... Creating Success in Southeast Michigan Mission

Transcription

1 December 2012

2 ... Creating Success in Southeast Michigan Mission SEMCOG, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, is the only organization in Southeast Michigan that brings together all of the region s governments to solve regional challenges. SEMCOG is creating success in Southeast Michigan by: Promoting informed decision making to improve Southeast Michigan and its local governments by providing insightful data analysis; Promoting the efficient use of tax dollars for both long-term infrastructure investment and shorterterm governmental efficiency; Solving regional issues that go beyond the boundaries of individual local governments Delivering direct assistance to member governments in the areas of transportation, environment, and community and economic development; and Advocating on behalf of Southeast Michigan in Lansing and Washington.

3 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook December 2012 SEMCOG 2012 Abstract SEMCOG actively tracks changes in how land is used in Southeast Michigan, and has developed several GIS land data layers describing current and future land use and current building use. This report documents these GIS land data layers, including layer attributes and business logic used in creating and maintain the layers over time. Preparation of this document may be financed in part through grants from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, with the assistance of the U.S. Department of Transportation s Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration; other federal and state funding agencies as well as local membership contributions. Permission is granted to cite portions of this publication, with proper attribution. The first source attribution must be SEMCOG, the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. Subsequently, SEMCOG is sufficient. Reprinting in any form must include the publication s full title page. SEMCOG documents and information are available in a variety of formats. Contact SEMCOG Information Services to discuss your format needs. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments Information Services 535 Griswold Street, Suite 300 Detroit, MI fax infoservices@semcog.org

4 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Updating Land Data to FY 2012/13 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan FY 2012/13 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan continued FY 2013/14 and FY 2014/15 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan Land Parcels Data Layer Municipal Parcel Files General Edits to Parcel Geometry or Attributes Edits to City of Detroit Parcels Parcel Data Model Current and Future Parcel Land Use Classification Building Footprints Data Layer Building Typology Building Footprint Data Model Condominium Footprints Building Type Classification Institutional Buildings Retail and Office Buildings Leisure and Hospitality Buildings Manufacturing and Warehouse Buildings Residential Buildings Medical Buildings Transportation and Utility Buildings Land Cover Data Tree Canopy Layer Appendix A Reference Materials Census Other Living Quarters (OLQ) Flashcard Michigan Principal Residence Exemption Affidavit Michigan School District Code List SEMCOG Municipal Code List iv SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

5 List of Data Displays Figures Figure 1 County Land Data Processing Figure 2 Community Land Data Processing Loop... 3 Figure 3 Minimal Continuous Land Data Updates.. 4 Figure 4 Merging Parcels to Conform to New Development Figure 5 Transferring Assessing Attributes to Building Footprints Figure 6 Splitting Condominium Buildings by Condominium Parcels Figure 7 Southeast Michigan Urban and Rural Land Cover Areas Tables Table 1 Land Parcel Layer Attributes Table 2 Parcel Land Uses Table 3 Building Footprint Layer Attributes. 14 Table 4 Institutional Building Types Table 5 Retail and Office Building Types Table 6 Leisure and Hospitality Building Types Table 7 Manufacturing and Warehouse Building Types Table 8 Residential Building Types Table 9 Medical Building Types Table 10 Transportation and Utility Building Types Table 11 Building Types Summary Table 12 Land Cover Layer Attributes v SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

