A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OSPEDALE

Transcription

1 Architectural Institute of Japan larchitecturalinstitute U.D,a. 72.o36:72s.4(FD Trans.of AJJ. n)pptee\k:unwkfi No. 280, June 1977 ac280e.mael54q6a A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE OSPEDALE MAGGIORE OF ANTONIO AVERLINO CALLED FILARETE by KENICHIRO HIDAKA* Member of A.I.J. In 1451, after two years stay at Venice, Filaretecame to the court of Francesco Sforza through the recommendation of Cosimo dc Medicii). The court had been searching fora competent architect for the repairing works ahe Castellodi Porta Giovia and for the new construetion of the Ospedale Maggiore well before his arriva12). As a Renaissance city, Milan was quite differentfrom Florence,Filaretes native town as wellgas from Rome, his former post. After the death of Gian Galeazzo ln 14e2, the construction of Certosa of Paviaand that of the Cathedralot Mi!an were practicallybrought to a halt. For mere than fortyyears no eminent buildingswere commissioned in this area with the single exception of the Church ot Villa builtin the 1440s by the Brunelleschischool at CastiglionedOlonu (near Varese)3. But the builders of the church at Castlglione dolona,jacopinoda Tradate,Domenico del Lago di Lugano, Masolino da Panicale di Val delsa, were quite at a loss atter a short undoeumented Lombardic sojourn of Brunelleschiaround 1430 tor the military work of Filippo Maria Visconti, In 1448 the Viscontis was to be superseded by the republican government of Ambrosiana, which, in turn, enjoyed a brlef life only to give way to the strong despotismof the S±orzas. Three architects who were educated otttside Lombardia transperted the architecture in the Renaissance style intomilanese area during the reign of FrancescoSforza. They were BenedettoFerrini,Michelozzo and Filarete.Ferrinientered the service of Franceseo Sforza in the early years of the 1450s,if.that is, conternporaneously with Filarete.But his achievement, such as the loggia of the Corte Ducale of the CastelloSlorzesco,was too humble to ceme intoeonflict with traditional Lombard gothic masters`). Michelozzo,loved by Cosimo as much as a dear friend can be loved(vasari), wag not an architect-courtier of the Sforzas.indeed, he builtat PistoiaSanta Maria deliegrazie as early as 1452, but he carne to Milan only after Filaretehad struggled with the ebstinate bigotryof unrearned masonarchitects in Milan ior more than ten years.5). In contrast with Filarete,he remained at Milan always in the service of the Medici as if he were a private ambassador of the MedicisG). The situation of the third architect, Filarete,who arrived in Milan before the others. was very different.the essential chronelogical notes on Filareteat the court of the Sforzawere as follows: September, 1451 :Reconstruction of the CastelloSforzesco(Castellodi Porta Giovia),includingthe construction of the central tower. over the entrance (secalled Torre del Filarete)7). Summer in 1452 : After a series of laboriousnegotiations between FrancescoSforzaand the Lombardic master.s opposing him, Francesco succeeded in nominating Filarete as `capomastro of the CtathedralS>. 1453:Filarete was dismissed from the rebuilding work of the Castello Sforzescothrough strong opposition of the masters and masons engaged in the censtruction). July 5, 1454 : A propositiollfor Filaretesdismissalfrom `capomastro of the Duomo was submitted. Shortlyafter this, in 1455, he was 6ismissedfrom the position of chief architectto. -T Tft -- * Post DoctoralFellow of JapariSociet]rfor the Promotion of Sciellce

2 ArchitecturalInstituteof Institute of Japan ; Jttne,1456 : Filareteand a certain mason, Giovanni di SantAmbrogio, were sent to Fiorence and Siena for on-the-spot surveys of the Ospedale di Santa Maria Nuova and the Ospedale di Santa Maria dellascala N1457 : Beginning of the planning and constructibn of -the Ospedale Maggiore. From Mareh to May, 1457 : A short visit to Bergamo for the construction of the Duomo of Bergamo andahospitalii).. March and April, 1458 : A short visit to Varese and to VeniceiZS. 1461N1462 : In these years Filaretewrote the greater part of histreatiseia) : The lastfour boo]gswere added to his former writingsi`. August 16, 1465 : Filareteabandoned his position as primary architect of the Ospedale Maggiore and GuiniforteSolarisuueeded himi5). September 17, 1465:Filarete drew the lastsurplus of his salary for the work at the Ospeclale Maggiorei6).. A.dmittedly even the brief chronology reveals that the Florentinearchitect suffered greatly trom hostilityon the part of the Lombardic localmasters who preven ±ed him from making his theoretical ideaspracticablein real constructions. However, to provide a premise for the understanding of Filaretes hospital,the history prior to the construction of the Ospedale Maggiore still remains to be discussedin some detail. * * * In 1446,the Bishop of Milan organized a certain c,ouncil on purpose to integrateall the hospitalsin Milan that had been in deplorable conditions into a new single constructiont7). But the council was not active nor productive. In 1448, when the pope Nicholas V approved the project presented to him, it was nothing but an abstruct administrative program to unite poor hospitalsintorich ones within Milanese territory18),. In February 1450, a common assembly of Ambrosian Republic (Assemblea di Popolo),urged by an old soldier o.f Francesco Sforza, Gaspare Vimercati,decided