Role of Land Administration in Sustainable Development Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland

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1 Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Manohar VELPURI, India and Daniel STEUDLER, Switzerland Keywords: Cadastre; Land distribution; Land anageent; Sustainable developent; land ownership. Natural resources are any-fold, with land being the ost abundant and precious resource for ost societies. Less developed countries are attepting to catch up with ore developed countries in ters of econoic growth, which is very often linked with land developent. It however is observed that this developent is often intertwined with land grabbing of illions of hectares of agricultural land by richer corporations or even foreign governents. Controversial land deals could in the words of Jacques Diouf (Director-General Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 2008) create a for of "Neo colonialis" with poorer states producing the food for the richer at the expense of their own food security. It can be argued that with the help of political decisions there is an upsurge of the econoic pillar of sustainable developent at the expense of the social pillar, i.e. the loss of social equity in land rights. A good land adinistration syste based on the data and inforation about land ownership, land valuation, and land use fors can lead to better land anageent. This in turn can support or trigger a better respect of the three ain pillars of sustainable developent. In 999, the Bathurst Declaration identified and recognized the relevance of land adinistration to attain sustainable developent and its potential influence to dictate the relationship between huankind to land. The declaration concluded that sustainable developent needs sound land adinistration. In developing countries, there is the potential that land deals can be kept secret and there is a hidden uncertainty for local populations. This scenario could be blocked and the situation ade ore transparent with a well-defined cadastral syste. This paper tries to illustrate the innate linkage of the cadastral syste as a basis for land adinistration to support sustainable developent. Technical and institutional eleents will be put forward in how they can contribute to facilitate the process of data collection and aintenance, and hence can aid political decision-aking even in developing countries. A focussed approach that defines a ethodology of how developing countries can learn fro the developed world is put forth through a cross-country coparison of India and Switzerland. An ecosyste consists of coplex set of relationships aong the living resources, habitats, residents of an area. A consuate picture reveals that nature and huan being are the ain coponents of any ecosyste. While an has the potential capability to create instability in nature s balance, Nature has the innate ability to exhibit hoeostasis to attain equilibriu. However there exists a threshold at which the balance tips causing peranent changes to entire syste. It is in this context of aintaining hoeostatic balance of nature the concept of Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland /6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

2 sustainable developent (SD) becoes significant. Resources that are linked to nature are any fold- land is the ost abundant natural resource next to water resource. Land Adinistration (defined by the UN/ECE as the process of deterining, recording and disseinating inforation about ownership, value and use of land, when ipleenting land anageent policies) (UN, 996) includes processes of land registration, cadastre, valuation and land inventory. Every country in the world pursues these activities in one for or another (UN, 200). Land adinistration or proper land anageent practices dictates the rate at which ankind can bring sustainable developent in the world. The relationship between property rights, sustainable developent and environental anageent has been clearly enunciated in the 992 World Developent Report titled "Developent and the Environent" (World Bank, 992). First it establishes the relationship between environental anageent and developent: "The protection of the environent is an essential part of developent. Without adequate environental protection, developent is underined; without developent, resources will be inadequate for needed investents, and environental protection will fail." It is in this context that this paper attepts to show the role of land adinistration in bringing sustainable developent fro a technological perspective by coparing cadastral systes fro two different regions of the world viz India and Switzerland. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 2/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

3 Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Manohar VELPURI, India and Daniel STEUDLER, Switzerland. THE PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT G.H Brundtland (987) in Our coon future: The world coission on environent and developent defines sustainable developent as the developent that eets the needs of the present without coproising the ability of the future generations to eet their own needs. Sustainable developent (SD) today, has an expanded definition and scope. Sustainable developent is the developent to reach equilibriu in between poor and rich, between current and future generations, between huankind and nature without coproising the cultural, social and biological diversity. To attain such equilibriu in developent involves a trade-off and a close interaction between the econoic, social, environental spheres- the three pillars of sustainability. Evolving consensus believes it is absurd to think such a balance is possible to be ade existent aong the three pillars. A new addition to the pillars is the technology perspective (see Figure 2) as the fourth pillar to attain sustainability. Maintenance of proper land records are of utost iportance so that people know of their ownership and proprietary rights. The land adinistration with the help of technology can ake assignent of property rights ore judiciously in a way that bridges the gap between rich and poor.traditional approaches to land adinistration result in design and ipleentation projects that take a long tie, even such that land laws are adapted in order to provide for ore siple procedures (Oput, 2004). Technology is a ajor facilitating factor for speeding up processes, as was shown in the ass valuation for land taxation in the whole Russian Federation in 4 years, heavily supported by IT (Overchuk, 2002). What is to be sustained FOR HOW LONG What is to be sustained 25 Years now and in Future Nature Forever People Earth Child survivial Bio diversity Life expectancy Ecosystes Education Equity Equal oppurtunity liveability Life support Ecosyste services LINKED BY Econoy Resources(Land) Only Wealth Environent(land) Mostly Productive sectors But Consuption And Property rights Or Qualitative growth Cultures Society Cultures Institutions Groups Social capital Places States Regions Figure : Three pillars of sustainability and their interaction (von Stokar and Steineann, 2004) Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 3/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