6 1.0 Introduction SEMCOG maintains several GIS layers relating to current and future use of land parcels for use in regional planning activities and socioeconomic forecasting. This document describes both the land data layers maintained by SEMCOG and the processes used to create and update this data. These data layers are available to local units of government in Southeast Michigan, and are updated in part by information provided to us by them on a regular basis. The land data currently maintained by SEMCOG are: Current Land Use by Land Parcel, from administrative records and aerial photography. Future Land Use by Land Parcel, from community master plans. Building Footprints, planimetric quality derived from aerial photography and LiDAR. Land Cover, including Impervious Surface and Tree Canopy, also derived from aerial photography and LiDAR. Current and Planned Sewer Service by Land Parcel. Flood Prone Areas by Land Parcel, from Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood prone maps. The Building Footprints and Land Cover data are independent layers, while the remainder of SEMCOG s land data is coded as attributes of a Land Parcel layer derived from county and municipal parcel files obtained from local units of government in the spring of Therefore, all of SEMCOG s land data can be found in one of three GIS data layers - building footprints, land parcels, or land cover. The land parcels layer delineates parcel boundaries along with current and future land uses and development related attributes like whether sewer service is available. The building footprints layer contains the outline of each building in the region, as well as associated attributes of the building such as size and height. And the land cover dataset classifies ground cover in the region, as well as identifying impervious surfaces and tree canopy. 2.0 Updating Land Data to 2010 SEMCOG is currently in the process of implementing its FY 2012/13 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data projects, which will update each of the three land data layers to bring them current as of April It is anticipated that these tasks will be complete by July 2013, at which point SEMCOG will enter a maintenance period over the next two fiscal years designed to bring the building footprints and land parcels data layers to a point where they are current to within one year of the current date. There are no current plans to update the land cover GIS layer beyond the year Sections 2.1 and 2.2 detail SEMCOG s current land data update strategy. 1 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

7 2.1 FY 2012/13 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan Goals: Produce 2010 parcel feature layer with limited assessing attributes. Update land use from 2008 to Produce 2010 building footprint layer with limited assessing attributes and additional analysis attributes. Produce a 2010 land use / land cover digital map. Assumptions: It is most efficient to maintain land use and future land use as attributes of a single parcel feature layer. Detailed use is assigned to buildings while general uses are assigned to parcels. It is most efficient to use the same general land uses for both current and future land use attributes. Building footprints, as the units in which activity actually takes place, should be the layer with the most detailed attributes. For the most accurate geocoding results (rooftop) we should use building footprints as our geocoding base. Figure 1 County Land Data Processing All processing done by County, except for the Community processing loop. Parcels in blue, footprints in red, land cover in yellow: Clean topology of 2010 Parcels. No unclosed or overlapping polygons. Join 2010 and 2008 Tax Assessing records together. Join merged Assessing to 2010 parcels. Process unjoined Assessing records with residential property classes. Create an Assessing point layer so that attributes can be transferred after parcel edits. Recode 2008 current land use to new general land use categories. Update land use to 2010 using development monitoring and property class changes. Recode 2010 future land use to new general land use categories. Intersect footprints with 2010 Parcels to assign parcel number, taxid and other attributes. Identify Footprints that cross Parcels and divide into Parcels to merge and Footprints to cut. Community Parcel and Footprint processing loop. See Diagram 2. Create final 2010 Parcels feature layer. Create final 2010 building Footprints feature layer. Intersect final Land Cover data with final 2010 Parcels to create land use / land cover map. 2 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

8 2.1 FY 2012/13 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan continued Figure 2 Community Land Data Processing Loop All processing in this loop is done at the Community level (neighborhood in Detroit). Parcels in blue, footprints in red, both in violet: Merge Parcels as needed for developments that cross Footprint lines. Recieve nonresidential building attribution from commuity officials. Send nonresidential buildings to community officials for attribution. Either GIS or PDF. Split Footprints as needed for buildings divided into separate Assessment records. Process these attributes into our files to complete community Footprints layer. Identify and merge other types of Parcels, such as park systems, as needed. Identify outbuildings as needed. Send final community Footprints layer to community officials. Either GIS or PDF. Identify manufactured housing in parks and correct unit counts. Merge Parcels as needed. Identify multi-family buildings and correct housing unit counts. Merge parcels as needed. Identify condo buildings and process Assessing records into condo units table. Merge parcels as needed. These steps are located outside the community processing loop as we anticipate receiving data back on an irregular basis and do not want to wait until we receive this data to move on to processing the next community. 3 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

