Economic density (proxied by light emission), Population and economic density of urban agglomerations, 2006

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3 Population and economic density of urban agglomerations, 2006 Economic density (proxied by light emission), 2005 Global experience shows that reaching middle income status requires both urbanization and economic densification. Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world but low economic density (GDP per km 2 ). July 2018 Source: Muzzini and Aparicio (2013), Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. 3

4 Bangladesh s cities are currently not very competitive:» Dhaka City is losing its manufacturing base to peri-urban areas, and not replacing it with other industries or services.» Chittagong is not emerging as a more competitive economic hub, because of poor access to skilled labor and supply chains (for vertical consolidation).» Other secondary cities and municipalities have narrow economic bases (cotton textiles) and have not found their own competitive advantages Bangladesh cannot reach middle-income status without a competitive Dhaka, given its primacy. In order for Dhaka to be competitive, it must:» Diversify its economy, increasing sophistication of export products and shifting to higher value added sectors» Develop a workforce that is highly skilled and internationally mobile» Foster innovation through cross-fertilization of ideas (characteristic of large metro areas)» Improve livability and connectivity within and around the city July 2018 Source: Muzzini and Aparicio (2013), Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. 4

5 Population (millions) Tokyo Delhi Shanghai Mumbai São Paulo Beijing Mexico City Osaka Cairo New York Dhaka Karachi Buenos Aires Kolkata Istanbul Top 15 Megacities Dhaka will grow from 11 th to 6 th largest city in the world by Dhaka accounts for:» one-third of urban population in Bangladesh» one-fifth of national GDP» One-third all jobs, 40% of urban jobs, 60% of formal garments jobs One in ten Dhaka residents migrated in last 5 years. July 2018 Source: United Nations (2016). The World s Cities in Sources: Global Practice sector briefs for Dhaka Diagnostic 5

6 20km and 50km radius from city center City boundary Water Vegetation 1975 built-up area 1990 built-up area 2014 built-up area Over the last 30 to 40 years, Dhaka s physical footprint has not grown at the same rate as other megacities like Mumbai and Shanghai. This is related to physical limitations such as rivers, floodplains and unstable soil. July 2018 Sources: World Bank analysis of Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) dataset. 6

7 Urban Density (persons/km 2 ) More livable ,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 Dhaka ranked at the bottom of the EIU livability index only ahead of Tripoli, Lagos and Damascus. 50 City Ranking (2015) New Delhi 110 Mercer Quality of Living Survey Ranking (2012) Bangalore Chennai (urban aggl.) Islamabad Colombo New Delhi (urban aggl.) Kolkata (urban aggl.) New Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Karachi Chennai Mumbai (urban aggl.) Dhaka Mumbai 115 Kathmandu 125 Colombo 127 Karachi 135 Dhaka 139 Regional Averages SAR 125 Less livable 250 Lahore OECD Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Sources: Mercer Quality of Living Survey (2012); United Nations Statistics Division (2014) Developing countries excluding SAR 103 EAP 93 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Livability Ranking July

8 Primate Megacities Share of Urban Population Share of National GDP 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Lima Buenos Aires Manila London Paris Cairo Istanbul Jakarta Moscow Mexico City Dhaka Lagos 21% 36% Dhaka is both a megacity and a primate city, meaning its population is at least twice as large as the next city in Bangladesh. Unlike most primate megacities, Dhaka contributes less to GDP than its urban population share. Sources: List of primate megacities derived from United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. July Indicators calculated from Oxford Economics Competitive Cities database.

9 The national slowdown in poverty reduction is driven entirely by urban areas (including Dhaka). Poverty and extreme poverty headcount rates, The poverty rate in greater Dhaka is 8.%, and 10.6% in Dhaka city corporations. In slums, the rate of extreme poverty (25%) is higher than the national poverty rate. Living standards in slums are also lower:» Basic services: one-fifth of households don t have access to a sanitary toilet» Overcrowding: four households per room, on average» Insecurity: Half the households fear eviction Poverty rate (2010) vs. poverty rate change ( ) July Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and HIES 2016/2017 and World Bank Dhaka Informal Settlements Survey 2016.