4 Technology driven Cadastral Systes Figure 2: Excerpts of socio-philosophical perspective of sustainable developent (Roger, 2008). 2. SIGNIFICANCE OF CADASTRAL SYSTEMS AND ITS LINKAGES TO PRO- MOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT In 999, the Bathurst declaration identified the iportance of land adinistration to attain sustainable developent. It concluded that (Figure 4) sustainable developent needs sound land adinistration. It is the key driver influencing the relationship Huankind to Land. Exploitation of natural resources can be reduced if the individuals bear the full cost of environental degradation. This is facilitated by the presence of good cadastral systes as the later facilitates perfect enforceent of property rights on natural resources and hence regulates the usage of resources by the individual. A clear legal title can help the owners either public or private to prevent over usage of land. A cadastre is thus an essential part of the legal, regulatory and institutional infrastructure which supports secure property rights in land. Figure 3: Cadastral systes and link to SD (Steudler, 2008). Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 4/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

5 As shown in (Figure 3) the paraeters like land ownership, land valuation, land use for the basis for land adinistration, land anageent and finally to SD. A good land adinistration based on the data and inforation on the paraeters already defined could lead to good land anageent which triggers the results towards sustainable developent addressing the three ain pillars of sustainable developent. A point of addition to this interdependent process is the technology pillar, which facilitates the process of data collectionon all the three paraeters and decision aking be it political or individual process of decision aking. 3. COUNTRY CASE: ASIA WITH SPECIFIC FOCUS ON INDIA Figure 4: Bathurst declaration (Williason, 2008) India is geographically located in the south-asia between 8' 4' and 37 6' North latitude and 68 7' and 97 25' East longitude. The geographical extent of India is 324 k fro North to South and 2933 k fro East to West with a total land area of 3,287,263 sq k. It has a land frontier of 5,200 k (9,445 i) and a coastline of 7,57 k (4,67 i). The physical topography of India is highly diverse and is divided into seven physiographic regions. They are northern ountains including the Hialayas, which includes the Kuen Lun and the Karakora ranges and the northeast ountain ranges, Indo-Gangetic plains, Thar Desert, Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau, East Coast, West Coast, Bordering seas and islands. This variation in the physical topography of land and suppleented by the cause that only 35% of groundwater resources are being utilised led to an enorous stress in the distribution of land-resources aongst this huge Population. Although India ranks seventh in the world area-wise, the country bears 6% of world population on approxiately 2% of the world s land resources. This scarcity in land resource suppleented by inheritance of the western European ethod of allocation of land resulted in quite a large nuber of differences in ethodology of advocating the land adinistration syste. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 5/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