9 2.2 FY 2013/14 and FY 2014/15 Regional Development Forecast and Land Data Update Plan Goals: Continuously add and remove buildings to the building footprints feature layer as needed. Continuously update building footprint attributes as needed. Update 2010 parcel feature layer geography as needed. Update 2010 parcel feature layer with changes to future land use from community master plans. Assumptions: It is unlikely we will receive planimetric quality traced building footprints from all local governments. If we do not know the exact location and shape of a structure, we will use a specific polygon shape to represent the building. Master plan updates will be processed as they are received, rather than waiting to process them in bulk prior to a forecast. Figure 3 Minimal Continuous Land Data Updates Processing done on a continuous basis as data is received. Parcels in blue, footprints in red, external sources in brown. Building Footprints Update Parcel Update Master Plan Update Development Monitoring from multiple sources. Building footprints received from local governments. Updated Parcel and Assessing files from counties. Updated Master Plan received from community. Building and Demolition Permits from communities. Footprint added or edited or deleted. Attributes updated as needed. Building footprints identified using aerial photo change detection.??? Identify split or combine records. Update Parcel geography and attributes as needed. Master Plan compared to current future land use assignment of parcels, Parcel future land use attribute is updated as needed to match new plan. 4 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

10 3.0 Land Parcels Data Layer SEMCOG developed its initial 2010 land parcels GIS layer from county data sources. We received 2010 land parcel files from each of the region s seven counties, with the exception of Monroe County, for which we used a 2005 land parcel file digitized by SEMCOG staff. These county level files were merged together to form a regional land parcels layer, with county level assessing data serving as the original attribute table for the layer. It is important to note that the land parcels layer is a representation of land parcels in the region, and does not attempt to match the precise parcel dimensions as described in the legal description for each parcel. 3.1 Municipal Parcel Files Wayne County does not maintain the land parcels layer for a number of communities in the county. We received municipal 2010 land parcel files from the cities of Dearborn, Detroit, Livonia, Romulus, Taylor and Westland, and from Brownstown, Canton, Northville, and Van Buren townships. In addition, the cities of Ann Arbor in Washtenaw County and Port Huron in St. Clair County also maintain their own land parcel layers, as well as three Monroe County communities, Bedford Township, Frenchtown Township, and the City of Monroe. All of these municipal land parcel layers were merged into the regional land parcels layer to produce the most complete 2010 land parcels coverage possible. 3.2 General Edits to Parcel Geometry or Attributes In general, the only edits made to the merged 2010 land parcels layer were to correctly identify the parcel number for polygons with missing parcel numbers, or to remove polygons that solely represented road right of way. In a few instances, parcels may have been combined or split to properly represent the parcels as they are represented in 2010 assessing data. However, in two communities more extensive edits to the land parcels layer were made. In the City of Hamtramck, a switch to a new parcel numbering system during the past decade resulted in a mismatch in parcel numbers between the land parcels (numbered using the older system) and the tax assessment data (numbered using the new system). Just over half of the parcels in Hamtramck (4,259 of 8,472 parcels or 50.3%) had to be edited to correct the parcel number so that the land parcels and assessing data were both using the same new parcel numbering system. In some cases parcel polygons were split or combined to match assessing data. 3.3 Edits to City of Detroit Parcels For the City of Detroit, in addition to edits for missing parcel numbers and split/combines to match assessing data, several other types of edits to the parcel geometry were made to either correct for missing parcels or group parcels together to make them more attractive to redevelopment when using the data in land use forecasting: If a parcel polygon was clearly missing, the missing parcel geometry was added to the layer. Sanborn Fire Insurance maps were used as a reference when the missing parcel geometry was not obvious. Contiguous vacant parcels were merged together if they had common ownership and their parcel numbers were in sequential order. This makes the merged parcel more desirable to development in our land use models. 5 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

