Development of Risk-Based Standardized WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) for Quality Planning of Road Construction Project

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1 vlopmnt of Risk-Basd Standardizd WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) for Quality Planning of Road Construction Projct Rahmanita Ayu Amini Magistr Program Studnt of Projct Managmnt partmnt of Civil nginring Univrsitas Indonsia Yusuf Latif Profssor partmnt of Civil nginring Univrsitas Indonsia Abstract Provision of roads provids accss for rural and marin communitis to halth, ducation, mploymnt and othr ncssary social srvics. A road construction projct with th WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) as a rsult of poor planning can affct th quality of th projct. WBS is vry important in th managmnt planning procss by turning it into phass, and work packags. Risk-basd WBS standardization is on that can b a rfrnc in road construction projcts to achiv projct quality. Th most dominant risk variabls wr chosn using qustionnairs and analyzd using SPSS (Packag Statistics for Social Scincs) thn addd to th WBS arrangmnt in ordr to obtain rsults that wr accurat rsults. Kywords Quality, Risk, WBS, Road Construction 1. Introduction stablishing a work brakdown structur known as th Work Brakdown Structur (WBS) is takn as a fundamntal task by profssionals and rsarchrs in projct managmnt (chvrry t al., 1991). Th WBS can thn b stablishd to align th appropriat workflow, matrial flow, and cash flows for dtaild planning in th construction schdul (chvrry t al., 1991). Th WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) is th starting point of a projct planning, implmntation and control (Globrson, 1994). It can b argud that WBS has an important rol in projct quality, making WBS an obligation in projct planning (Burghat, Burghat, & Burghat, 2015). Th fficint work brakdown structur (WBS) has provn to b vry important in th projct managmnt planning procss by turning it into stags, and work packags (Burghat, Burghat, & Burghat, 2015). In squnc, it can positivly impact othr projct managmnt procsss, such as activity dfinition, projct schdul, risk analysis and rspons, control tools or projct organization (Burghat, Burghat, & Burghat, 2015). In th projct, rgardlss of how wll thy plan and carry out thir work, projct componnt failurs can occur, oftn du to poor WBS (Burghat, Burghat, & Burghat, 2015). A poor WBS construction can lad to advrs projcts such as mssy work, frqunt scop, budgt ovrruns, dadlins and problmatic procurmnt (Burghat, Burghat, & Burghat, 2015). Th standardization of WBS in Indonsia is an important thing that can b a rfrnc in th construction of sustainabl road construction in ordr to obtain th quality of a projct (Irdmoosa, indarloo, & Sharifzadh, 2015). Just fw rsarch has bn publishd on th mthodology or tools that can dvlop WBS to b appropriat for a projct, and limitd to crtain construction aras such as apartmnt building construction and boilr manufacturing (Irdmoosa, indarloo, & Sharifzadh, 2015). 2593

2 Basd on svral studis such as Wong and Norman (1997), Mahamid (2013), Manavazhi and Adhikari (2002) and Chng (2014) dscrib prformanc masurs such as quality, cost and timing of road projcts, govrnd by various factors. Th rsarchrs idntifid many causs that affct th prformanc of a road projct. Th lack of matrial planning obsrvd bcoms on of th main causs of cost and tim ovrruns in road construction projcts. awood and Castro (2009) addd to gain fficincy gains, building projcts on tim and within budgt, mor innovativ tools and tchniqus ar ndd to hlp projct managrs plan and manag road dvlopmnt projcts. A study by Hggi (2004), says that dvlopd countris spnd about 