to entrust the Sforza with the Viscpnti heritageto preteet them from lamine and the Venetianst).At the same the immature project hospital was handed to ambitious Francesco Sforza,who would profit by it quite naturally counting on making a certain politieal effect. In the two lettersaddressed to him and dated respectively May and May , a certain representative of Francesco at Rome reports that the pope had been much pleased to hear about the new hospitalunder conternplation2). But we have no documentary o,f the proof that tindicates to what extent the project haa been conceived by the time Filaretearrived in Milan in The project, even if it existed before this date,could have been more of an administra- tive one than architectural, but the lattermay well have been started some years later. Curieuslyenough the historypfior to the construction of the hospitalwas interruptedhere on the very arrival of the architect and thereafter came a leng blallkof five years. atter the glorious We may well assume that entry into Milan, Francesco Sforza felturgent necessity to repair and reconstruct the old Viscontine castle at Porta Giovia and that Firarete,who was also documented as chief architect of the Duomo in this period, rnay have engaged primarily in the reconstruction of the castle, which inevitably prevented his worlcing on the hospital. But this is not enough. Three events in the year of 1456 relating to the hospitalare worth citing here ; in April, the site for the hospitalwas chosen and buildingson the site were going to be demolished2i) ; in May, the representative of Francesco Sforza in Rome received papal permission for the constructien of the hospitale2); finallyin June, as stated above in the chronological notes, the Duke dispatchedfilareteand Giovanni di SantAmbrogio with a letterof request to the rulers of Florence and Siena for prerequisite Studies for the hew construction. Both the clearance of buildings and the acquisition of papal permission make us suppqse that the architectural project of the new hospitalhaa been ready at the ceurt of the hogpitark.in to sfarza prior IoFilaretes viglt Tds6an la6tthb 16tterof request written 6y Francesco NII-Electronic

3 ArchitecturalInstitute Institute of Japan l Sforza and addressed to Giovanni de Medici reads : --in questa nostra cith de Milano se b principiato de fareuno hospitale grande :In che concora tutta quanta predicta citb universalmente desiderandoch el se faza belissimo,acconcio et piti ornato che sia pessibile. Ma al murare fino ad hora non b data grande opera, solo per Eare ch el sia hedificato com bono desegno. Et per questa casone vengono li mandati da rni maestro Antonio da Fiorenza Inzignero, et maestro Johannede Sancto Ambrogio maestro de muro, che ambedue hanno bono inzegno per vedere integramentetutto quelle hospitaledi quella vostra cita, et per examinarlo et per cavare il desegno-. -2e). In this letterfrancesco ordered Filarete and his companien to survey a Tuscan hospital, obviously the Ospedale di Santa Maria Nueva, as a model after which the ducalhospital at Milan should be built(per fare ch el sia hedificatocom bono desegno). At the sarne time the letteralso reveals that the construction of the OspedaleMaggiore had been already started theugh very littlehad been done by the tirne it was written (al murare fino ad hoia non b data grande opera). Then when the construction of the hospital was started? And who designed the hospitalthe construction oe which had justbegun when Filarete and SantAmbrogio were sent to Florence and Siena? Unfortunatelywe have no documents that enable us to answer these questions exactly. With respect to the second questien, the first architect could not be Filaretesince he did not be.uin to draw his salary as archi ±ect of the hospitaluntil February 1, 14572`). The missive of Giovanni de Medici addressed to FrancescoSforza is iniormative.it was datedjune 25, 1456 and was evidently a letteroi oihcial reply to Francescosletterof introduction dated June 4, It reads: - - E suto qui Maestro Antonio dallaporta ilqualema narrato come la IllustrissimeVostra Signoria vole dare ordine a fare quello spedale diche altrevolte costa ragionamo. Et perche luj nabbia qualche buono.exemplo Io glo fatto vedere tutto ilnostro qui di Sancta ]vfarianuova ehe e gran cosa et degna. Di p.oi luj se partito senga faremeco altra conclusione..- 2S). According to the misslve, when Filarete visited the Flerentineruler Filarete possessed a certain good example ef a hespital(nabbiaqualche buono exemplo). But the statement should be treated with care since Filarete,before his departureto Florence and Siena, apparently had not accomplished enough work on architecture to be deservingof a salary yet. The visit to Tuscana is also cited in the treatise of Filarete. But itis after he reports upon the dissatisfying Tuscan precedentsthat the architect enters into the explanation of the definite plan of the hospital:. He (Francesco Sfcxxrza) placed on me the task of making a drawing. Firsthe asked me il I (Filarete) had seen the hospitalsin Florence and Siena, and if I remembered how they looked. I replied yes. He wanted to see a rough sketch of the foundationsand I drew him one as best I remembered. I drew the hospitalin Florencefer him. However, it did not seem as suitable to him as he would have liked and he doubted if the others could be improved. I had already noted the site and the requirements. I said that Iwould