11 Contiguous occupied parcels were merged together if a single building crossed parcel boundaries and the parcels had common ownership and their parcel numbers were in sequential order. In a small number of cases, an entire city block comprising many residential parcels has been replaced by a new development without adjusting the old parcel boundaries. Typically one of the older parcels has been assigned the current assessment data for the new development while the other parcels no longer have assessment data assigned to them. Staff merged the parcels together so that the entire development is represented by one large parcel with the parcel number of the correct tax assessment record, and one small parcel for each set of sequential parcel numbers from the old parcel boundaries. An example of this process is found in Figure 4 below. Figure 4 Merging Parcels to Conform to New Development While we recognize that altering parcel geometry in these ways renders the Detroit portion of the parcel layer inconsistent with the actual legal description of parcels in the city, these edits allow us to more accurately model development scenarios, which is our primary use of land parcel data. In any case, we do not release to the public land parcel data containing tax identification numbers (parcel numbers), so our editing of the data does not affect the City of Detroit in any manner. 6 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

12 3.4 Parcel Data Model SEMCOG has developed the following data model for the Land Parcels GIS layer, focused on identifying land use and environmental constraints, along with providing an equivalency to other geographic areas used in planning activities and land use modeling. Table 1 Land Parcels Layer Attributes ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION DATA TYPE PIN Parcel identification number. String 24 characters COUNTY_ID FIPS county code. Integer CITY_ID SEMCOG municipal identifier. Integer DCODE_ID State of Michigan School District code. String 5 characters TAZ_ Transportation Analysis Zone identifier. Long Integer BLOCK_ Census Block Number. String 10 characters PADDRESS Property address assigned to the parcel from tax assessing String 32 characters records. GENERAL_LU Current generalized parcel land use. String 20 characters FUTURE_LU Future generalized land use of the parcel from the community String 20 characters master plan. MTEXT_LU Future specific land use assigned to the parcel in the String 50 characters community master plan. MINDEN_LU Minimum residential density of the parcel from the community master plan. Zero if residential uses are not allowed. Float 2 decimal places MAXDEN_LU Maximum residential density of the parcel from the community master plan. Zero if residential uses are not Float 2 decimal places allowed. SEWER_CON Denotes the year in which the land parcel will have sewer Integer service. FLOOD_CON Denotes if the land parcel is in a flood prone area. Integer Shape_Length Perimeter of the land parcel in feet. Float Shape_Area Area of the land parcel in feet. Float Notes on Land Parcel Attributes: PIN The PIN field contains the parcel identification number assigned to the parcel by the county or community providing the original land parcels layer. It is normally equivalent to the tax identification number for the parcel found in tax assessment records, though there are circumstances, such as condominium complexes, that will have multiple tax assessment records for a single land parcel. 7 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

13 COUNTY_ID This field contains a numeric code identifying which county the land parcel is located in, based on the federal government s FIPS code for the county: 93 Livingston County 99 Macomb County 115 Monroe County 125 Oakland County 147 St. Clair County 161 Washtenaw County 163 Wayne County CITY_ID The CITY_ID field is a numeric code for the local unit of government developed by SEMCOG and used in its internal databases. A table listing these codes can be found in the appendix. DCODE_ID This field contains a five character string identifying the school district in which the land parcel is located. These codes are identical to those used by the State of Michigan to identify school districts, and a master list can be found in the Michigan School District Code List in the appendix. GENERAL_LU and FUTURE_LU These fields identify the current and future generalized land uses assigned to the parcel. See Section 3.5 of this document for more information on SEMCOG s land use classification system. MINDEN_LU and MAXDEN_LU These fields contain the minimum and maximum allowed residential densities (in housing units per acre) of the land parcel based on the last adopted community master plan. If residential uses are not allowed, a value of 0 denotes this. Nonresidential densities are not maintained as it is rare for a community to designate this in their master plan coverage. SEWER_CON The sewer constraint field denotes whether a parcel currently has sewer service, is currently planned to have service in the future, or is not planned for sewer service at this time. It is based on SEMCOG s Sewer Service Area Map, last updated in There are four current classifications: 2010 The parcel currently has sewer service available The parcel does not currently have sewer service but is planned for sewer service by The parcel does not currently have sewer service but is planned for sewer service by The parcel does not currently have sewer service and there are no plans to provide service. FLOOD_CON The flood constraint field denotes whether the land parcel is within a 100 year flood prone area as designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). A value of 2010 would indicate the parcel fell within such an area in the year 2010, while a value of 0 would indicate it did not. 8 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