1.2% -2.5% of thir gross domstic product for road construction projcts. Amoaty and Ankrah (2016) addd th nd for sustainabl road maintnanc is vry important, spcially with rgard to road safty and conomic dvlopmnt. Whil th timing of th implmntation of maintnanc activitis is vry important, bcaus it can significantly affct th ovrall ntwork lif cycl costs. (Amoaty & Ankrah, 2016). Th Battainh (1999) study also valuatd projct progrss rports from 164 buildings and 28 highways built during th priod in Jordan. Th study found that th dlay was th avrag ratio of th actual compltion tim to th plannd contract duration of 160% for th road construction projct and 120% for th building projct (Mahamid, 2011). Projct managrs nd mthods or tools that can hlp larn, compar, and stratgiz projct implmntation (awood & Castro, 2009). Thrfor, th nd for rsarch on th dvlopmnt of WBS standards for th quality planning of risk-basd road construction projcts. Th dvlopmnt of WBS standards on construction projcts has bn don prviously in svral studis such as WBS for land work (Li & Lu, 2016), WBS for undrground projcts (Irdmoosa, indarloo, & Sharifzadh, 2015), WBS and its implmntation in 3 or softwar (Wain (2013); Hans (2013); Moin (2013)) and WBS on ral stat projcts (Li-Su, 2012).. In addition, WBS linkags in projct planning calculations ar discussd in th rsarch of cost stimation mthods basd on WBS (Squira & Lops, 2015); Khra t all (2013); Squira & Lops (2015)), WBS in improving projct prformanc (Ponticlli, O'Brin, & Lit, 2015), WBS against schdul (Polonski, 2015), and WBS on planning changs (Lai S.-T., 2014). Th dvlopmnt of WBS standards for construction projcts is not yt availabl, spcially for road construction projcts. WBS standardization spcially in Indonsia is important and can b a rfrnc in sustainabl road construction dvlopmnt in ordr to obtain th quality of a projct (Irdmoosa, indarloo, & Sharifzadh, 2015). Littl rsarch has bn publishd on mthodologis or tools that can dvlop WBS to b appropriat for a projct, and vry limitd to crtain construction aras such as apartmnt building construction and boilr manufacturing (Irdmoosa, indarloo, & Sharifzadh, 2015). 2. Litratur Rviw 2.1 Work Brakdown Structur (WBS) WBS is stablishd with th objctiv of aligning th appropriat workflow, matrial flow, and cash flows for dtaild planning in construction schduls (chvrry t al., 1991). Th WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) is th starting point of a projct planning, implmntation and control (Globrson, 1994). Th complxity of th projct can b brokn down by using basic tools and transforming into a hirarchical lvl of componnts and mor dtaild work to b mor managabl (Lmann, 2002). A chart or WBS diagram according to Roswidiyastuti (2009), is a concrt form dscribing a projct with th top-down mthod approach shown in th projct structur and how th projct is brokn down into th downward dcomposition form, which is dividd into: Summary (phas) By stting th objctivs and objctivs of th projct, ach phas rgulats th major dlivrabls to th ovrall phas of th projct plan. Task lvl (dtails) Gnrally can produc job products (Australian Catholic National, 2008) Thr ar 2 (two) WBS formats that can b usd, namly tabl format and graph format (Rianty, WBS Standard vlopmnt (Work Brakdown Structur) for Quality Planning of High Risk Basd Building Architctur Works, 2016). Th first form of WBS can b dscribd as a tabl numbrd in primary and scondary lvls. In graphic form, WBS is cratd in th form of drawing so that it compils and producs tr diagrams. Th tabl format dscribs th rgular and organizd WBS tabls, making it th right choic for organizations that choos this format, th form dscribs a txt-lik hirarchical structur (Zchru & Olaru, 2016). For a lvling systm, at lvl 1 it contains only th final projct and objctiv and th product. At this lvl should idntify dirctly on th lmnts of th budgt classification structur and th company rport. Th WBS structur is 2594