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11 The city requires huge capital investment to bridge major infrastructure gaps in every sector. No reliable aggregate figure exists, but two calculation methods provide a range of $70-90 billion over 20 years:» Extrapolate from RSTP. Dhaka s Revised Strategic Transport Plan 2035 identified $45 billion in needed transport investments. Transport is typically half of total infrastructure investment, per global experience. Result: $90 billion over 20 years.» As a share of GDP growth. Typically 3% of GDP should be allocated to infrastructure investment (McKinsey). Bangladesh s GDP ($221 trillion) and is growing approximately 7% p.a (WB). Dhaka represents 20-25% of that. Result: $70 billion over 20 years. However, actual investment only expected to be about $10 billion over next 10 years» This includes $4 billion commitment from JICA for MRT» Mobilizing other financing sources is essential July 2018 Source: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka. 11

12 Transport» Average vehicular speed is 6.4 km/hr» Cars on the road increased by 16x from 2001 to 2013» Roads only make up 7.5% of the city footprint (international benchmark is 20%)» 85% of roads cannot accommodate two-way traffic» Traffic congestion costs $3-5 billion per year» Mixed traffic and irregular parking reduce road capacity by 40%» 7 ministries and 13 agencies are involved in urban transport Sources: World Bank Transport Team rapid diagnostic.

13 Water and Sewerage» Wastewater coverage remains constant around 28-30%» Only 3-4% of wastewater is adequately treated» Subsurface water makes up 85% of water sources» Water has table dropped from 50m to 75m since 2005» DWASA non-revenue water is 25%» Water leakages are up to 200m 3 per day (36 gallons per minute) Sources: World Bank Water Team rapid diagnostic. 13

14 Housing» 130,000 new households formed per year» Private formal housing markets only deliver 8,000-15,000 per year» 60% live in informal housing» 54% in slum-like conditions (doubled from 1996 to 2005)» 3,394 slum settlements» 80% of slum dwellers are renters» 95% of slum housing units are single room dwellings less than 14m 2 Sources: World Bank Urban Team rapid diagnostic. 14

15 Solid Waste and Pollution» 6,000 tons of domestic waste are generated per day» Waste collection leaves behind about 2,000 tons per day» Waste is dumped indiscriminately in landfills, which are poorly designed and over capacity» In one industrial zone, 88% of tanneries relocated did not have a functional effluent treatment plant» Most rivers are unsuitable for nearly any use (domestic, irrigation, etc.)» Dhaka is ranked 4 th most polluted city by WHO. PM 10 and PM 2.5 are 8x higher than guidelines Sources: World Bank Urban Team rapid diagnostic.

16 Resilience» Uncontrolled development has destroyed 50% drainage channels and wetlands» Permanent wetlands are degraded at a rate of 358 hectares per year» 20,000 structure fires per year» 60% garment factories vulnerable to collapse» 83% of residents do not consider themselves prepared for earthquake Sources: World Bank DRM Team rapid diagnostic. 16

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18 Private land» Enormous pent-up demand for land: Land prices in parts of central Dhaka grew >70% p.a. ( )» Majority of residents access land through informal channels» RAJUK has insufficient capacity to control new development. 30% of protected floodplains have been encroached.» New development in peri-urban areas is driven by powerful interests through unauthorized means Public land» Restricted areas are ~7% of central Dhaka land, and their location is an impediment to mobility» Public agencies land management systems need strengthening, and face difficulties acquiring new land or disposing obsolete land» About 80% of court cases are land-related, and 60% of government projects delayed due to land disputes» National Housing Authority has not acquired any new land since independence» Land swaps among agencies exceptionally rare. Last major one occurred in 1989 (from Railways to DCC) Sources: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka. July 2018 World Bank Urban Team Metro Dhaka Land Tenure Assessment (forthcoming). 18 RAJUK Dhaka Structure Plan

19 National Housing Authority Urban Development Directorate Dhaka Canton. Board Ministry of Defense RAJUK Ministry of Housing and Public Works DTCA Dept. of Environment Savar Canton. Board Ministry of Road Transport Ministry of Environment Roads & Highways Dept. Prime Minister DESA DWASA Local Gov t Engineering Dept. Ministry of Rural & Mineral Resources Dhaka North City Corporation Dhaka South City Corporation Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development, Coops Ministry of Water Resources Dept. of Public Health Engineering Cooperative Housing Authority Water Devel. Board July Source: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka.