14 3.5 Current and Future Parcel Land Use Classification SEMCOG has classified land use under a variety of coding systems over the last 25 years. Most recently, in data prepared for the 2040 Forecast, a two-tiered system of general and detailed land uses for parcels was employed, along with a single different coding system for future land use based on community master plans. The detailed land uses were developed in large part as a proxy for building type due to the lack of a building footprints layer on which to code the a building s activity. Since we now have that building footprint layer, it makes sense to return to a single land use classification system and reserve the detailed activity coding for the buildings, in which the activity actually occurs. However, since we do not wish to lose some of the detailed land use assignments covering uses which often do not contain any buildings, such as Cemeteries or Landfill, these types of formerly detailed land uses will be promoted to general land uses in a new general land use coding system. The new coding system will maintain 18 land use classes, fairly general where there are buildings present to be assigned the detailed activity, and more detailed where buildings are typically not present. Future land use has been assigned to land parcels using a 9 category system in place since the early 1990s, based originally on the preponderance of uses present in master plans at that time. Since this time, master plans have become more detailed, to the point that they now employ a wide variety of uses, as well as many special use areas like overlay zoning districts. A review of the most recent master plan updates has determined that there is no longer any reason that current and future land use cannot use the same classification system going forward. Until the next master plan update, certain land uses not previously used in the future land use layer, such as Medical and Warehouse, will be assigned based on current use. In addition, the minimum and maximum allowed residential densities will continue to be tracked for all parcels, as well as the name of the master plan category as defined by the community, in case there is a need to distribute our copy of future land use back to a local unit of government. It is also our intention to develop at some point a separate layer documenting special use and overlay zoning districts, as these have become much more common in local land use planning. For instances where more than one land use class is applicable, a primary or dominant land use category is specified unless the parcel is part of a clearly defined mixed use development. Primary land use is the overriding land use of the parcel. It is not specifically defined in terms of a percent value. The following table describes the land use classification. Both current and future land use are identified by the land use name, GENERAL_LU for current land use and FUTURE_LU for future land use. The category name assigned to a parcel in the community s master plan is named MTEXT_LU, and the minimum and maximum allowed residential housing densities are stored in the fields MINDEN_LU and MAXDEN_LU respectively. 9 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

15 Table 2 - Parcel Land Uses NO. LANDUSE DESCRIPTION 1 Institutional Governmental (except utility) and non-profit used parcels. 2 Commercial Parcels used for sale of goods and services, excluding any other defined land use. 3 Manufacturing Parcels used for the assembly, finishing, processing or packaging of manufactured goods. 4 Residential Parcels primarily containing housing units. 5 Medical Parcels devoted to human medical treatment or administration. PREVIOUS CURRENT USE Institutional (except parcels with a Hospital detailed land use) Commercial and Office (except parcels with a Medical detailed land use) Industrial (except parcels with a Warehouse detailed land use) Residential Hospital and Medical Facilities detailed land uses Warehouse detailed land use Mixed Use (If there are multiple buildings of competing uses) PREVIOUS FUTURE USE Institutional Commercial and Office Industrial Residential New land use 6 Warehousing Parcels used for the storage or distribution of physical goods. New land use 7 Mixed Use Parcels part of a planned mixed Mixed Use use development with two or more buildings of competing uses. 8 TCU Parcels devoted to transportation TCU TCU (except airport), communication (except parcels with an and utility uses. Airport detailed land use) 9 Airport Parcels used as part of airports. Airport detailed land New land use use 10 Landfill Parcels used as part of landfills. New land use New land use 11 Agricultural Both actively farmed and fallow land used for growing crops. 12 Extractive Excavated parcels that have undergone mining for the purpose of extracting natural resources. 13 Park and Open Space Parcels devoted to outdoor recreation; including parks, open space, conservation land, and development common areas. 14 Cemetery Public and privately owned cemeteries. 15 Golf Course Public and privately owned golf courses. 16 Water Parcels that are occupied by water bodies other than detention ponds. 17 Parking Parcels improved (structure or paved and striped) for parking. 18 Vacant Parcels that were previously developed but are now vacant. Agricultural (except parcels with an Extractive detailed land use) Extractive detailed land use Park and Open Space (except Cemetery and Golf Course detailed land uses) Cemetery detailed land use Golf Course detailed land use Water Parking Vacant New land use New land use Open Space / Park / Conservation New land use New land use Water New land use Not applicable 10 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