6 4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE The priority areas that eerging India faces today are big challenges to sustainable developent and involve: Urban Issues Manageent, Cliate Change Ipacts, Energy-Environent Interfaces, Environental Conservation, Natural Resource Manageent, Environental Restoration in a globalizing world, last but not the least population. With challenges being so diversified, achieving sustainability is ore than just difficult. Sustainability as a concept in India is uch older than the Brundtland report. Under the patronage of the late Prie Minister Ms. Indira Gandhi in the Stockhol conference 972, it was for the first tie identified that poverty is the greatest threat to environent. It was argued that...poverty and a degraded environent are closely inter-related, especially where people depend for their livelihoods priarily on the natural resource base of their iediate environent. Restoring natural systes and iproving natural resource anageent practices at the grassroots level are central to a strategy to eliinate poverty (sunanda, 2002). However until recent ties it is acclaied in general that sustainable developent is synonyous to environental protection. It sees to be a cobination of the western oriented definitions cobined with a ore spiritual approach. It won`t be incorrect to say that the South Asian Model for sustainability is very uch philosophical and lays great stress on the individual. It is based on the notion of becoing a good huan being. Once a person becoes a good huan being, it can be assued that he will not cause any har to the environent and other people till the tie he is in his senses. Sustainability in India attepts to incorporate the sustainability diensions of econoy, environent and society in the syste of values governing a huan being (Nitin, 2005). 5. CADASTRAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE IN LAND ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA The Cadastre is a parcel-based and up-to-date land inforation syste, consisting of: i. a record of rights on ownership in land; and ii. a graphical representation (plan or ap) of the land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the rights or interests in the respective land parcels. Historical outline of cadastral syste India inherited any practices and conventions in the adinistration syste fro the colonial rulers. Out of the various colonial legacies that were inherited, one such legacy is land surveying ethodology. British-colonial rule established the Survey of India in 767, initiated land surveys with a sole-purpose to bring ease in the collection of land revenues fro estates throughout the country. This centralised approach of land-surveying was decentralised in 904, with states being ade solely responsible to cadastral surveying. The states evolved their own legal syste of surveys and the Survey of India confined itself only to the transfer of technology to aid cadastral surveying. Fro then the cadastre is aintained by the state governent. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 6/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

7 Institutional fraework The institutional frae work associated with the cadastral surveys in India ainly involvegovernental organisations both at national and state levels, technological institutions like NRSA, IITs, International Institute of Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), The Netherland-for surveying and apping thereby assisting the state governent to build Land inforation systes and geographical inforation systes, Universities through for of training and bachelor courses on surveying to students of civil engineering and soe private sector organisations to generate GIS/LIS data. The Institute of Surveyors is a ajor association in India having Institutional ebers in the field of surveying and apping. Union Rural Developent Ministry of India at the national level is the inistry responsible for National Land Records Modernization Prograe (NRLMP). Current status of Cadastral systes in India India s cadastral aps don t follow any pre-defined scale or datu. Alost all the areas (states and union territories) with in India uses sae graphical representation for cadastral aps and apping is being perfored by the national body called the Survey of India in different scales depending on the basis of deand. Periodical cadastral surveys are organised by the state governent while district authorities are responsible for aintenance of land records, assessent and collection of land tax. Each district is further divided into sall tahsils (under the responsibility of Tahsildars who arbitrate land disputes), and each tahsils is further divided in andals, villages. Further on, villages are divided in agricultural lands and classified in plots. Plot is the basic unit of cadastral record in India and the registration of plot is done on the nae of the owner who decides plot boundaries. Land records coprise of cadastral aps and survey, recording of cadastral inforation, docuents on land evaluation and planning. Econoic Planning in India is done every five years and it was identified that for the first tie that planning focussed on land refors during the second five year plan. Rural developent progras are closely tied to land refors and it was advocated in any plans that a proper land record is a necessity for realisation of land refors at the ground level. During the 7th five-year-plan it was decided that the land records for the base for all land refors easures and, therefore, regular periodical updating of land records is essential in all states. This will necessarily have to include scientific survey of uneasured land and recording of rights of tenants and share-croppers which have reained unrecorded until now. With India fast catching up towards calling itself a developed country, accurate inforation of the land and natural resources in the land requires spatial data infrastructure to address the needs of the nation. IT revolution in the last decade facilitated spatial data infrastructure by coputerization of land records through storage of data in RDBMS GIS packages. Union Rural Developent Ministry of India on August2, 2008 called for a syste for proper upkeep of land records in the country through a progra called (NLRMP). The proposal of Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 7/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