3 from a lif-cycl prspctiv whr ach of th highst lvls ovrall in th WBS corrsponds to th major phas of th projct's lif cycl. For xampl dfinition, dsign, tsting, and procurmnt. Thn lvl 2 Contains a major product sgmnt or subsction that is dfind at th WBS dstination and WBS procss starting from idntifying and dfining all th dlivrabls rquird to gnrat compltnss for ach phas of th projct. It starts with high lvl outcoms and must b achivd by crating a usr intrfac. Lvl 3 outlins all dlivrabls into highr activity. Contains a componnt dfinition of a subsystm or subsystm of a major sgmnt lvl two. Think about what it dos to complt th dlivrabls by knowing th usr's wishs, prforming a prototyp usr intrfac and tsting th usr intrfac to us. Lvl 4 is th dcomposition of th nxt activity into th smallst part and th lowst lvl. And lvl 5 is brokn down to th nxt lvl (lvl n) to gt th dsird lvl brakdown. 2.2 Risk Idntification for Quality Prformanc Risk is an uncrtain vnt, has ngativ and positiv impacts and ffcts on th projct objctivs and targts (Projct Managmnt Institut, 2013). According to Australia Standard Risk Managmnt (1999), risk managmnt is an itrativ procss consisting of wll-dfind masurs and if xcutd in squnc, will support bttr dcision-making. Quality planning dals with th quality conditions rquird for ach work packag (Nicholas, 2004). Thrfor, according to Rianty (2017) to b abl to idntify th risk that is by catgorizing WBS starting from work packag, mthod or dsign, activity, matrial rsourcs, tools, and labor as risk catgory or vnt of risk that can influnc th purpos, that is prformanc quality of road construction projcts. According to Suanda (2016), projct quality is a projct lmnt that is sn and flt by all partis in th projct, both intrnal and xtrnal. Th quality of a good projct is closly rlatd to th brand imag of th organization. This charactristic can mak th quality paramtrs to b managd as bst as possibl in projct managmnt. Managing projct quality is a focus-on managmnt procss rathr than a rsult. This is bcaus th quality of th good rsults is only gnratd by th procss of managing th good quality sinc th bginning of th projct. 3. Mthodology RSARCH QUSTION Variabl X Variabl Y Rsarch Stratgy Instrumnt ata Tabl 1. Rsarch Mtodhology RQ 1 RQ 2 RQ 3 RQ 4 RQ 5 RQ 6 How is WBS for th Currnt Road Works? WBS road construction projct Archiv What ar th implmntati on mthods of ach road work packag? Mthod of implmntati on Archiv What ar th activitis of ach mthod of implmnting ach work path packag? What ar th rquird rsourcs of ach activity basd on th mthod of implmnting ach road work packag? What ar th risk factors that com from th rsourcs that affct th prformanc of ach work packag? Job activitis Job rsourcs Job risk factors Archiv How to dvlop riskbasd WBS usd to plan quality? WBS standards ar risk-basd for road works Quality of Road Construction Projct Archiv Archiv Cas Study, Survy, Pilot Survy,,Par to 2595

4 Rspondnt, Risk Aftr RQ 1 to RQ 4 is answrd, to answr RQ 5 validation of th rsults of th prparation of critria rlatd to th quality of th road construction projct as wll as idntify th risks of th activitis that affct th quality prformanc of th projct by conducting intrviws and in-dpth discussions with xprts. Th purpos of doing this stag is to choos which variabls ar most appropriat and ffctiv, by adding or rducing th variabls put forward to th xprt. At this stag th xprt will rspond to th construct and contnt on th qustionnair so that latr th qustionnair can b undrstood by th rspondnt. Thn th pilot survy conductd to dtrmin whthr th qustionnair mad difficult to undrstand rspondnts. Rspondnt qustionnairs wr usd to obtain th dominant and most influntial risk vnts on th quality prformanc of road construction projcts. ata obtaind rspondnts ar procssd using SPSS vrsion 24 to tst th validity and raliabilitas. Thn aftr obtaining a dominant risk vnt, th risk variabls ar r-analyzd to produc a risk rspons in th form of prvntiv action, impact, and corrctiv action. In RQ6, th risk rspons is intgratd with th dominant work of Parto analysis. 