make one that I thought would be most suited to the needs of this building, since he and the others made a great point of the convenience and cleanliness g>. Thus Filaretes plan of the hospitalbeforehisvisit to Tuscana could be safely considered to be almost a vague cenception, even if it might probably have been represented in the form of a drawing as is shown in the letterof Giovanni de Medici, With respect to the first qttestion above mentioned we may turn to the treatise of Filarete once more. The ceremony of the erection of the hospital was describedin detailby Filarete himself in the eleventh book, where two differentdates for the beginning of the construction were given in the same folio. On the mernorable cornerstone to be laidon the day of the ceremony were written il milleslmo e ancora ildl e 1 mese il quale millesimo correva 1457 a dl 4 daprile(thecentury, the day andthe month which ran April 4, 1457)ET). Shortly after in the following passage, Tommaso da Rietiis describedto have rnade an epigram fora boundarystene that reads : FRANC[SCVS SFORTIA DVX IIII SED QVI AMISSVM PER PRAECESSORVM OBITVM VRBIS IMPERIVM RECVPERAVIT HOC MVNVS CRISTI PAVPERIBVS DEDIT FVNDAVITIQUE MCCCCLVII DIE XII APRILISZS. Namely we have a differenceof eight days, which, however, makes little importance on the essential part of our -17B-

4 ArchitecturalInstitute Institute of Japan chronology. An important differeneeo ± dales does exist between codices of the treatise. In Codex Palatinus the date on the foundation stone is 1456 (M cccc lvi)insteadof ). The nineteenth century trustworthy copy of the lostcodex Trivulzianusonce preserved in the TrivulzaanaLibrary also contains the same date of 1456, not. ef 1457 as written in Codex Magliabechianus30.It is worth noting that both Codex Palatinusand Codex Trivulzianushad their origin in the lostsforzamanuscript which had ben deriveredirectlyfrom the lostoriginal manuscript of FilareteBi). A fifteenth century tablet, formerly under the bust of Francesco Sforza that onee stood over the central entrance of the Ospedale Magglore and now incorporated in the baroque portal of the Archivie courtyard, bears the followinginscription : SFORTIA DUX MEDIOLANI QUARTUS FRANCISCUS QUI URBIS ET GENTIS IMPERIUM OCERI MORTE AMISSUM RECUPERAVIT AD SUSTEN- TANDOS CHRISTI PAUPERES DISPERSA ALIMENTA CONGESSIT ATQ. EX VETERE ARCE AEDES AMPLITER EXCITAVIT ANN. S. MCCCCLVI PRID. ID. APRILISar. This tablet has been appropriately attributed by Spencer to Ambrogio de Muzio who was documentedto be paid six lirefor the stone intaliato a literisin the year of 1459ae). Here we have allother written testimony that insistsconvincingly April 12, 1456 as a beginning date of the constructien. To sum up: 1) A sudden blank of five years (1451Nl455) occurred in the historydirectlyprior to the construction of the hospital. 2) In April, 1456 the site of the hospitalwas chosen and in May, 1456 Calixtus M gave papal permission to the Sforza for the construction of the hospital 3) In June,1456 Filareteand SaritAmbregiowent to Florence and Siena with a drawing oe a hospital,or more precisely, with a vague conception drawn schematically. 4) It was not until February 1, 1457 that Filarete began to draw the salary as architect of the hospital. 5) In Codex Magllabechianus the construction of the hospitalis documented to have been started April 12, ) Three documents (Codex Palatinus, a faithfulcopy ef Cudex Trivulzianusand the fifteenthcentury tablet once belonged to the hospital)coincidently inform us of April 12, 1456 as an initiatingdateof the construction of the hospital. In his early work on Filareteslife,Oettingen overstressed on the coincidence in dating between the two manuscripts of the Slorza group (6) to argue plausibly Eor the date given in these two codicesa4). Some eighty years later,spencer offered another alternative by presenting a docurnentwhich had been unknown to Oettingen (4) and coneluded that CCthe actual laying of more logicallyhave oceurred in April 1457, at which time the plan of lhe hospitalwould the cornerstone would have existed along with an administrative body to oversee its construction35). However, each docurnentcited above coneerning to the dating are surely equivalent and are to be treated as such. Then the contradictions among the six points summarized would be inextricable if a change in architects and an alteration in plans had not occurred at an early stage during the course of designing and construction.. The confiicts betweenthe Florentinearchitect and the traditional Lombardlc masters which didexist from the very beginning of Filaretesfirstwork in Milan at the Castellodi Porta Giovia could also prevent Filarete,in this case of a new construction, totally from projecting the hospital.it must have been the Lombardic masters that managed to rnake themselves entrusted by the duke with projecting the new hospitalshortly before Though decisivedocumentsare lacking,we may well remember a certain Fra Michele da Carcano, whose name has been sometimes associated with the duchess,bianca Maria, and especially to whom the constructien oi the hospitalwas attributed in the work on the Ospeda!e Maggiorewritten by Giovanni Giacomo GilinoSe). Besides we oldest historical must not overlook the factthat FrancescoSfQrza promulgated the ducaldecree of the othcial foundationof the hospitalas early as April 1, 1456 though the diplornatic announcement should be treated with care3t).