20 Fragmented geographical jurisdictions and multiple local governments are a common feature of metropolitan areas around the world. However Dhaka is unusual in terms of the extraordinary degree of overlap in institutional jurisdictions, and weaknesses of accountability and coordination. Basic service coverage areas are not aligned or updated, which exacerbates gaps. Common disputes over which entity is responsible for O&M of existing infrastructure (e.g., storm water canals). Service delivery and large-scale investment are carried out by utilities accountable to line ministries, not to directly to residents or elected officials. Conflicting interests and priorities worsen the service delivery outcomes. Locally elected city corporations are mostly confined to solid waste collection, small capital investments (sidewalks, markets, parks) and maintenance functions. July 2018 Source: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka. 20

21 More than half of city corporations revenues come from central transfers and project-related grants. City corporations expenditures heavily favor central government and foreign aid projects, over O&M or city corporations own projects. City corporations could generate much more own revenues if» Property cadastre was updated (only 270,000 properties)» Tax rates or valuation tables were updated (not since 1989)» collection rates improved (60%) Revenues, FY ($ million) Expenditures, FY ($ million) S. Dhaka N. Dhaka Gazipur Narayanganj S. Dhaka DSCC DNCC GCC NCC DSCC N. DNCC Dhaka Gazipur GCC Narayanganj NCC Project aid Government grants Other own-source income Property transfer tax Holding tax July 2018 Source: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka. 21 World Bank Urban Team Metro Dhaka Land Tenure Analysis (forthcoming) Remaining balance Gov. and foreign aid projects Own projects Other recurrent expenditures Conservancy (O&M) Establishment (salaries)

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23 Nighttime light intensity shows that economic activity has shifted from the city core to the urban periphery. Economic census data tells a similar story:» Manufacturing firms grew fastest in the north and northwest areas (Uttara, Tongi, Gazipur, and Savar). This is mainly due to the Madhupur Tract s natural advantage of high and solid ground.» Firms in high-value sectors of finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE) increased fastest in the east toward Rupganj. Economic intensity declined in the core of Dhaka, where congestion forces pose the greatest challenge to increased productivity and competitiveness. July 2018 Source: World Bank analysis of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System nighttime lights data. 23

24 Garments and textiles micro-firms, Percent change Garments and textiles medium and large firms, Percent change July 2018 Source: Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

25 -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Garments Other manufacturing Transport Population share (2010) Share of poverty reduction ( ) Construction Commerce Other services Agriculture (Residual) July 2018 Source: World Bank Poverty Team analysis 25

26 Transport Mode Share by Income Quintile 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Car, taxi Bicycle, motorcycle Bus Rickshaw, CNG, mishuk Walk More than half of people in poorest quintile walk to work.» Among the poorest, access to jobs falls off drastically beyond a 5-km commute radius.» By contrast, those who commute by car or taxi have a job catchment area 3x wider.» Limited mobility prevents some poor accessing jobs in sectors that contribute to poverty reduction (e.g. garments).» Those left behind in central Dhaka are kept in low productivity, non-tradeable services. July 2018 Source: : World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey

27 Women are 3-4x less likely to work than men. Those who do work are more likely to walk, and commute shorter distances compared to men. In low-income communities, women are discouraged from taking jobs outside of the neighborhood. Nearly 30% of women say they return home before dusk for safety reasons, and many avoid public transport for fear of sexual harassment. Distance traveled to work (kilometers) Men Women Sources: World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey July DUUP Gender Assessment Report (Draft) to to to 1 1 to to 2 2 to to 3 3 to 5 5 to to 10 more than 10 Not very mobile Moderately mobile Highly mobile

28 Economic base of Dhaka City In the city center, the largest employment sectors (e.g., woven garments) are declining. Important growth sectors (e.g., ICT) still only make up a small share of employment, and have not been able to generate enough jobs to replace those lost to the suburbs. Difference between local sectoral growth and national growth ( ) July 2018 Source: Muzzini and Aparicio (2013), Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. 28

29 Mean HH Income, Quintile (2014) Slum Locations in Dhaka (2016) Per-capita concentration of wage employment July 2018 Sources: Steele et al 2017, World Bank Dhaka Informal slum settlement survey 2016, Economic census 2013, Population and Housing Census 2010/11 29

30 » BRT and MRT investments are critical to bridge spatial and socioeconomic divides» MRT Line 5 could have a big impact on mobility for marginalized communities, by providing substantial cross-town connections» Station locations should be enhanced with supporting mobility investments for the last mile» Station environments can also work to integrate mass transit with other modes (e.g., collective transport) July

31 » There is virtually no vacant land for development in urban core. New development is already occurring in East Dhaka, despite protected status in RAJUK s plan.» At least 20 public and private developers are operating without overall planning or coordination (RAJUK, Army, Bashundhara, others). Development has already encroached on drainage canals and rights-of-way for future infrastructure.» Public investment in roads and infrastructure has not kept pace with piecemeal and unplanned private investment.» There is a high risk of new development locking Dhaka into a suboptimal patterns, which are costly to fix. Land cover change from new urban extension, by ward July 2018 Source: ESA analysis, Source: ESA