8 the Departent of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Developent to erge its two existing Centrally-sponsored schees of Coputerization of Land Records (CLR) and Strengthening of Revenue Adinistration & Updating of Land Records (SRA&ULR) and to replace the with a odified Centrally-sponsored schee in the shape of the National Land Records Modernization Prograe (NLRMP). Under NLRMP activities like coputerization of land records including digitization of aps and integration of textual and spatial data; Survey/resurvey; Coputerization of registration including entry of valuation details; Setting up odern record roos; Training and capacity building; Inter-connectivity using IT aong revenue offices and aong various agencies involved in land records such as Revenue Offices, Survey and Settleent Offices, Registration Offices, Panchayats, etc. will be undertaken. The ultiate goal of the NLRMP was to replace the present syste of registration of deeds and docuents as provided for in the Registration Act. In the present syste, the titles to property are erely presuptive and the State does not give guarantee for such titles. After ipleenting the prograe, the country could switch to the syste of 'Conclusive Titles' as followed in ost advanced and soe of the developing countries. The syste of 'Conclusive Titles' functions on four basic principles: (i) a single agency to handle land records (including the aintenance and updating of the textual records, aps, survey and settleent operations, registration of iovable property utations, etc.); (ii) the 'irror principle, which states that at any given oent, the land records irror the ground reality; (iii) the 'curtain' principle. The curtain principle refers to the fact that the record of title was a true depiction of the ownership status, utation is autoatic following registration, there is no need for probing into past title transactions, and title is a conclusive proof of ownership; and (iv) title insurance, which refers to the fact that the title is guaranteed for its correctness and the party concerned is indenified against any loss arising because of inaccuracy in this regard. At the oent, land records in India do not reflect any of these principles. Three technologies had been identified in consultation with the technical agencies: Pure ground ethod using electronic total station (ETS) and global positioning syste (GPS), Hybrid ethod using aerial photography and ground truthing by ETS and GPS; and Highresolution satellite iagery. Core GIS activities such as Village index base aps fro satellite iagery for creating the core GIS integration of three layers of data were planned: (i) Spatial data fro aerial photograph or high-resolution satellite iagery; (ii) Survey of India and Forest Survey of India aps; and (iii) Cadastral aps fro revenue records. The budget provision for was INR crore. It is envisaged that the entire progra will be copleted by the end of the 2th Plan. 6. COUNTRY CASE: EUROPE WITH SPECIFIC FOCUS ON SWITZERLAND Switzerland is geographically located in the central part of west Europe between 45 49' & 47 48' North latitude 5 57' & 0 29' East longitude. The geographical extent of Switzerland is 220 k fro North to South and 348 k fro East to West with a total land area of 4'293 sq k with a land frontier of,88k (Steudler, 2003). Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 8/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

9 The physical topography of Switzerland is diverse with ountain ranges (Alps in the South, Jura in the Northwest) with a central plateau of plains, rolling hills and large lakes. The total population is 7.6 illion (end of 2008). The five largest urban areas are Zurich (943,400), Geneva (457,500), Basle (40,600), Berne (39,00), and Lausanne (288,00). 7. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM THE SWITZERLAND PERSPECTIVE The sustainability concept in Switzerland is in consonance with the definitions of the Brundtland report. The understanding of the concept is also based on the definitions in the Rio Declaration that rests on two pillars: firstly, equity both between and within generations and, secondly, the equal status of social, econoic and environental goals. This eans that it ust be possible for the needs of all people to be et both now and in the future. At the sae tie, the Earth is to be conserved in such a way that life in conditions of dignity and security is possible for all people over the long ter. This second pillar is also known as the threediensional odel (Figure 4), as it classifies existing resources into social, econoic and environental diensions (Thoas, 2004). In addition to the three pillar odel the new understanding of the concept is done through the capital stock odel. The capital stock (capital stock of sustainable developent is the su of the individual capital stocks of environent, econoy and social) odel was developed at the World Bank as early as 994. Figure 5: Ipleentation of "sustainable developent" in MONET- Monitoring of Sustainable Developent (Glauser, 200) The coitent of Switzerland to sustainable developent has attained legal status in 999 when a new article exclusively focusing on sustainability was included in the Federal Constitution stating that Switzerland seeks a balanced relationship over tie between nature and its ability to renew itself, on the one hand, and the deands placed on it by the huan race, on the other. With abundant natural resource wealth, high-technological advanceents (as a fourth pillar), Switzerland is well poised to bring this balanced relationship and lead the arch on sustainable developent. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland 9/6 Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent

10 8. CADASTRAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE IN LAND ADMINISTRATION IN SWITZERLAND A cadastre is the core or basis of a land adinistration syste and is defined as a parcel based and up-to-date land inforation syste containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geoetric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its iproveents. Historical Context Switzerland is a federal state since 847 with cantons and counities autonoous in their respective jurisdictions. To address revenue issues in adinistration and under the influence of Napoleon, the cadastral systes ethodology was developed in Switzerland in the early 9 th century. Although the federal constitution recognised the need of a cadastre based surveying as early as 847 the cadastral syste attained legal status only in 92 with the "Federal Land Registry Syste"-with articles like Art 942, Art 950 (appendix-i) of the Swiss civil code. "Instruction for the Monuentation and Cadastral Surveying" in 99 provided a ore detailed ipleentation structure to the 92 docuents. In 993, two new ordinances VAV and TVAV replaced the old Figure 6: Definition of Cadastre instruction fro 99 with the ai to renovate the cadastral surveying syste and to introduce the digital data forat. In the past up till 993, the cadastral syste was ainly serving legal purposes, unicipal planning and anageent purposes and focussed ainly to provide secure land ownership rights. With the introduction of the two new ordinances in 993, the cadastral syste served land inforation systes in addition to the legal purpose (Steudler, 2004). Institutional fraework There are three adinistrative levels that are involved in the developent of cadastral systes in Switzerland. They are the federal level, cantonal level, private survey and the counity level. As shown in (Figure 6), the Federal level defines the Federal strategy on cadastral syste, coordinates other surveying activities of the Federal adinistration with cadastral surveying, defines also the quality standards that needs to be followed during cadastral surveying. The Cantonal level is responsible to define cantonal concept, plan and anage projects, Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 0/6

11 Nae Nae NuPos OPTIONAL attribute nae OPTIONAL Table LiitPoint with Attribute table nae that is unique within the Description table of one topic (exceptionally Perieter c Nae NuPos together with another Validity OPTIONAL OPTIONAL Table attribute nae OSKey Date LiitPoint with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Perieter Date3 c Nae PositionPrecision NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Validity OPTIONAL Table PositionReliability Date LiitPoint OSKey with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another Date2 PointSybol Description table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Perieter Geoetry Date3 c Nae PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Validity OSKey PositionReliability OPTIONAL Table Date LiitPoint with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Geoetry Perieter Date3 c Nae PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Validity OSKey PositionReliability OPTIONAL Table Date LiitPoint with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Ownership Geoetry Perieter Date3 c Nae PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Validity c OSKey PositionReliability OPTIONAL Table c Date LiitPoint OSKey with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another OSKey PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Ownership Nuber Geoetry Nuber Perieter Date3 Validity c Nae PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos together with another Geoetry Validity OPTIONAL OPTIONAL Table attribute nae c c PositionReliability Date OSKey Class LiitPoint OSKey with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within another OSKey PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Ownership Nuber Geoetry Nuber Perieter Date3 Validity c Nae PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Geoetry Validity OPTIONAL Table c PositionReliability c Date LiitPoint OSKey with Attribute table Attribute nae that that is unique relates within OSKey Class OSKey another PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Ownership Nuber Nuber Perieter Geoetry Date3 Validity c PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuPos OPTIONAL together attribute with another nae Geoetry Validity c c Date LiitPoint OSKey PositionReliability Attribute Attribute that that is unique relates within another OSKey Class OSKey PointSybol Description Date2 table table of one (relational topic (exceptionally Parcel Ownership Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry Nuber Perieter Date3 Validity c together with another PositionPrecision Geoetry Validity SybolOrientation c Object c c OSKey PositionReliability c Date Object OSKey Object Attribute that relates with another Class PointSybol Object NuberPosition OSKey Date2 table (relational Parcel Geoetry Ownership Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation Date3 Validity PositionPrecision SybolOrientation NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent Geoetry NuberHorizontalAlignent Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c c PositionReliability c Object OSKey Object Class PointSybol Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition OSKey Parcel Geoetry Ownership Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation Validity SybolOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent Geoetry c Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c c Object OSKey Object Class Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition OSKey Parcel Geoetry Ownership Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation Validity NuberHorizontalAlignent Geoetry c Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c c Object OSKey Object Class Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition OSKey Parcel Geoetry Ownership Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation Validity NuberHorizontalAlignent Geoetry c Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c c Object OSKey Object Class Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition OSKey Parcel Geoetry Nuber DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation Validity NuberHorizontalAlignent Geoetry Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c Object Object Class Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition Parcel Geoetry DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition NuberOrientation NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberHorizontalAlignent Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c Object Object Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition Parcel Geoetry DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c Object Object Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition Parcel Geoetry DistinctRight Geoetry NuberPosition Object NuberVerticalAlignent c c Object NuberVerticalAlignent NuberPosition NuberPosition NuberVerticalAlignent NuberVerticalAlignent preparing standards of ipleentation and verification. The Private surveyor level chooses the ethod to carry out projects, establishing and aintaining the cadastral data. The survey approach applied in Switzerland is ostly a coordinated survey approach with coplete coverage. The four ethods of surveying that are ostly applied in Switzerland are the terrestrial ethod, photograetry, leveling, and Global Positioning Syste (GPS). Level Confederation Agreeents Organisation Tasks Federal Directorate of Cadastral Supervision, Surveying strategic anageent ~5 eployees Canton Cantonal Surveying Offices Operational anageent Municipality Contracts ~300 eployees Private Land Surveying Offices City Surveying Offices Execution ~3000 eployees Figure 7: Organisational structure of cadastral surveying in Switzerland (Steudler, 2008). Digital data description AV93 (introduced in 993) Control points Land cover Single objects Heights Local naes Ownership Pipelines >5bar Adinistrative subdivisions 8 Inforation Layers (Possibility to anage the layers separately) NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent OPTIONAL Table with table nae Object Geoetry Object Geoetry Data Model (UML) (8 Entity-Relationship-Diagras) Geoetry NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent NuberOrientation NuberHorizontalAlignent TRANSFER Data_Catalogue; MODEL Basic_Data_Set DOMAIN LKoord = COORD ; HKoord = COORD ; Height = DIM ; Precision = [ ]; Reliability = (yes, no); LetterOrientation = GRADS ; Status = (planned, valid); TOPIC Control_Points =... END Control_Points; TOPIC Land_Cover =... END Land_Cover; TOPIC Ownership = DOMAIN Monuentation = (border_stone, plastic_peg, cross, not_onuented); OwnershipType = (parcel, distinct_right, construction_right, water_source_ right); TABLE LiitPoint = OSKey: OPTIONAL ; : OPTIONAL TEXT*2; Geoetry: LKoord; PositionPrecision: Precision; PositionReliability: Reliability; : OPTIONAL TEXT*30; SybolOrientation: OPTIONAL LetterOrientation;!! Default: 0.0 IDENT Geoetry; END LiitPoint; END Ownership. END Basic_Data_Set. Data Description Language INTERLIS Figure 8: Core data odel of Swiss cadastral surveying as an exaple of a technological eleent in the digitalisation of cadastral systes (Steudler, 2008). Current situation New legal basis to cadastral surveying was provided through art. 75a, Swiss constitution through the acceptance of the electorate in Nov. 2003, enacted Jan The ain postulates of Art. 75a Surveying: Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent /6