5 larchitecturalinstitute of Japan As is shown in the documents Iinked to the court of the Sforzas,the construction of the hospital must havebeen irripetuously inauguratedon April 12, Though once persuadecl, however,francesco had scarcely finished the ceremony when he got dissatisfied with planning and construction under the direction oi the Lombardic masters. Two months laterhe introduced Filareteand SantAmbrogio to Giovanni de Medici, requestin,g that necessary studies to start afresh planning and construction of the hospital be done by them. From the end of ]456 onward it was Filarete that supervised omcially the construction of the hospital newly conceivecl to munifest the intention of the duke and the urchitect. Later in the manuscript rewritten by himselffaithfullyafter the original to be dedicatedte the Medieis, from which Codex Magliabechianus would be copiedsli, Filaretemuy have intentionally corrected the date of the ceremony with a view to connecting it to the construction started directlyafter his return from Florence, In this case, however, he did not dare to delatehis remark of the dissatisfaction at the T.uscan presedents on the part of Francesco Sforzabecauseitcould afford a clear proof that the project of Filaretehad surpassed traditional schemes enough to content the duke of Milan. In August 1465, Filarete, having been on the supervisory position for almost ten years withont help, turned hisback on the work, never to be reinstalled. A greater architect than Filaretecould have broughtthe construction to completion. However, the unsatisfactory result might not be ascrib6d exclusively to his incapacitysince his explanation ot the unrealized project developed in the eleventh book of the treatise made Vasari afirm that the hospitalhad been so well designed that I do not believe that there is lts like in Europea9>. UnfortunatelyFilarete was the firstrenaissance archltect who came iomilan. l) NOTES :/ohneabs;teth:tlrihtteenwaosninhisvesnif territory, Filaretemay well have leftvenice beforethis deportation6rder. 2) J.R. Spencer : Two New Documents on the Ospedale Maggiore, Milan and on Filarete:, `Arte Lombarda, Vol. 16, 1971, p. 114 (hereafter cited as Spencer, I]ocuments). The circumstance of Filaretestransfer to Milan is not known in any detail. Since Lllca Fancellihad a]ready le{tfor the Gonzagas at Mantua, tlie number of eompetent architect was mere or lesslimited. 3) J.S.Ackerman : Tlie Certosa of Pavia and the Renaissunce in Milan ` Pa.?37, 3s For the churchof vma see A, pica:il Brunellesco ele origi.i Li.IMRiig.Y,a,Sim O?. :,:,g,l S.c. O.:i,ikge e d8,i L,.,rC5ase`ki ieg6i],:e,,; E5:riliZ L, :,ILg..C.Liiefi:,[g,,F.i:.r::Ck,,,S!l;i.:ir L,M,,9, l::. gt i/ itii]./k/i.odig.?`zrir. : r!e l,fs gl i /1.fi /k,cn] },lx :.i ll,,ftlli;o y2 li g ilkz S#,F.,: :/ilig {i//i ia//i. /i.li.rl ti/1111 ia li.: i,ff,,;, Li/( i,r a t,/i.ik //, s io: t :ge. i i cio a t2 :ri,rtle:?,.. Michelozzo llli.i.i,i,17z,are under discussion. negative An Till early polemic 4gainst the attribution of these two monuments to O V//lx Il, i e a `lit I :Sll.I t:liil/i.lkltt,,,/l/ss k i tlil ii,,ll,,1 Ḡil.Ii: eig {.:/lj p `n $.ii Jill, ifr:fa e O pss.ff,l,//,,,j/t,7.r..11i/ll.i,.