32 Earthquake Almost half of East Dhaka is outside the Madhupur Tract, and not suitable for heavy construction Hydraulic filling, sand filling and high water table increase the risk of liquefaction Flood Land filling threatens existing water retention ponds capacity Development has partially or fully filled in important canals Accessibility Construction and sand-filled areas grew 3-4x faster than road surfaces from 2005 to 2016 Land designated for future road corridors and mass transit may have been converted to private development Service delivery Lags far behind private development, which lacks adequate drainage, electricity substations, sewerage networks, etc. Land ownership Private developers negotiate directly with individuals to acquire land There are reports of intimidation, land grabbing and expanding land takings through land filling Economic Financing July 2018 No comprehensive plan has been developed for East Dhaka to promote the right mix of high-value land uses and development intensities Government may miss the opportunity to recoup infrastructure investments costs through land value capture mechanisms Source: World Bank (2017). Towards Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development Paradigm for Bangladesh. Decision Meeting Draft. 32

33 ❶ Gazipur, Savar, Tongi Investing in jobs today» Reinforce locational advantages to attract landintensive and mature manufacturing industries» Promote access for low-income workers to better jobs in manufacturing and garments» Large upfront investment in affordable housing, trunk infrastructure and comprehensive basic services ❷ Dhaka City Revitalizing the heart of the city» Leverage density to enable a new service-based economy focused on start-ups, innovation, SMEs» Work to overcome barriers of economic mobility for the poor, youth, women, and other disadvantaged groups ❸ Eastern Fringe Investing in the economy of tomorrow» Capture the potential of urban expansion areas as a new hub for large service sector firms near Gulshan» Ensure that development is inclusive, resilient and sustainable» Implement a comprehensive strategy for risk mitigation and economic development, sequence vital upfront investment, leverage land-based financing» Work with private sector to unlock obsolete buildings for adaptive re-use, improve mobility and quality of life, focus area-based investments in lowincome July 2018communities 33

34 Governance» Align service delivery areas, create clear framework for accountability» Establish a metropolitan coordination entity empowered to work effectively across utilities and CCs» Mainstream citizen engagement across all agencies Financing» Improve autonomy of CCs to generate and collect OSR» Create fiscal space for better O&M» Build capacity to plan for MT/LT capital investment» Lay the groundwork for PPPs and other leveraging instruments Land & Planning» Strengthen implementation and alignment of existing plans» Unlock prime land for redevelopment» Better manage public land assets July

35 More livable More and better jobs Better governance More inclusive Infrastructure, basic services & mobility Innovation & job creation Institutions & coordination Gender, safety, & citizen engagement Connectivity Firms Planning Gender Basic services Skills Resilience Citizen engagement Housing Business environment Financing Safety Public spaces Innovation Institutional capacity Metro coordination July

36 More livable More and better jobs Better governance More inclusive Dhaka #1: Investing in jobs today Housing, basic services, mobility, connectivity Firms, vertical integration Planning, resilience (no regrets) Gender, safety Dhaka #2: Revitalizing the heart of the city Mobility, public spaces, quality of services Innovation, entrepreneurship Financing, coordination, resilience (retrofitting) Gender, safety, participatory planning Dhaka #3: Investing in the economy of tomorrow Connectivity, housing, basic services Skills, high value add Planning, resilience, coordination Gender, safety, participatory planning Cross-cutting metro solutions Connectivity (macro), mobility (micro), service delivery Business environment Institutional capacity, financing, coordination, planning Citizen engagement, participatory planning, behavior change July

37 Air quality Affordable housing Clean rivers Solid waste Green spaces Local upgrading Circular waterways Mobility Drainage canals Pedestrian safety July 2018 Source: Aide memoire, September 2017 MDPT Stakeholder Consultation. 37

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39 ❶ Gazipur, Savar, Tongi Investing in jobs today» Reinforce locational advantages of land-intensive and mature manufacturing industries» Promote affordable housing and basic services for workers who move to those jobs ❷ Dhaka City Revitalizing the heart of the city» Turn central Dhaka into an innovation hub by unlocking obsolete buildings for adaptive re-use by the high-growth service sector» Improve mobility, walkability and livability, especially in low-income neighborhoods» Address issues of social exclusion through public transport and targeted neighborhood upgrading ❸ Eastern Fringe Investing in the economy of tomorrow» Lay the foundation for a new economic growth pole of FIRE industries near Gulshan» Develop a comprehensive plan for East Dhaka that addresses risks and promotes inclusive zoning» Invest in priority trunk infrastructure and connectivity to central Dhaka July