4. Rsults and iscussion ata collction as a rfrnc of WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) in this study basd on th spcifications of th Bina Marga (irctorat Gnral of Highways) and BPJT (Toll Road Rgulatory Agncy) as th main rfrnc in th prparation in Indonsia. Th compilation of th WBS can produc 4 (four) lvls with 9 (nin) divisions. Th arrangmnt is thn r-analyzd with BQ (Bill of Quantity) basd on 27 succssful projcts to b dtaild for lvl 6 at th smallst lvl or rsourc. For lvls 1 to 4 ar th WBS composition of road construction projcts to dat, whil lvls 5 and 6 ar additional lvls as a contractor or projct managr rfrnc in projct planning to th smallst lvl, i rsourcs. Tabl 2. Comparison of Spcifications WBS vlopmnt BPJT Bina Marga ivision 1 - Prparatory Work Includs division: 1 (Gnral), 2 Includs division: 1 (Gnral) (Claning th Workplac), 3 (molition), and 15 (Transfr and Protction of xisting quipmnt) ivision 2 - rainag Includs division: 6 (rainag) Includs division: 2 (rainag) ivision 3 - Land Work Includs division: 4 (Land Works), 5 (Cut of Structur), and 7 (Prparation Includs division: 3 (Land Work) of Ground) ivision 4 - Widning of Pavmnt and Roadsid Includs division: 4 (Widning of Pavmnt and Shouldrs) ivision 5 - Bulking Hardning and Concrt Pavmnt Pavmnt Includs division: 8 (Aggrgat Bas) Includs division: 5 (Bulking Hardning and Concrt Pavmnt Pavmnt) ivision 6 - Asphalt Pavmnt Includs division: 9 (Pavmnt) Includs division: 6 (Asphalt ivision 7 - Structur (only for bridg projct) ivision 8 - Toll Srvic Facility ivision 9 - Rfund Conditions and Minor Works Includs division: 10 (Concrt Structurs), and 11 (Structural Stl Works) Includs division: 13 (Lighting, Traffic Light, and lctrical Work), 14 (Plaza Tol), and 16 (Offic and Toll Facilitis) Includs division: 12 (Othr Jobs), and 17 (aily Jobs) Pavmnt) Includs division: 7 (Structur) Includs division: 8 (Rfund of Conditions and Minor Works), 2596

5 9 (aily Jobs), and 10 (Routin Maintnanc Works) Risk vnts on initial xprt validation of 5 xprt popl rsultd in 45 variabls. Th variabls ar thn distributd to 30 rspondnts, and r-validation by th final xprt as many as 5 popl to produc a dominant variabl judging by th frquncy (F) and impact (I). Tabl 3. Risk Rangking Risk Variabls That Affct Projct Quality MAN Prformanc F MAN I RISK SCOR RISK LVL RISK RANK X12 Changs in th condition of th matrial sourc to High 5 th projct sit X13 Matrial quality dos not match job planning Modrat 20 spcifications X16 Bad tool condition High 3 X19 Th productivity of th plannd quipmnt is not as Modrat 29 ndd X27 Fals prcption in rading of shop drawing High 1 X37 Th quality of th workforc is not as plannd High 6 X45 Natural disastrs High 4 Tabl 4. Risk Rspons Catgory Risk Variabls Caus Prvntiv Action Rsourcs: Matrials Rsourcs: quipmnt Rsourcs: Labor X12 Changs in th condition of th matrial sourc to th projct sit X13 Matrial quality dos not match job planning spcifications X16 Bad tool condition X19 Th productivity of th plannd quipmnt is not as ndd X27 Fals prcption in rading of shop drawing Storag systms in storag ar too old and not sufficint Thr is no chck or quality plan in th purchas or supply of matrials