(,/il l,ii/li iteilt el ;:1LX,Abi.9,4d s) Michelozzo arrived in Milan around Cf,A. Bruschi : C`Bramante Architetto,Bari, 1949, p, 6) The Banco Mediceo 10. and the PortinariChapel adjeining the church of S. Eustorgie formerly attributed to 7) :li},2.,g,:,e ii.:l.e..wa,:,tssl, Beltrami.castello), rl:8,ef.1`:l ::/ ;fi.n`gd.,7i?;?g,k..o,,:},e,ncisg,egio,s,<.l,,.b,.i:ra.,vl,: Spencerhas proposed hypothetically but quite convinchigly thathe had already been at work on the readaptation of tlie old Palazzo Azzone before this date (Spencer,Treatise, p, 12, n, 16). Bertrami, the decoration werk of the facade of the castellofacing to the city was asslgned to FilareAteC,COwtdhgegwatg d,:,,l/le?z : c3.s.`gi;o6.g; :.rent l:::d,s,s.liil:il.ef.ls;r;,s7.%o:2 ;,izcg.ol:li,;.g,`8,2,g,b2ig {9,gE.g,, f2.ff.,), Id/e.e/tl:. irll.: ; `w rael/ llignc,ffi3,1bf,i.li,y,l.1f:,.:,/lz.,j.i k,s..i,: e,/alilj // n ` W e i.,/y,,t,,g/7:wk,?/l/llli.ils# /1,:,s c `,l /ig if/fij ff,, rv. U e g i,s,li,1:./-,.,i,i:oio. h, s `Lil

6 ArchitecturalInstitute Institute of Japan 29, n. 2. For more extensive study en Filaretestower of the CastelloSforzescosee C. Perogalli: Origini e `lilaretiane, `Arte fortuna dellctorri cosidette I.ombarda:Il Filarete,Atti del Corso di Sl]eciulizzazione, Antonio Averulino detto ilfilarete,n. 38t39,Milan, 1973 (hereafter us ALF), pp, 48N52. 8) Spencer, Treatise, p. 12, n. 16 and Finoli-GrassiȚrattato, p. 6,. 1, NKIhatwas done by Filureteand his.plobable collaborator Giovanni Solario lsnot known. Collsidering that there must have heen strong apposltlon F;gfre,`,e. L,U.:l,:e,.dg;..Ma,:`:Z2 }, st. ;g.:g: an. Zh,..P.d.2` :,t..a.s,.l, Finoli and Grassi have proposed that Filarete]s worlc at the Duomo might be.illn,,kjlx O.f.klS,,a.,l:.r,P.}l,,aetg2rSu,g,,.W,a.S,g,]rw.{ connected with an attempt at readaptation of the old pulazzo of the Vlsaonti ceurt afljaeent to the Duotno en the south side, that is Palazzo Azzone, now replaced by the Pulazzo Reale Obid.,p. 29, n. 2). Since the Viscontine residence in the fortress Sforza,on CastelloSforzesco) had bcen destroycd by the republicans, Francesco eutside the Porta Gievia (future his entering intemilan, hud nothing to residc provisionally but the-palazzo Azzone left unhabited for years. Necessary repairs were begun in At the sarne time an atlempt to extend thc facacleef the DuoJno necessitated an intrusionlnto the court of the Palazzo Azzone. Asa resut of necessary adjustments, a part of the facadeof the Palazzo Azzone was temoved and replaced hy the extendecl part of thc Duorno (ibicl., p, 12, n, 6). Cf. P. Mezzanotte, G.C. Bascupe:MiLano nellatteenella storia, Milan, 1948, p In this respect,a scntence in the treatise ismuch suggestive :,perchd, essendo apaalato per maneamenta di cibo e quasi mezza morta la corte dolla Signoriadi Milallo, quello per qui questo fu con grande dispencliola ridusse in sanitb, sanza il quale riparo presto finiva ( the court for of the Signoria of Milan was il!frornlaek of food and half dead, when ut great expenceirestored itto health. Without this protection it would soon have been finished Transl. by J.R.SpenceT. Hereafter all the translat!ons of the trehtise of Filarete are d Spencer, Treatise),(Blc.I, fol.6r. The ahbreviation Bk. stands iorbook). erived frorn under his 9) Beltrami, castelle, passim. Centroversy and confliet between FilarcteEmd unlearned lecalmasters directionare well documented. For example, a bltterdispute urose abeut Filaretesideu of eqllipping the Castellowith bttlements sustained by corbels (ibid., pp. 111Nl12, pp. 114-wll5, p. 147). Cf. Finoli-Grassi,.fi i:s, y.i l e,e :h2a Z`3.LOE,e,.72s,.:,.e l7h. 1.?,},,F,r::C,eS: :,.S.tOxe,h ll,::liil.as,.m. :i.l:o, :es`k i,i 2g.Wax gr, ::. g,igr,zs, Ḷ? bs;sww2y, `?k.lr,;h.:i:f`,:gl:fi:s, P,war,,g rwag,lg.