16 Questions about Parcel Land Uses: If a parcel has both manufacturing and warehousing buildings, would the land use be classified as Mixed Use? Since manufacturing and warehousing are similar uses, the parcel would be assigned to whichever use is predominant. Mixed Use is reserved only for parcels which have two or more buildings of noncomplimentary uses, such as manufacturing and commercial, and not parcels with a single multi-use building on them. The minimum and maximum residential density fields will identify those mixed use parcels where residential uses are allowed for future development. Why is there an airport land use separate from the TCU (Transportation, Communication, and Utility) land use? The airport land use is broken out separately due to the need to classify trip generated by air travel in our travel demand modeling efforts. It can be considered a sub-class of TCU for other purposes if desired. When is a parcel classified under a parking land use? The parking land use is only assigned to those parcels that have been improved to be used exclusively for parking. Improvements could include construction of a parking structure, or paving the lot and striping parking spaces. Lots that are used for parking but have not been specifically improved for that purpose, such as dirt or gravel lots where buildings used to exist, would not be classified under the parking land use. Any parcels with considerable parking spaces, but that also have buildings on them, would be classified under the buildings use. 11 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

17 4.0 Building Footprints Data Layer SEMCOG acquired a region wide building footprints layer as part of a larger analysis of land cover under a Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Sustainable Communities regional planning grant. The original building footprints were one of several GIS layers developed by the Sanborn Company in 2012, based on 2010 color orthorectified aerial photography with a one-foot pixel resolution. In addition, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data with an average post spacing no greater than 1.5 meters collected from 2008 through 2010 was also used in creating the building footprints layer. Given the source data, the original footprints represent buildings on the ground as of spring The building footprints were compiled using heads-up digitizing of 2010 imagery in a 2D environment, with a minimum size of 100 square feet required for delineating a building. Buildings were then attributed with the median height from the LiDAR points intersecting the structure, after tree canopy points were removed to eliminate over-hanging trees from effecting the height calculation. SEMCOG staff performed quality control checks on the data focusing on missing or poorly delineated buildings from April through August of Please see the separate documentation provided by The Sanborn Map Company for more technical information on this subject. Footprints as delivered by Sanborn contained only attributes for uniquely identifying each footprint and its median height. In order to make the building footprints layer valuable for planning purposes, the footprints had to be attributed with additional information on each building s location and physical characteristics. Parcel and tax assessing data for May 2008 was collected from local governments, and for May 2010 from county governments and the City of Detroit. The tax assessing data was joined to parcel polygons, which was in turn passed to the building footprint polygons contained by the parcel. Figure 5 Transferring Assessing Attributes to Building Footprints Quality assurance checks were done to ensure that each footprint was properly attributed, and to further attribute residential buildings, which require additional information beyond that contained in tax assessing records for use in SEMCOG s long range forecasting efforts. Figure 2 in Section 2.1 provides a summary diagram of the process used to attribute building footprints. 12 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