for xampl in doing jobmix formula Maintnanc or maintnanc along with poor spar part managmnt Lack of training and qualification of workrs Storag planning in th storag ara, and matrial mobilization nd attntion. Quality plan nds to b wll plannd and must b implmntd A tst or quipmnt tst is rquird bfor purchasing or lasing Nd to b maintaind quipmnt and spar parts Thr is clar planning on th quality of th projct with th rsults of th work Impact Th quality of road construction matrials dos not match th plannd spcifications Asphalt product or othr matrial is not maximal Road construction projcts ar not in lin with othr dsigns and plans Corrctiv Action Prform a job mix formula tailord to th availabl matrial Th xistnc of quality control along with survillanc rports to b in th matrial condition data priodically Using rplacmnt tools or othr spar parts ar availabl and can mt th projct quality targts Th xistnc of control and valuation of human rsourcs according to th scop and its changs 2597

6 Catgory Risk Variabls Caus Prvntiv Action X37 Th quality of th workforc is not as plannd nvironmnt X45 Natural disastrs Th xistnc of dsign changs or th scop of work so that labor nds to b conditiond Changs in arth's structur and climat Conduct rgular training planning, and slct a comptnt workforc. Planning contract clauss about th occurrnc of disastrs or climat chang in cas of rwork. Impact Th quality of work by workrs is not maximal Matrial or othr work that has bn don is disruptd quality Corrctiv Action It is ncssary to st a schdul for r-working hours and th scop of work is ranalyzd if th numbr of workrs is lss Rviw rschduld work according to climat or wathr forcast by a trustd climatic body Aftr WBS has bn validatd, Parto shall b conductd. According to Suanda (2016), Parto is on way of knowing th vital sourc that causs most of th projct quality issus. Th BQ data slctd for parto analysis is th Toll Road 6, du to th complt BQ and th toll road projct. Basd on th Parto analysis of th 6-sgmnt toll road projct, th most significant job on th projct cost is th asphalt pavmnt. Asphalt pavmnt bcoms vry important to obsrv its quality prformanc in ordr to avoid cost ovrrun or lat schdul. Thrfor, asphalt pavmnt is usd as a basis in dvloping WBS with corrctiv and prvntiv masurs that hav bn sortd. Tabl 5. Risk Catgory CO RISK RSPONS CATGORY PRVNTIV ACTION TP1 Storag planning in th storag ara, and matrial mobilization nd attntion. TP2 Quality plan nds to b wll plannd and must b implmntd TP3 A tst or quipmnt tst is rquird bfor purchasing or lasing TP4 Nd to b maintaind quipmnt and spar parts TP5 Thr is clar planning on th quality of th projct with th rsults of th work TP6 Conduct rgular training planning, and slct a comptnt workforc. TP7 Planning contract clauss about th occurrnc of disastrs or climat chang in cas of rwork. CORRCTIV ACTION TK1 Prform a job mix formula tailord to th availabl matrial TK2 Th xistnc of quality control along with survillanc rports to b in th matrial condition data priodically TK3 Using rplacmnt tools or othr spar parts ar availabl and can mt th projct quality targts TK4 Th xistnc of control and valuation of human rsourcs according to th scop and its changs Catgory 1. Additional managmnt (to manag projcts basd on th govrnanc or systm of a projct organization) 2. Othr WBS additions (othr than asphalt pavmnt work) 3. Additional WBS rlatd (asphalt pavmnt work) 4.Additional job rquirmnts (containd in work instructions or contracts with th aim of controlling th work through th stablishd policy) 5. Affcts WBS cofficints (rlatd to wast matrial, matrial composition, tool 2598