` :e.:`:?,2.:,to;, L,Lleg.eL,k:v,:2?Ee.ce.Eo,sl. tg.iite,, Finoli-Grassi, Trattato, p. 155, n. 1. Annaii 10) Finoli-Grussi,Trattito, p. 6, n. 1. To his regret the writer could not consult dellafabbrica del Duomo di Milano dalloriginefinoal presente, Vol. I, Milan, In thcse years, probably in 1454 Francesce dispatched Filarete to Creniona, where the Duchess, Bianea Maria, haclintended to rebuild a small church in which their matrimony had been celebratea, renaming itsan Giglsmondo. The project of the church may weil ge attributed to Filarbte as well as Baltromeo Gadio. Tlie work of Filarettat Cremona, even if undocumented, n) rreemtearigxcteesbteo efi:vsd{otno of Bergarno appear several times in the treatise {Bk I, fol 1r;Bk M, fol 17r; to supervise Blc.rV, fol.z5r; Bk. XIII, fol.95r;bl{. XVI, lol.123r). Filarete caine to Bergamo primarily the construction of the Duomo at the request oe the Bishop Giovanni Barozzi, who, at the same time, also consulter1 Filarete about the construction of a new hospitul. Cf, M. Lazzaroni, A. Mufioz : Filarete, scultore e architetto del secolo XV, Rome, 1908, 1)p (hereaiter cited as I.azzaroni-Mufioz, I;ilarete) Ṣee also Finoli-Grassi,Trattato, p. 460, n, 1alld B. Be.ltutti:Storia di Bcrgamoedei Bergarnaschi, Milan, 1940, I, pp. 83w84. The Cathedral of Bergamo, Sun Vinccnzo, had been ullowcd to fallintodisrepairduring the civil Filarete to rebuild confusions of the thirteenth and fourteenthcentury. Bishop Giovanni Barozmi cemmissioned the ruined structure in the upper town. Filaretes original plan and his precise role ln the construction ee the Cathedral still rernuin to be clarified. In 1465 the Bishop became the Patrlarch of Venice and departudbergurno. Nor could Filaretestay there leng enough to bring the construction to completion because he had been invotved as the commissioner must huve with the work at the Ospedalc Maggiore. The absence of the architect as well allowed seme urbitrary fulfi11rnentịn addition, San Vincenzo, renarned as San Alessanclroin 1591, was totally renovuted 1}yCarlo Fontana in mid seventeenth century, Besides,in the nineteenth century new dome and the fagade were added to the structure of Fontana. For the problems around the Cathedral of Bergamo, see?,:g,c.eg. Ii.r,eS.t!S.ea,iill,:6, l..2,,llse?c,wa,l t:i..p,e ttla:e,:.e,i2,el.o.rt,v..to.z.m,e, i?l..g.ir,i:.g.ios.io.,m,tb,a ) Filaretewent to Varese and to Veniceto decnrate with sculptural works some palaces owned by Frallceseo Sforza(Fineli-Grassi, Trattato, p. 7, n. 1 and Spencur, Treatise, p. 213, n. 2). Shortly after this work he was document6d to go to Bellinzonafer a maintenance work of the city Gbid., wall p. 49, n. 8 and p, 66,. 1). 13) J.R.Spencer:La dutuzionedeltruttato del Filaretedesunta clalsuo esame interno, `Rivista darte,xxxi (Ann.1956),Florence, 1958, pp. 93t-103. Spencer has preved that the part ol the treat{se of Filaretefrom the nineth 1]ook to the sixteenth was written betwcen 1461 and 14G2. Alld irom the careful examinations of the docurnents conccrning to the Ospedale Maggiore, he appropriately judgecl that the greater part of the treatise iromthe firstbool{to the twentyfirst was also mude in the same period., l4s)) Ybldkiagetti : Lospcdale Maggioredi Milano,Milan, ig37, p. so ff. it is kaown from a capitular adeudicution claled August 16, 1465 that on this date Filulete renounced his work at the OspedaleMaggiore, re]ecting to 176 -