40 Comparative advantages for manufacturing firms:» Better mobility and highway connectivity to export markets» Space for vertical integration of the supply chain and lower lead times» Lower land prices, access to housing for workforce and perceived safety Role of government: Heavy upfront investment in public goods Example investments:» Trunk infrastructure for greenfield development» Service coverage expansion, no regrets investments in resilience» Mobility, affordable housing, basic services (education, health), community development» Poverty alleviation, human development Outcomes: job creation for LMI groups, affordable housing and basic services, poverty reduction July 2018 Source: Muzzini and Aparicio (2013), Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. 40

41 Comparative advantages for startups and innovative firms:» High concentration of education institutions and young people create potential for innovation and knowledge spillovers» Density enables workers and firms to find the right match, improving adaptability to changing economic conditions Role of government: Unlock land, promote revitalization by the private sector Example activities: dual objective to (1) improve quality of service to attract fast-growing firms, and (2) improve mobility for lower-income groups to access better jobs (especially women)» Redeveloping, revitalizing, adapting areas for newer, highervalue uses through land administration and public asset management» Public spaces, green spaces, cultural heritage, active waterfronts, comprehensive neighborhood upgrading» Campaigns for behavior change, social inclusion, safety (particularly for women) Outcomes: Livability, access to jobs (service sector and high-value innovation areas), incubation July

42 Comparative advantage for high-value service sector jobs (FIRE):» Proximity to existing economic centers (Gulshan)» Abundant space for future development, potentially as a new growth pole Outcomes: Competitiveness, attract high value-added service sector (large firms) Role of government: Strategic planning and PPPs to incentivize mixed income, mixed use, inclusive development Example activities:» Strategic plan and/or detailed area plan for a new growth pole or jobs center» Trunk infrastructure, connectivity to existing built-up areas, no regrets investments for resilience» Land-based financing, public amenities, affordable housing July Source: World Bank (2017). Towards Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development Paradigm for Bangladesh. Decision Meeting Draft.

43 LIGHTER MORE COMPREHENSIVE Inter-municipal coordination Metropolitan authority Metropolitan local government Consolidated local government Regional government Advisory committees, or case-by-case agreements Special purpose district or bottom-up organization, for specific planning and/or service delivery functions In addition to local governments, appointed or elected to cover certain metro functions One jurisdiction, through consolidation of local governments or annexation of territory Overlaid on local governments, usually resourced directly from the national government Bogota Manila London (higher level) Istanbul Santiago de Chile New York (NGO) Barcelona Budapest (equal level) Shanghai Melbourne July 2018 Source: World Bank Group and Government of Ghana Metropolitan Governance in Greater Accra. Refer to Annexes D and E. 43

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45 Gaziantep is a landlocked city without many natural advantages, but it produces 57% of all machine-woven carpets. Exports increased ten fold in from 2002 to The city collaborated closely with firms to identify specific needs and develop tailored SEZs that could accommodate all firm sizes (to allow for growth and consolidation). It provided industrial land at a low cost, and custom infrastructure investments suited for firm needs. It streamlined regulations, created one-stop shops, and slashed the municipal administration from 2,700 to 100 limiting opportunities for corruption. The city also formalized a pragmatic growth coalition (20% government, 80% private sector) to identify and implement solutions to specific city-wide problems. This way all key stakeholders knew priorities and are accountable to them, without needing sophisticated strategies. July 2018 Source: World Bank (2015). Competitive Cities for Jobs and Growth. 45

46 In the 20 th Century the prime minister of Mysore founded one of the first engineering universities of India. The concentration of engineers later attracted a German spark plug producer and, in turn, the founders of Infosys. It is now considered the Silicon Valley of India. Bangalore later launched an extensive program to invest in roads, electricity and utilities to attract similar IT firms. A virtuous circle was born. Bangalore is the third largest city in India. Other cities have followed similar trajectories based on early investments in education: Nagasaki, Boston and (of course) Silicon Valley. July 2018 Source: Glaeser (2010). Triumph of the City. 46