7 CO RISK RSPONS CATGORY TK5 It is ncssary to st a schdul for r-working hours and th scop of work is r-analyzd if th numbr of workrs is lss TK6 Rviw r-schduld work according to climat or wathr forcast by a trustd climatic body capacity, and workr productivity) 5. Conclusion and Rcomndation Th dvlopmnt of WBS basd on risk in th prvious tabl uss th variabls with catgory 2 (Othr WBS additions) i TP3, TP4 and Catgory 3 (Additional WBS rlatd) cod TK1 bcaus th rsult is ntrd into catgory 2. For TP3 and TP4 aftr validatd by xprts, form a variabl in th dvlopmnt of WBS into "Tool Productivity Control" locatd in th clustr of work prsiapan, at lvl 4. Whil TK1 form variabl "Job Mix Tsting" for th clump asphalt pavmnt work on lvl 5. u to spac limitations, hr is th mapping: Tabl 6. WBS of Road Construction Projct WBS LVL 1 WBS LVL 2 WBS LVL 3 WBS LVL 4 C O PROJCT NAM C O SCOP OF CO TYP OF CO PACKAG Road Construction Projct 1 Prparatory Work 1.1 Mobilization & mobilization 1.2 Fild Offic and Facilitis 1.3 Managmnt and Traffic Safty 1.4 Fild Tchnical Rviw 1.5 nvironmntal Scurity 1.6 Rlocat xisting Utility 1.7 Occupational Halth and Safty Mobilization Program mobilization Program Offic of Srvic Providr and Facilitis Srvic Workshop and Warhous Offics and Accommodations for th irctors Managmnt Plan and Traffic Safty scription of Tmporary Minimum Road quipmnt Tmporary Road or Bridg Works Maintnanc for Traffic Safty Fild Survy Work for sign Rviw Routin Implmntation Survy Work trminantion of Masurmnt Point Fild nginring xprt nvironmntal Managmnt fforts Utility Rlocation Work and xisting Srvics K3 Construction Managmnt Systm 2599

8 WBS LVL 1 WBS LVL 2 WBS LVL 3 WBS LVL 4 C PROJCT C SCOP OF CO TYP OF CO PACKAG O NAM O K3 Fild Offic and Facilitis Risk Managmnt 1.8 Soil Tsting Tst Charactristics 1.9 Quality Managmnt 2 rainag 2.1 Support rainag (Out of Bridg Construction) Projct Quality Assuranc & Quality Plan Quality Control of Matrials & Products Tsting for Compltion Tool Productivity Control Swrs and Watrways rainag of Ston & Mortar Pairs Concrt Prcast rainag Concrt Cast Insitu rainag Porous rainag Culvrt Pips and Culvrt Boxs 3 Land Work 3.1 Land claring Claning, Pling And Cutting Trs 3.2 xcavation xcavation Ston xcavation Ston xcavation Pavmnt Pavd xcavation Concrt Pavmnt xcavation Structur xcavation 3.3 Pil umps Back Hap From th Outsid (Borrow Ara) 4 Widning of Pavmnt and Roadsid 5 Bulking Hardning and Concrt Pavmnt 3.4 Land Improvmnt 4.1 Widning Pavmnt Work Gotxtil Works Vacuum Consolidation Mthod (VCM) Works ynamic Compaction (C) Widning of Asphalt Pavmnt Works Widning of Concrt Pavmnt Works 4.2 Roadsid Works Widning Roadsid Works 5.1 Gildd Pavmnt Aggrgat Bas 2600

9 WBS LVL 1 WBS LVL 2 WBS LVL 3 WBS LVL 4 C PROJCT C SCOP OF CO TYP OF CO PACKAG O NAM O Gildd Pavilion Without 6 Asphalt Pavmnt 7 Toll Srvic Facility 8 Work of Minor Working Condition Rfund 5.2 Concrt Pavmnt 6.1 Asphal Mixing Plant (AMP) 6.2 Non Asphal Mixing Plant (Non-AMP) Asphalt Covr Soil Cmnt Bas Aggrgat Cmnt Foundation Bas (CBT dan CTSB) Concrt Pavmnt Pavmnt Basic Asphalt Layr (Prim coat/ Tack coat) Job Mix Tsting Uppr Asphalt Macadam Pntration Layr On Layr Asphalt Lab (Burtu) Two Layr Asphalt Labls (Burda) 7.1 Plaza Tol Construction of Toll Gat 7.2 Offic and Toll Facilitis 8.1 Rfund of Minor Working Conditions 8.2 Routin Maintnanc Road & Bridg Toll Gat quipmnt Fild work Offic vlopmnt Rturn of xisting Pavmnt Condition Rturn of Shouldr Walk Conditions on Asphalt Pavmnt Rturn of Swr Conditions, Watr Channls, Galian, Stockpils and Rforstation Traffic quipmnt and Traffic Control Routin Pavmnt Maintnanc, Shouldrs, rainag, Road and bridg quipmnt This study rsultd in th standard arrangmnt of WBS dvlopmnt of a risk-basd road construction projct to improv quality prformanc. WBS that has bn catgorizd, thn is dtrmining th risk vnts that affct th quality prformanc. With th dominant work of parto analysis, Asphalt Pavmnt Work is thn usd as a basic for WBS dvlopmnt that gnrats a risk rspons and can b dvlopd into th WBS composition. If such a risk rspons is applid, incidnts or undsirabl things in achiving road projct quality prformanc can b prvntd or mitigatd. Th risk rspons is a guidlin for projct quality planning, job ovrsight to th smallst lvl and rcommndations 2601

