped sites, this distinctive building plan became in vogue just before the turn of the century. The Gooderham Building was built by the scion of the distilling family as the headquarters for his financial empire. A multiplicity of architectural options A growing yearning for a return to clear forms and to proportional relationships with the revival of Palladian architecture in England by the republishing of Palladio s Four Books ( Quattro Libre ) Inigo Jones ( ) is a significant English architect who first used Palladian architecture Utilitas The initial design shows a division at the center cutting the space into two and making it hard to survey the space as the view is blocked. In 1930, the middle bookshelves were removed and the tables were rotated to increase the sitting capacity fro 500 to 700 due to the increase volume of students going to the library Narrow spiral stairways was provided to bring books up and down the two floors He created a quite space for the readers by using the bookshelves along the wall as a divider so that the librarians can walk along the back aisles without giving a visual distraction to the students. But he had to give way to the demands of the librarians and add a staircase at the corners, something he regretted Canadian Victorian Business Architecture Queen s House at Greenwich, Banks Earlier banks provided a banking floor and accommodations for the manager on a second level (only after 1920 did banks consider renting out space). Banks became increasingly ornate to reflect their social and financial status. Classical temple forms equated Banker to high priest of finance. Canadian Victorian Business Architecture Bank of Montreal, 1885 by Darling & Curry 119 Today the Sportman s Hall of Fame. Venustas Use of iron for the vaulted ceiling. An industrial revolution material. Vaulting painted with black lines to emphasize the curves. Combining stone and iron. Labrouste could have hid this material (iron) used in train stations and factories. But he chose to accentuate it for the design Grand staircase with the painting of Raphael of the philosophers and thinkers of the ancient times 810 names of the authors of the books housed in the library were carved in the façade of the building in chronological order. From Moses to Berzelius this up to 1848 which was the year the façade was finished. It is like a library catalogue published in the front of the building mirroring the books that can be found inside Books were part of the design of the walls. Making it accessible to the readers Repetition of patterns in the column and bookshelves Repetition of floral motifs on the floor and the arches Column treatment at the base, stone with carved bust incorporated in the base while vegetable motif decorates the capital. The column shaft has a slender fluting reminiscent of Greek classical design brought into the new age of industrialization. Royal Crescent at Bath, 1774 John Wood the Younger dramatic Palladian frontage 30 terraced townhouses A different architectural treatment at the back vs. the classical form at the front of the building St Patrick's Cathedral, James Renwick, Jr August 15, 1858 Firmitas Symbols of the rise of the middle class Reform Club 1837 Pall Mall Charles Barry Italianate manner Queen s House at Greenwich, Ext Dome Thomas Jefferson, Monticello 1770 classical block style Library of Neo Classical / Sainte Romantic Classicism Geneviève, Henri Labrouste Between 1838 and 1850 Iron beams at the ground floor Gothic Revival Palladian style US Capitol Building, Washington, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, William Thornton + September 18, 1793 Temple style Panthéon, British Museum Sir Robert Smirke 1823 Tie beam bolts exposed in the exterior. Showcasing the innovation that can be found inside. This detail is hardly visible from the street level