7 ArchitecturalInstitute Institute of Japan receivea part of the salary assigned to him. Cf. I.azzuroni-Mufioz, Filarete, pp and Finoli-Grassi, Trattato, p. 47, n. 2. Before the intervention ef Gllini[orte Solvi Filaretehad constructed the greater part ef thc right wing, thut is, socalled CortiledelluFarmacia and socul]ec] Cortlledei Bagni with their porticoes. The windows in I.ombard-Gothicstyle were due to GuiniforteSolari. The central part of the hospital was addecl in thc 600 and the leftwing was builtin the uge of neoclassism with every regard to the imagined original style of Filttrete.Cf. C. Perogalli:op. cit., p. 48, n ) The notice, mentioned by Tigler (P.Tigler : `CDie Architekturtheorie dcs I-ilarete], Berlin, 1963, p, 5), is the lastdoeumented one on the lifeof IOilarete. A eurious suddcn s.ilence in documentarysources hus caused different suppositions on the post lifeof Filurete. Four possibilities have been prupused about the last place where Filareteclosed his life:rome (Vasari),Florence (Lazzaroni and Mufiez),M{lan (Tigler),and Constantinople <Tigler,hypotlieticully). Il]e lastpossbiility is of great interestsince, as Tigler hus noticed, in u Ietterdatcd July30, 1465 Francesco Filelfointrocluced Filareteto his friendgeorgios Amoirulcios ut Constantinople,saying that Filaretehad an intentionto go there (forthe letter ef Filelfosee E. I.egrand:Cent-dix Iottres grecques de Itrangois Filelfe, Paris,1892, pp. 120.x-121). 17) I.azzareni-Mufioz, Filarete, p Cf. P. Foster : Per ildisegno dellospedalu di Mi]ano],ALF, pp. 1-w22 (hereafter cited as Foster,disegno). 18) Lazzaroni-Mufioz,Filarete,p ) C.M. Ady: A JIistoryof Milan under the Sfotza],London, 1907, pp. 62ff,and C.W. WestfalL:The Two Ideal Citiesof the Early Renaissance : Republiean and Ducal Thought in QuuttroeentoArchiteeturalTreutises (Ph.D. Tli.),1967, Columhia Uiiiv,, p ) Lazzaroni-Mufioz, Filarete, p Cf.Foster,discgno, p ) Luzzuroni-Mufioz,FiltLrete, lec.cit. The elearance of the bullclings on the site alloted to the hospitalis mentloned by Filaretehimself in the treatise: che gittato per terra molti casamenti, i quali stuti crano di signori passati, le quali alloru succedevano a qucsto Signore, il quale volle che tutte fussono gittate per terra u spiallato c donato ilsito e ancora quclle ruine di quelli casamenti, eioe pictrc, ferramenti e legume --(`e Many houses that had formerly belonged to nobles and hnd now succecdcd to my lord were torn dewn. He wanted all of tl]em torn down and Ieveled, and the site and the rllins of these builclings,that is the stene, iron, and wood given to the hospital ), Bk. XI, fol.83r. The site was situated in the area between the city moat and the church of San Nazare in Brolo and, accerding to the descriptionof Filareteit was in the form of arectangle of 400 braccia(ca. 235m) by 160 braccia (ca,94m) devided into three parts (Blc.XI,fol.79r). Cf. Finoli-Grassi,Trattato, p. 299, n ) Lazzaroni-Mufioz,Filarete, p, 185. CE.Foster,disegno, p ) Lazzaroni-Mufioz,Filarete, p ) Archivio dcllospedalemaggiore, libromastro 1459, fol.3v. The writer has not yet seen this important docu- cl104g?mne.n2ti)rs fa,ras tke Writer l{nows, was mentioned for the firsttime by spengcr (spencer, l;en:issfhpe. Z5) Spencer, Documents, p lui, 26) knpostomi questo, chio dovessi fare uno disegno,in prirna mi domand6 sio nvevo veduto quello di Firenze e que]lo di Siena, e se io mi ricerdavo come stavano. Dissi che sl. Volle vedere uno certo cong.etto del fondamento,e io cosl lineute come uneglio mi ticordavo glio ne disegnai une corne quello di Firenze. Pur parendo a luinon esserc sl idonioeome luiarebbe veluto e ancora pur vantaggiare gli altri, stava pure Io sospeso. avevo notato il sito e anche ilbisognu;dissi che ne fareiuno eome a me pareva fusse conveniente al bisogllo di quello edifizlo per che si faceva ; e faceendolui gran caso dellacomoditti e nettamento degli destri (Blc. M, fo l.79r). 