12 National Surveying is in the responsibility of the Confederation. 2 The Confederation establishes ordinances about cadastral surveying. 3. The Confederation can establish ordinances about the haronization of official land inforation. This article indicated a growing need to docuent public law restrictions and responsibilities; working groups have been established to investigate their integration into the cadastral syste. By 2008 it is expected to have full coverage of LIS/GIS in cadastral systes. This is ade possible because of the technology used in the digital forat as shown (Figure 8) above. 9. TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY: LAND ADMINISTRATION OF INDIA AND WHAT IT CAN LEARN FROM SWITZERLAND Land adinistration and policy in India unlike in Switzerland varies fro state to state. An integrated syste trying to separate out different but unconnected boxes e.g. registry and records or survey or rural-urban is unlikely to help iprove the perforance of the syste in India. A poor land adinistration syste will increase the differences in developent between states as inadequate inforation about the ipact on environent due to lands and water resource usage will render the governent and the people of a nation handicapped in controlling their own destiny. Figure 9: Strategic alignent (Henderson, 992). Countries like Switzerland unlike India enjoyed benefits of ITapplications at an early stage. Many countries face renewal of their IT architecture because their existing inforation systes cannot cope with evolving custoer deands and IT opportunities (FIG, 2003). This observation is ore significant in the case of India unlike Switzerland. The efficient and effective perforance of these duties is possible only with the support of inforation technology. The stateent of Henderson et al (992) is of use in deciding the approach to be adopted (Figure 9) like in Switzerland to align the strategic and operational aspects organization s objectives in relationship with the opportunities offered by ICT. Digitalisation of cadastral survey aps is one way to achieve better land adinistration as it serves pro-poor land anageent through assigning each piece of land to an individual. Property rights to each individual could alleviate poverty as these facilitate 3D legal volues Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 2/6