15 Capitol, Washington, D.C The triple-tiara dome by Thomas Walter gives it its world-famous silhouette Made of cast iron Gothic revival Houses of Parliament London, England Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin (leader of the Gothic Revival) Industrial Revolution No more age of elegance Started in Britain ( ) New way of making things + the exploitation of natural resources Dramatic increase in urban population Need for designs that will satisfy the new building types for a changing society Innovation, worldliness, new materials, larger quantities 127 Crystal Palace Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations Hyde Park, London, 1851 Eiffel Tower, Paris, 1889, Gustave Eiffel. University of Virginia 1817 An academic village, now a typical campus Romanticism / Classicism Modern architecture is a product of Western Civilization. It began to take shape during the later eighteenth century with the democratic and industrial revolutions.. Baroque and Rococo came to an abrupt end. Normally an artistic phase dies out over several decades. With more sober and ponderous empires, Europe turned to a matching classical architecture. Coalbrookdale Bridge Structural possibilities of Iron was demonstrated on a dramatic scale After a few years, iron was extensively used for columns and frames Hallow clay tile floors were also used to provide fireproofing for the mills Complete system of stanchions and beams were used by the beginning of the 19 th century A living museum of different sizes and types of classical buildings; the library modelled on the Pantheon 128 The artificiality of Rococo art and architecture was seen as symptomatic of the corruption of the ancien régime believed it was imperative to strip away the corrupting influence of the culture of the ancien régime to arrive at the natural condition of humankind to create a new, purer, more functionally and structurally expressive architecture from the deliberate and rational design of a new social order CoalbrookdaleBridge 1777 Severn River England Abraham Darby Foot of bridge Side The Palladian White House, by James Hoban 1792 It has an air of reticence and good breeding, not dominating Washington but reflecting its elegance St. Pancras Train Shed London 1868 Industrial revolution Industry had drastically affected traditional building methods. Prefabrication made buildings into shippable commodities. Eifel Tower paris, france January 28, 1887 Gustave Eiffel Engineer W. H. Barlow, St. PancrasTrain Shed 1868 Gothic shaped roof, 243 ft. wide 600 ft. long, Point of the arch standing 100 ft. above rail level. 129 Crystal palace 1851, Hyde Park, London Joseph Paxton Largest enclosed space in the world when built Ext Int

16 Galleria Vittorio Emanuele Milan, Italy Giuseppe Mengoni New roofed pedestrian street Cruciform Plan 39 Metres diameter octagon 30 metres high Expensive shelter for shopping and socializing Industrial Revolution The confidence apparent in the architecture of the age of elegance in the preceding century had evaporated It was an age of uncertainty Emergence of the bourgeoisie The fashionable architecture of the nineteenth century was designed to meet middle-class aspirations Started in Britain ( ) New way of making things (Age of reason and scientific rationale) Exploitation of Natural Resources Begun with the exploitation of water and coal Spread with a relentless force throughout the world Dramatic increase in urban population Demand for new buildings (types) swelled Need for designs that will satisfy the new building types for a changing society Arts and Craft Mid nineteenth century (1850s) Combination of pointed arches but small windows in heavy brick masonry Hip roofing system with front side to open the front wall for windows. What does it look like in human form? Red House, London England, Philip Webb and William Morris. The Red House William Morris and Philip Webb "I got my friend to build me a house very medieval in spirit in which I lived for 5 years, and set myself to decorating it. William Morris Very influential in house design Response to Industrial Revolution s effect on the environment and the jobs it took from workers as well as the conditions of workers in the factories Asymmetrical like Gothic Cathedrals Ext Int exposed natural red brick, shows the beauty of the material Albert Dock Liverpool Jesse Hartley 1845 Warehouse with area covering seven acres Massive cast iron Doric columns (made of iron) One of the masterpieces of the Industrial Revolution s Arts and Crafts The Arts and Crafts movement was an international movement in the decorative and fine arts that flourished in Europe and North America between 1880 and 1910, emerging in Japan in the 1920s. traditional craftsmanship simple forms medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration anti-industrial Art Nouveau Decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms. Asymmetrical shapes Extensive use of arches and curved forms Curved glass Curving, plant-like embellishments Mosaics Stained glass / posters Japanese motifs Click to play video Interior, Drawing Room. Red House, London England, Philip Webb and William Morris. Art Noueau