10 for projct managrs in controlling othr prformanc such as tim and cost (Rianty, 2017). That way, th hypothsis proposd in this study has bn provn. Futur rsarch is xpctd: This study analyzs th BQ of road construction projcts in Indonsia, thn it would b bttr to analyz th archiv of road projcts not only from BQ. This rsarch only analyzd th archivs and sprad th qustionnair in Indonsia, thn it can b sprad widly not only in Indonsia. For futur, similar studis of road construction projcts improv othr prformanc such as tim and cost. WBS dvlopmnt This rsarch is risk-basd, for th futur can b dvlopd with othr things, such as softwar. Th WBS approach dvlopd using th parto mthod, thn th nxt rsarch can us anothr approach. Rfrncs Adhi Karya. Pdoman Tknik Plaksanaan Pkrjaan Jalan. Jakarta: Adhi Karya Asiyanto. Mtod Konstruksi Proyk Jalan. Jakarta: UI Prss Burghat, S., Burghat, M., & Burghat, N. Work Brakdown Structur: Simplifying Projct Managmnt. Intrnational Journal of Computing Tchnology, Volum 2, Issu 12, awood, N., & Castro, S. Automating road construction planning with a spcific-domain simulation systm. ITcon, Vol. 14 pg yshr, B. A Risk Basd Thinking Modl for ISO 9001: Hardiyatmo, H. C. Prancangan Prkrasan Jalan dan Pnylidikan Tanah. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Univrsity Prss Irdmoosa,. S., indarloo, S. R., & Sharifzadh, M. Work Brakdown Structur (WBS) vlopmnt for Undrground Construction. Automation in Construction, Mahamid, I. Risk matrix for factors affcting tim dlay in road construction projcts: ownrs prspctiv. mrald Group Publishing Limitd, Vol. 18 No Projct Managmnt Institut. (2006). Practic Standard for Work Brakdown Structurs-Scond dition. Projct Managmnt Institut. Projct Managmnt Body of Knowldg - Fifth dition. Pnnsylvania: Projct Managmnt Institut, Inc Rad, P. F. livrabl-orintd Work Brakdown Structur. AAC Intrnational Transactions, C21-C Rianty, M. vlopmnt of Risk-Basd Standardizd WBS (Work Brakdown Structur) for Quality Planning of High Ris Building Archotctural Works. Jawa Barat: Univrsitas Indonsia Sallis,. Total Quality Maanagmnt in ducation. Jogjakarta: IRCiSo Suanda, B. Advancd & ffctiv Projct Managmnt, Panduan Lngkap Bagi Praktisi Manajmn Proyk Profsional. Jakarta: PP Concstruction & Invstmnt Widman, R. Projct and Program Risk Managmnt Winn, M. T. Th Bnfits of Work Bakdown Structurs. Contract Managmnt, 47(5), Yin, R. K. Cas Study Rsarch : sign and Mthods. London: SAG Publication Zchru, V., & Olaru, G. Work Brakdown Structur (WBS) in Projct Managmnt. Rviw of Intrnational Comparativ Managmnt Volum 17, Issu 1, Zou, P. X., Zhang, G., & Wang, J. (2014). Idntifying Ky Risks in Construction Projcts: Lif Cycl and Stakholdr Prspctivs. Intrnational Journal of Construction Managmnt Fbruary Zwikal, O. Critical Planning Procsss in Construction Projcts. Contruction Innovation Vol 9 No 4, Biographis Rahmanita Ayu Amini is a studnt from Univrsitas Indonsia majoring Projct Managmnt, from partmnt of Civil nginring. Sh is also arnd Bachlor gr from Intrior sign from Sblas Mart Univrsity in Yusuf Latif is a Profssor at th Faculty of nginring, Univrsity of Indonsia. H tachs for Undrgraduat, Graduat and octoral Programs. H activly writs articls in national and intrnational journals with spcifications in th aras of Projct Managmnt and Construction. 2602