47 Before the 1990s the Pudong area was characterized by low-tech heavy polluting industries and poor quality housing. Today it is the most populous district of Shanghai, and a center for finance, trade and high tech industries. Pudong s successful redevelopment is linked to the fact that it was framed as part of a national development strategy with buy-in from the highest levels of government. It also depended on the creation of an autonomous metropolitan authority, a long-term strategic investment plan, coordinated investments in connectivity, and land administration reforms to encourage private investment. July 2018 Source: World Bank (2017). Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with Particular Reference to East Dhaka. 47

48 Revenues, FY (USD million) Expenditures, FY (USD million) Project aid Remaining balance Government grants Gov. and foreign aid projects Own projects DSCC DNCC GCC NCC Other ownsource income Property transfer tax Holding tax DSCC DNCC GCC NCC Other recurrent expenditures Conservancy (O&M) Establishment (salaries) July

49 ❶ Fiscal transfer instruments ❷ Own-source revenue instruments ❸ Leveraging instruments Borrowing Investments Block grants Targeted conditional transfers Urban property tax Tariffs and fees Direct bank borrowing (minor-scale loans) Management contracts Performance grants Guarantees Land Value Capture Instruments Municipal bond market (local or international) Credit enhancements - MIGA IFC Municipal finance products PPPs Special Purpose Vehicles Infrastructure funds July

50 There have been a number of donor and GoB funded projects in the last 25 years related to land administration reform. These are mainly focused on computerization, digitization, and capacity building of DLRS and AC Lands office. While these projects have developed and demonstrated potential through pilot programs, there is little or no follow-up by the relevant GOB agencies. EU TA to promote access to land JICA Capacity building for DLRS ADB Digital land management in 45 upazillas ADB TA to develop a master plan for DLRS EDFC DLRS for 7 metropolitan cities (pipeline) GoB Computerization of land records GoB Automation of deed registration UNDP Access to Information CEGIS Demra pilot for computerized land management system ADB TA on modernization of land administration ADB TA on land administration reform July

51 July 2018 Source: Muzzini and Aparicio (2013), Bangladesh: The Path to Middle-Income Status from an Urban Perspective. 51

52 Non-textile manufacture firms percent change, Textile and apparel firms percent change, Services firms percent change, FIRE and high value firms percent change, July 2018 Source: World Bank Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

53 Manufacturing excluding textiles Percent change in micro-firms, Manufacturing excluding textiles Percent change in med./large firms, July 2018 Source: World Bank Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

54 Textiles and apparel Percent change in micro-firms, Textiles and apparel Percent change in med./large firms, July 2018 Source: World Bank Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

55 Services Percent change in micro-firms, Services Percent change in med./large firms, July 2018 Source: World Bank Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

56 Finance, insurance, real estate Percent change in micro-firms, Finance, insurance real estate Percent change in med./large firms, July 2018 Source: World Bank Jobs Team Analysis of Economic Census,

57 All workers Manufacturing High-value services (finance, insurance, real estate, etc.) July 2018 Sources: World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey

58 All workers Women Poor Darker areas mean workers traveled farther to reach a job in a particular area. July 2018 Sources: World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey

59 Percent 100% 80% ❶ ❷ Male Female 60% 40% ❸ 20% 0% not working 0 0 to 3 3 to 5 5 to 10 more than 10 Distance traveled to work (kilometers) July 2018 Sources: World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey

60 Ratio of female to male workers Darker areas are more female, but no area exceeds a ratio of 1:2. July 2018 Sources: World Bank Bangladesh Poverty Assessment using RSTP Household Survey

61 Bangladesh Country Partnership Framework FY16-FY20 (link) Bangladesh Systematic Country Diagnostic 2015 (link) Towards Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development Paradigm for Bangladesh Dhaka: A City in Need of Reforms Bangladesh Jobs Diagnostic (link) Bangladesh Poverty Trends 2010/ /17 Bangladesh Poverty Assessment 2010 (link) Dhaka Megacity: Development Issues, Plans and Prospects with particular reference to East Dhaka (link) Bangladesh: The Path to Middle Income Status from an Urban Perspective (link) Bangladesh WASH Diagnostic (link) and Performance Assessment Progress Urban Transport in Dhaka Review of Plans and Institutional Set-Up Impact of Urban Growth Scenario on Urban Transport in Dhaka Dhaka Low Carbon and Energy Efficient City Development Flood Risk Management in Dhaka: A Case for Eco-Engineering Approaches and Institutional Reform (link) Climate and Disaster Resilience of Greater Dhaka Area: A Microlevel Analysis (link) Dhaka Urban Upgrading Project: Gender Assessment Report (draft) Dhaka Land Tenure Analysis (forthcoming) Predicting Deprivation in Housing and Basic Services from Space July