sample Architecture Video As the video plays, write down words that describe the style. Google away if you can t think of the word! Be prepared to share your list Victor Guimot, Paris metro station Eiffel Tower Paris France Gustave Eiffel Most visited monument in Paris Signpost of the Paris exhibition in 1889 Worlds tallest structure for many years Metal web of great complexity Demonstrated spatial possibilities for future structures and the decorative arts Gustave designed the frame for the Statue of Liberty John Ruskin ( ) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. Best known for his architectural treatise. The Seven Lamps of Architecture provided intellectual authority that enabled the public to distinguish the good and the bad, what is wrong and right in architecture. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (new art) - a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms. Ext Deck Base Art Nouveau Architect Victor Horta's Tassel House stairway in Brussels. 1894

17 Art Nouveau Modernisme The Bauhaus School, , Dessau Germany. Walter Gropius Fagus Shoe Company at Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer Post and Lintel Use in Structures: Cantilevered Structures A cantilever is a post and a lintel structure where only one end of the lintel or slab is anchored and the other end is freely projecting out. Seagram Building, NYC, International Style Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Forces acting on a cantilever structure that is uniformly loaded. Intereting Video: The Casa Mila La Pradera, , Barcelona. Antoni Gaudi. The structural system put in place allowed Gaudi to make the skin of the building flow in an organic pattern Gaudi used to be labeled as a weird architect but with the advent of the designs of Frank Ghery, he is now acclaimed as one of the great architects in history Le Corbusier, Dom-ino House, 1914 Ronchamps France Le Corbusier Farnsworth House, Mies Van der Rohe Top: Cantilevered slab at Frank Lloyd Wright s Fallingwater house. Left: Habitat 67 Housing, Montreal Canada by Moshe Safdie. Watch this VIDEO on Habitat 67 Watch this VIDEO on Expo 67 Art Deco Art Deco is an influential visual arts design style that first appeared in France just before World War I and began flourishing internationally in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War II. Craft motifs + machine imagery Bold geometries + lavish ornamentation Embraced technology Intereting Video: Art Deco The Architecture Tour International Movement The International style was born in western Europe in the 1920s Key architects: Le Corbusier in France, and Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe in Germany. It is important to differentiate between the International Movement and the Modern Movement, though the are deeply entwined. International Movement is more concerned with shape and function = ARCHITECTURAL FORM Modern Movement is a social, artistic movement that is a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and its creation of a new Bourgeoisie The representation of actual forms in a traditional sense is rallied against. International Movement Who were the key architects of the International Style in Europe? This guy invented the curtain wall! (Do you know What a curtain wall is??) He founded the Bauhaus School in Germany. He emigrated to the US Before WW2 to teach at Harvard s Graduate School of Design The Chrysler Building, New York , William Van Allen Les Demoiselles d Avignon, Picasso, 1907 Fagus Shoe Company at Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Streamline (Art) Moderne, late Art Deco 1930s long horizontal lines curving forms nautical elements Interesting Video: Streamline Moderne Post and Lintel in the International Movement: Weather stone on stone or skeleton and skin framing. A post and lintel or an arch construction could be employed to create not just an opening (2-D) but also a liveable space (3-D). Le Corbusier, Dom-ino House, The Bauhaus School, , Dessau Germany. Walter Gropius. Clifton Hill, Australia, 1930s. An art school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts 1919 to 1933 Famous for the approach to design that it publicised and taught - radically simplified forms, rationality and functionality, and the idea that mass-production was reconcilable with the individual artistic spirit = harmony of function and design Had 3 directors Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer, and lastly Mies van der Rohe Closed under Nazi pressure in 1933.