18 4.1 Building Typology A building typology was also developed, to assist in forecasting and socioeconomic analysis, as well as geocoding employment data to building. The building types are designed to identify the business activity for nonresidential buildings, and the type of housing for residential buildings. Knowing the business activity of a building allows us to determine what types of jobs, and in what number, the building can support. It also allows for more detailed market analysis when determining if a potential new business can be successful, based on the amount of square footage already devoted to that activity in a given area. The typology was applied to the building footprints, assigning each footprint a detailed building type based on the land use of the underlying parcel, making corrections as needed. Based on the information available to SEMCOG, it was not always possible to initially assign a detailed building typology to a footprint. For this reason, and because the primary activity of a building can change over time, the building type for each footprint should be updated over time based on information from many sources. Documentation on SEMCOG s building types can be found later in this chapter. 4.2 Building Footprint Data Model The data attributes chosen to be maintained for each building footprint fall into one of three categories: location based, physical, or financial. Location based attributes identify the building address and tax parcel number needed to match other sources of data to the structure. Physical attributes describe the size and condition of the building and whether it contains any housing units. Financial attributes list the value of the building as determined by the local assessor. There are some attributes of a building that are of considerable value in community planning that a regional organization is not well suited to maintain due to the frequency of changes, such as building occupancy, though we are hoping that many local units of government will track this information and forward it to us in the future. The table on the next page lists all attributes currently maintained for each building footprint. Notes on how certain fields are calculated follow the table. 13 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

19 Table 3 Building Footprints Layer Attributes ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION DATA TYPE IDlong Unique building footprint identifier. Long Integer BUILDINGID Unique building identifier. Will be equal to IDlong except for Long Integer condominium units, where it is equal to the IDlong of the building containing the individual units. MEDIAN_HGT Median building height in feet. Integer TAXID Tax assessing record parcel identifier. String 24 characters NO_TAXIDS Number of tax assessing records (TAXID) related to the Integer building footprint. LT 0 = - (number of buildings shared by the TAXID) EQ 1 = only building described by the TAXID GT 1 = multiple TAXID records contained in the building CITY_ID SEMCOG municipal identifier. Integer BADDTYPE Type of primary address assigned to the building footprint. String 1 character BADDRESS Primary building address. May be a single address or a range. String 32 characters Includes street number, prefix and name combined. BADDRESS2 Secondary building address. May be a single address or a String 32 characters range. Includes street number, prefix and name combined. BCITY City portion of the building mailing address. String 32 characters BZIPCODE Zip code portion of the building mailing address. String 5 characters BTYPE Building type. Please see the documentation on SEMCOG s Integer building types found later in this chapter. BSQFT_RES Square footage of the building devoted to residential building Long Integer activity. BSQFT_NON Square footage of the building devoted to nonresidential Long Integer building activity. BYRBUILT Year structure was built. Integer BSTORIES Number of stories in the building. May be fractional for Float 2 decimal residential buildings. spaces HUNITS Number of housing units contained in the building. Integer BCONDITION General physical condition of the building. Integer Shape_Length Perimeter of the building polygon in feet. Float Shape_Area Area of the building polygon in feet. Float 14 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

20 Notes on Building Footprint Attributes: BUILDINGID The BUILDINGID and IDlong fields are identical except in the case of condominium units. Since the individual condo units are maintained as separate null footprints independent of the larger structure containing them, the BUILDINGID field is used to track which larger footprint the condo unit is physically part of. There are many other issues associated with maintaining condo units in a building footprints layer, please refer to the next section on Condominium Footprints for more information. NO_TAXIDS This field is used to store the number of tax assessing records that are related to that building footprint. For most buildings, that number will be 1, indicating a single building on a single parcel with a single assessing record describing the parcel. For condominium buildings, the number will be equal to the number of condo units contained in the building, and the assessing data will have to be aggregated from the condo unit tax assessing records to obtain data for the container building. In cases where there are multiple non accessory buildings sitting on a single parcel, the field value will be equal to the number of buildings sharing the single tax assessing record, negated, so that if three buildings sit on a single parcel, the value of NO_TAXIDS would be -3. The negation identifies that the information on tax assessing record must be split across multiple buildings. A zero indicates an accessory building. CITY_ID The CITY_ID field is a numeric code for the local unit of government developed by SEMCOG and used in its internal databases. A table listing these codes can be found in the appendix. BADDTYPE This field indicates what type of address can be found in the one or both of the two building address fields: S R D M N Building is assigned one single unique address. Building contains one or more address ranges. Building contains two single addresses for each housing unit in a non-condo duplex. Building is a manufactured home in a licensed manufactured housing park for which we have yet to obtain a unique address so the underlying parcel address is assigned. Building is an accessory structure given the underlying parcel address. For non accessory buildings that are not condominium buildings, this is usually a single address. For condominium buildings, and occasionally for other very large nonresidential buildings, there is a range of addresses within the building, so the address field contains a range. Note that the individual condo footprints will still have a single address. Accessory buildings are assigned the address of the parcel, though these buildings are not used for geocoding as no one resides or works in these buildings. Footprints that represent manufactured homes in a manufactured housing park are currently also assigned the address of the underlying parcel, until such time as we can obtain individual addresses for each manufactured housing unit. BADDRESS2 For free standing buildings with a single address that are also identified by a building name, that name can be recorded in this field. For example, the building located at 535 Griswold Street in Detroit is also known as the Buhl Building. BSQFT_RES and BSQFT_NON The square footage of a structure is not necessarily equal to the area of the footprint shape, even for one story buildings. There is a certain degree of error in delineating building footprints when using heads-up digitizing, due to factors such as imagery resolution, the amount of shadow and lean present in the image, and the amount of overhang of the building roof. For this reason, we will use the square footage present in the tax assessing record, if available, as long as the difference between the two figures is minimal. If the square footage is not available from the tax assessing record, then we will use the area of the footprint shape along with the number of building stories to calculate 15 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