13 and their registration. To achieve this fro the country case study of India to ove in siilar lines like Switzerland, has to be less bureaucratic, siple, transparent and less expensive. Awareness of land adinistrators regarding strategic anageent and assertiveness that low cost approaches required high technology (van der Molen, 2004) is andatory. Unlike as in Switzerland, poverty agnifies the proble of hunger and alnutrition in India. The proble is further copounded by the inequitable access of the poor to the food that is available. Proper land adinistration syste with definite legal rights on the property will ake the population integrated into the arket econoy. Henceforth there is a need to deterine the type of land tenure to be defined by the land title, uniforly for the whole nation. There is a need to evolve a scientific land valuation syste that facilitates the application of odern financing and insurance practices/instruents to the agriculture, horticulture, anial husbandry and other sectors, with the ultiate objective of iparting the crucially iportant attributes of self-sustenance and econoic viability to the national governent's avowed prograes for rural developent. Ensuring the security of the livelihood of a billion people which in an agricultural econoy like India is possible only if each cultivator gets his own share of land registered in a secure syste and this is an iperative for sustainable developent in India. The coputerisation of land records in a country like India could be accelerated if a ethodology siilar to Switzerland is adapted. To ake land adinistration focussed to address the three pillars of sustainable developent it can be well concluded that Switzerland used core data odel of Swiss cadastral surveying- a technological advanceent, which India has to adapt initially to a clusters of 3-4 states and later on ake it transcendental to the whole nation. Firstly this concept should be given constitutional status and later technology has to be used as a suppleent to speed up the process of digitalisation. There is a need to develop the necessary legislative fraework to support the national cadastral syste. REFERENCES Chowdhry, K.(999). Developent: Spirituality and Sustainability. Lecture delivered at IGNCA, Available on line at: (July 4th, 2005). Elrich, P. and J. Holden(97), Ipact of population growth: Coplacency concerning this copleent of an s predicaent and counterproductive, Science 7 (97): Glauser, P. (200). Monet evaluates sustainable developent in Switzerland. Swiss Federal Office of Statistics, Neuchâtel. Henderson, J.C., Thoas, J.B. & Venkatraan, N. (992). Making sense of IT: Strategic Alignent and Organisational Context, Centre for Inforation Systes Research, MIT Cabridge Massachusetts Nitin T. (2005). Sustainability : A South Asian Perspective. < 0/04/sustainability-a-south-asian-perspective> Departent of Civil Engineering, India. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 3/6

14 Nyati, K. P (2002) Sustainability as Corporate Strategy for Copetitive advantage - Environent Manageent Division, Confederation of India Industry. Available on line at: (July 4th, 2005). Oput R. (2004). Dearcation for supply of services in Uganda, Proceedings UN/FIG Nairobi. Overchuk, A.L. (2002). State Cadastre valuation of land in the Russian Federation, UN/ECE/WPLA Moscow PACS (Poorest Areas Civil Society (PACS) Prograe) ( ) :Background paper on India and the Millenniu Developent Goals by Epower Poor. < (July 4th, 2005).> Roger, B (2008). The Concept of Sustainable Developent - Aspects and their consequences fro a social-philosophical perspective. < Shara, S. K.(2005) Personal Counication during interview with The President of The Environent Society of India held for the ETH Center for Sustainability WYF Project., May 8th, 2005, Chandigarh, India. Shastri, S. (996). Environental ethics and constitution of India. R. B Singh and Suresh Mishra eds., Environental Law in India, Issues and Responses, p. 98. Steudler, D. (2003). Cadastral Teplate - Country Data [Switzerland]. Swiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying, < Steudler, D. (2008). Lecture notes of "Cadastral Systes". ETH Zurich, < (last accessed: 22 Feb. 2009). Steudler, D. and Williason, I.P. (2004). Evaluation of Land Adinistration Syste of Switzerland - Case Study Based On Manageent Model. Survey Review, Vol. 38, No October, 5 p. Sunderlal Bahuguna(2002).Sustainable developent: India s perspective. US National Resource Council, Policy division, Board on Sustainable developent, Our coon journey: A transition toward sustainability. (Washington, DC: National Acadey press, 999) van der Molen, P. and C. Leen (2004). Technology and Land Adinistration: developents and innovations. < 00_.ht>, last accessed: 25 Feb von Stokar, T. and M. Steineann (2004). Sustainable developent in Switzerland: Methodological foundations. Swiss Agency for Developent and Cooperation (SDC) and Federal Office for Spatial Developent (ARE) (2004); Williason, I. P. and D. M. Grant, (999). United Nations-FIG Bathurst Declaration on Land Adinistration for Sustainable Developent: Developent and Ipact. Session TS7.5 Land Adinistration for the New Millenniu. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 4/6