18 International Movement Who were the key architects of the International Style in Europe? International Movement Who were the key architects of the International Style in Europe? West Coast Modernism in Canada responding to the site Less is more. God is in the details. He was Swiss, but cquired French Citizenship. His given names was Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, but he took up the pseudonym LeCorbusier in the 1920s. It was the cool thing to do at the time Unite d habitation, Berlin, Germany, Le Corbusier (Also built Unite d habitation in Marseilles.) Seagram Building, NYC, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Graham House, Vancouver, BC, Arthur Erickson. Charles Edouard Jeanneret: Le Corbusier The pervasive influence of the movement, he was wrote a stream of ideas about architecture and town planning in his book, Towards a New Architecture: the five points of architecture free standing supports (pilotis) the roof garden the free plan the ribbon window and the freely composed façade International Movement What about in America? Frank Lloyd Wright! Over 400 projects completed. Worked in Chicago for Adler and Sullivan. ABOVE - La Miniatura/the Millard House, Pasadena, California,1923. International Movement in Canada ABOVE - Regent Park towers, Toronto, Peter Dickinson BELOW Habitat 67, Montreal, Moshe Safdie Toronto City Hall, Viljo Revell 155 Le Corbusier, Ville Savoye Poissy, France An elevated white concrete box cut open horizontally and vertically; sometimes solid and sometimes transparent Taliesin West Scottsdale, Arizona Frank Lloyd Wright (time of his death) Wright s beloved winter home and the bustling headquarters of the Taliesin Fellowship, Taliesin West was established in 1937 and diligently handcrafted over many years into a utopian world unto itself. Deeply connected to the desert from which it was forged, Taliesin West possesses an almost prehistoric grandeur. It was built and maintained almost entirely by Wright and his apprentices, making it among the most personal of the architect s creations. International Movement in Canada freely composed façade roof garden free plan ribbon window free standing supports (pilotis) 156 Regent Park towers, Toronto, Peter Dickenson

19 International Movement in Canada Flying Buttresses act against the wind and support the building. Brutalism Popular from the 1950s to the 1970s Name taken from the use of raw materials in French plain-finished concrete can be referred to as béton brute Used for many institutional and government buildings Brutalism Le Corbusier, La Tourette, near Lyons 1957 La Tourette became the model for many buildings in other countries St. Peter s College in Cardross, Scotland 1964 now abandoned Jane-Exbury Residential towers, Toronto, Uno Prii - sculptural curves and artful details Robarts Library, University of Toronto, Mathers & Haldenby Architects. Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusets Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles. Boston City Hall, Massachusetts 169 International Movement in Canada regionalism Douglas Cardinal architect of the Museum of History in Hull, Quebec This is his home and studio in Alberta. Brutalism Often associated to large slum clearance projects meant to revitalize cities Le Corbusier, Legislative Assembly Building, Chandigarh, India 1956 Truncated cooling tower [ swamp cooling ] in raw concrete; gargantuan umbrella of shallow vaults; monolithic brise soleil allowing passage of breezes but providing sun shelter Brutalism Douglas Cardinal Home and Studio, Stony Plain, Alberta, Legislative Office Buiding (left) and The Egg (right), Empire State Complex International Movement in Canada St-Mary s Church, Red Deer, Alberta Douglas Cardinal Doug Cardinal was raised in Red Deer This was his first project Brutalism Often associated to large slum clearance projects meant to revitalize cities Mississauga Civic Centre, Jones and Kirkland. Team Disney Building, Orlando, Florida, Michael Graves. Post Modernism St-Coletta School, Washington DC, Michael Graves. Le Corbusier, Dom-ino House, 1914 Sony Building (formerly the AT&T Building), NYC, Philip Johnson. Ronchamps France Le Corbusier Cultural Education Centre, Empire State Complex, Albany, NY Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz. Walt Disney World s Dolphin and Swan Hotel and Resort, Orlando, Florida, Michael Graves