27) Bk. XI, fol.83v. 28) ibid. - 29) Cudex lalhtinus, Florance, Trattato, p Na.tionalLibrary, E.B. 15.7, fol, 118r. Sue the critical note in Finoli-Grassi, 3e) EstrattidelCodice di Antonio Averlino arehitette fierentinoesistente in originale presso la nobile casu Trivulzio di Milano, Milan, Archiyio acllospedalemaggiore. See the critical note in Finoli-Grassi, Trattate, p ) P. Tigler:ap. cit,, pp. 8-v13. Cf. Finoli-Grassi,Trattato, [introduzione and `nota al testo, CVII-CXXIX. 32) Copied by A.M. Finoli and L. Grassi. See Finoli-Grassi, p. 321, n. 1. Cf. Spencer, Treatise, p. 145, n. 21, Epigraphs of the hospital,including this one, were published for the fitsttimein P. Pecchiai:Guida delli- Ospedale Muggiore di Milano e degliistitutianncssi, Milan, 1926, pp ) Archivio dcl]ospedalemaggiore, Iibromastre 1459, ioi.185v. The writer hus not yet seen the decument. Cf. Spencer, Treatise, p. 145, n. 21, 34) W,v.Oettingen: `Uber das I.eben ttnd die Werke des Antonio Averlino genannt Filarete,T.eipzig,1888, pp, ) Spencer, Treatise, p. 145, n. 2]. 36) JoannesJacobusGilinus,Ia Antiquur, Arx erat hic quondam clomusest ubi & hospitavirgofqua : dutu pauperibus munera cttncta vides (End) Fundationis hospitalis inagni Mediolani itereformatiollis morem ariorum xenodechioru e annexorurn -, Milan, 1508 (British Library, 701. f. 1. (1)). This untitled pamphlet of GMno was pub]ished 1]othin Italianand in Ltttineditions at the sume time, of which the Italiu]edition was republislied by Splnelli. See S. Splnelli: Fundatio Magni HospitalisMediolani, `LOspedale Maggiore, XXIV C1936)ṇn. 8, 9, 10. Cf. Finoli-Grassi, Lrattato, p. 298, n

8 Architectural Arohiteotural Institute エ of Japan 37 ) Archivio delpospedalemaggiore,diplomi Sforzeschi, no.22.cf,spencer,treatise,p.145,n.21 and Fineli. Grassi,Truttato,p.298,n > P.T 三 gler : op.cit.,p ) Eper dirlobrevemente,6questo luogotantoben fattoed ordimato,ch 巳 per simile non credo che ne sia un altro in tutta Europa n (Vasari,Le vite, Antonio Filaretee Simone,Ed.by G.Milanesi.p.456, Trans 工. by G.De Vere ). U D,C : ( F ) 1. 1 本建築学会論文報告集第 280 号 目 H 和 54 年. 6 月 アントニオ アヴェルリーノ フィラレーテのオスペダーレ マッジョーレに関する序論的考察 ( 梗概 ) 正会員日高健 一 * 郎 フィラレーテは 1451 年建築家としてミラノのフラン チェスコ スフォルツァの宮廷へ入った ミラノでの彼 の年譜にはロンバルディアの地方的伝統を岡守していた 石工達と彼との対立がよくあらわれている この小論で は, オスペダーレ マッジョーレの理解の前提としてそ の建設に先立つ前史を老察する 新病院の建設計画は 1446 年にさかのぼるが, フィラ レーテがミラノに到着するまでの計画は抽象的な行政一ヒ の構想にとどまっていた 彼のミラノ到着後の史料を整 理すると, 次の諸点にまとめることができる 1 ) 1451 年以降 1455 年までの 5 年間は病院の計画に 関する史料が見あたらない 2 ) 1456 年 4 月に病院の建設予定地が選定され, 同 年 5 月には教皇から建設許可がおりる 3 ) 1456 年 6 月にフィラレーテとサンタンブロージ * 日本学術振興会奨励研究員 ( 昭和 53 年 9 月 30 日本稿受理 討論期限昭和 54 年 9 月末日 ) ヨはフィレンッ = とシエナ両市の病院を研究するた め, 両都市へ赴く 4) 1457 年 2 月 1 目に, フィラレ F 一テはオスペダー レ マッジョーレの建築家としてはじめての給料を 受けとる 5 ) マッリァベキァヌス写本では新病院の着工式は 1457 年 4 月 12 日である 6 ) スフォルツァ家に関係深い 3 つの史料, パラティ ヌス写本, トゥリヴルツィアヌス写本のコピー, 病 院内にあっ している た石板は. 着工式を 1456 年 4 月 12 日と 各史料の信頼度はほぼ同等と思われ, 上記の各点が矛 盾なく両立しうる解釈として, 1456 年に建築家の変更 を伴う設計変更があったことを仮定するのが自然であ り, その過程でフィラレーテの新しい病院計画が生まれ たと考えることができる 一 178 一 NII-Electronic N 工工一 Eleotronio Library Service