15 APPENDIX I -IPAT equation: The role of technology factor: I=P*A*T where I=total environental ipact of huan kind on the planet, P= Population, A= affluence, nuber of products or services consued per person ( i.e. the annual GNP percapita), T= environental ipact per unit of product/service consued. -Swiss civil code (92) Art. 942 All rights on real estate s have to be registered in the land registry. 2 The land registry consists of the ain book with its associated aps, the auxiliary registers (in particular the list of property owners), the deeds (records and evidences), the description of properties, and the day book. Art. 950 Registration and description of the properties in the land register have to be done on the basis of a ap, which as a rule, has to be the result of an official cadastral survey. 2 The Federal Council decides on which principles these aps have to be based upon. No ownership without registration (art. 656). No registration without surveying (art. 950), No surveying without boundary definition (art. 669). BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Manohar Velpuri Manohar Velpuri graduated as a civil engineer fro Indian Institutes of technology, Madras in 2005 and is pursuing Masters in departent of Manageent, Technology and Econoics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich (ETH) with specialisation in: Sustainability and technology. After having involved in the design of software odels like Easy plan for anaging large construction projects like MRTS, Chennai in 2005, he worked for International business achines (IBM) as a software engineer in 2006 and later as a Developer in healthcare industry viz, Athena health care in Since 2005 he is closely associated in sustainability projects like IIT for Villages (Ivil) in addition to his professional experience in software odelling. Recognised fro his efforts to develop the sustainability projects at Natha,(IviL, Chennai) he was invited to attend as one of the representation fro India to Youth Encounter on Sustainability delivered under the leadership of the ETH, Center for Sustainability (ETHsustainability) in collaboration with MIT Boston (USA), Technical University of Vienna (Austria), University of Tokyo (Japan), Chalers University (Sweden) (August- Septeber 2008). He was one of the 25 selected students fro all over the world to attend the Oikos Winter school which aied at converting ideas on sustainable econoics and anageent into action. In 2008 he becae one of the founding eebers of organisation careforcliate in Zurich and is inaddition acting as a boardeber to non profit organisations - Aiducation International, Schweiz and EU for IA, Geneva. Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 5/6

16 Dr. Daniel Steudler Daniel Steudler graduated fro the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich in 983, earned the Swiss license for licensed land surveyor in 985, and did a M.Sc.Eng. degree at the University of New Brunswick, Canada fro Since 99, he is working with the Swiss Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying with the responsibilities of supervising and consulting Swiss Cantons in organizational, financial, technical, and operational atters in cadastral surveying. Since 994, he is involved in the activities of FIG-Coission 7 as a working group secretary until 2002 being involved in the publications of "Cadastre 204" and "Bencharking Cadastral Systes". He becae the official Swiss delegate to Coission 7 in Between April 2000 and February 2004, Daniel copleted a PhD at the University of Melbourne, Australia. The ain research topic was to develop a fraework and ethodology for evaluating cadastral systes in the larger context of land adinistration. Since May 2004, Daniel is working with the Swiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying and is responsible for a national address data project and the developent of international cooperation. CONTACTS Dr. Daniel Steudler Eidg. Veresssungsdirektion Swiss Federal Directorate of Cadastral Surveying Vice Chair FIG-Coission 7 and Chair of WG 7.3 Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern SWITZERLAND Tel Fax Eail Daniel.Steudler@swisstopo.ch Manohar Velpuri Masters student Manageent, Technology and Econoics Institut für Uweltingenieurwissenschaften HIF C 3 Schafattstr Zürich SWITZERLAND Tel: eail : velpuri@.ethz.ch Role of Land Adinistration in Sustainable Developent - Country Case Studies of India and Switzerland Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Developent 6/6