20 Post-modernism Post-modernism is a late 20 th -century movement in art, architecture, culture, and is a revival of historical elements and techniques. So what is it, architecturally speaking? Emphasis on the centrality of style, at the expense of substance Recycling past cultures and styles = pastiche Playful use of useless decoration Team Disney Building, Orlando, Florida, Michael Graves. After Modernism and the International Style From modernity to post-modernity Modern age: Post-modern age: - Production - Consumption - Community Life - Fragmentation/Individuality - Social Class - Identity from other sources - Family - Families, many options - Continuity and situation - Breakage with the past/tradition - Education - Education for what? - Overt social control - Covert social control (think CCTV) - Nationhood - Globalization - Science = progress and truth - Science is only 1 source of knowledge Post-modernism in Canada Mississauga City Hall was part of an important international design competition with 246 entries. It is right beside Sheridan s Mississauga Campus known as HMC. Is said to be an abstractions of farm buildings windmill farmhouse silo Celebration of complexity and contradiction a mixture of high and low culture Intermixing of different styles collaging YOU KNEW WHO YOU WERE Form follows function Louis Sullivan YOU CREATE WHO YOU WANT TO BE Form accommodates function Robert Venturi barn Santa Costanza Mississauga Civic Centre, Jones and Kirkland. MODULE 12 Post-modernism familiar shapes, weird combinations! Post-modernism The first KEY building of this style: The Piazza d Italia by Charles Moore (1975-9) was built for the Italian community of New Orleans. It references Roman Classical architecture, but the style appears as a series of redundant signs like a dead language; it looks like a storeroom of old stage sets. Everything has been given a gaudy and superficial colouring. Post-modernism in Canada This is the Vancouver Public Library. Which reference to the past do you see? Walt Disney World s Dolphin and Swan Hotel and Resort, Orlando, Florida, Michael Graves. Vancouver Public Library, Moshe Safdie. St-Coletta School, Washington DC, Michael Graves. Post-modernism Philip Johnson s AT&T Building is said to have legitimized Post-modernism due to its effect on the public with its broken pediment at the top and it s 7-storey arch and colonnade at its street entrance. Sony Building (formerly the AT&T Building), NYC, Philip Johnson. Definition of terms Civilization Pyramids Ziggurats Mud Bricks Weeper Holes Buttress Mosaic Bas Relief Plank house Long house Igloo Wigwam Tepee Sod homes Temple Spynx Mastaba Corbel arch Glazed brick Thatched roof Nilometer Ramp Mud brick Post Lintel Cuneiform Banpo symbols Hieroglyphics Indus Valley Script Acanthus leaf Lotus flower and leaf Bent pyramid True Pyramid Ball Court Observatory Gatherers Huts Plastered mud brick wall Triglyphs Metope Entablature Frieze Cornice Fluting Dentils Entasis Architrave Shaft Column Pilaster Engaged Column Arch Keystone Voussoir Erechtheion Caryatid Pediment Agora Forum Theatre Amphitheatre Circus Megaron Temple Doric Ionic Corinthian Composite Tuscan Barrel vault Groin vault Arcade Vitruvius Firmitas Utilitas Venustas Parthenon Pantheon Propylaea Arris Fillet Flute Volute Abacus Capital Symmetrical Asymmetrical 1 point Perspective Herringbone pattern Loggia Mannerism Baroque Rococo Renaissance Trompe l'œil Baptistery Stucco

21 Definition of terms Flying buttress Stain glass Spire Transept Nave Minbar Minaret Clerestory Baptistry Narthex Catacomb Domus ecclessia Pendentive Byzantine Coffer Pilaster Latin Cross Greek Cross Abbey Monastery Caligraphy Mosque Onion Dome Pointed Arch Rib vault Courtyard Mihrab Qibla Mecca Ornamentation Fortress Mausoleum Altar Romanesque Gothic Apse Relics Gargoyle Pinnacle Rose window Vaulting Web Diagonal Rib Transverse Rib Triforium Tracery Fan vault Mullion Read + Listen + Watch WATCH: Egypt READ: Greek and Roman Architecture Watch: The Parthenon Watch: Ancient Rome WATCH: Cathedral of Notre Dame de Chartres (Parts One, Two and Three) Read: Introduction to Mosque Architecture WATCH: Renaissance HISTORY OF IDEAS The Renaissance Renaissance Architecture WATCH: Versailles From Louis XIII to the French Révolution Versailles after the French Revolution From gardens to Trianonpalaces WATCH: A Short History of the Highrise, Part Two: Concrete WATCH: Industrial Revolution Architecture WATCH: Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) WATCH: Arts and Crafts: Design in a Nutshell WATCH: Bauhaus: Design in a Nutshell WATCH: Modernism: Design in a Nutshell WATCH: Postmodernism: Design in a Nutshell HOMEWORK + QUIZ PREP Read + Listen + Watch WATCH: A Short History of the Highrise, Part Two: Concrete WATCH: Industrial Revolution Architecture WATCH: Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament) Take quiz # 4 Modules 5 and 6 (use Respondus: Lockdown Browser)