21 square footage. All square footage in residential buildings is assigned to the BSQFT_RES field, while all square footage in nonresidential buildings is assigned to the BSQFT_NON field, except when a primarily nonresidential building contains housing units as well. If these units are condos, the condo square footage is aggregated to calculate the residential square footage, or if they are apartment units the number of housing units is multiplied by 1,000 to determine the residential square footage. In either case, this value is recorded in the BSQFT_RES field, and the BSQFT_NON field is decreased by the same amount to keep the combined building square footage accurate. BSTORIES This field indicates the number of stories contained in the building. For residential structures, this number can be quarter fractional, for example 1.25 for a Bungalow or 1.50 for a Cape Cod style of home, as this is how residential buildings are often classified in tax assessing records. The number of stories in nonresidential structures is not generally classified fractionally. This field can differ greatly from a value derived from simply dividing the median building height by the average height of a building story, as different types of buildings can have widely different story heights. BCONDITION The building condition field is not available for all jurisdictions as of yet. Where available, this field tracks the structural integrity of a building based on external observation. There are four building condition classifications: 1 Good Condition The building is well maintained and structurally sound. No more than two minor repairs are needed (i.e., repair gutter or repaint). 2 Fair Condition The building is maintained and structurally sound. Three or more minor repairs or one major repair is needed (i.e., replace door or window). 3 Poor Condition The building has major exterior damage and multiple major repairs are needed. 4 Demolish The building is not structurally sound and should be demolished (i.e., significant fire damage, the roof is missing or caved in, the building is leaning). 0 Unknown Building condition is not known. Where this data is not available, no condition will have been assigned and the field will be null or set to zero. Communities are encouraged to report building conditions to SEMCOG if they have this information available. This building condition classification is largely based on a similar system used by Data Driven Detroit in their 2009 survey of housing in the City of Detroit, so that their survey results could be transferred to footprints in Detroit without further processing. 16 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

22 4.3 Condominium Footprints As mentioned previously, condominium buildings form a unique type of building footprint. There are two components to a condominium building, the entire attached structure and the individual condominium units contained within that structure. While multi-family apartment buildings have the same physical properties as condominium buildings, the housing units within a multi-family apartment building cannot be legally purchased and sold as individual units, and thus do not have their own tax assessing records so the individual units do not need to be represented (although if sufficient data was available there may be a desire to do so). Several methods were evaluated that would maintain both the individual units and entire building in the building footprints layer. Many communities represent condominiums as individual polygons in their parcel fabric, essentially splitting a building into a single parcel for each condo unit. This approach would also work for building footprints, splitting the footprint along the parcel lines and keeping both the parts and the original whole building, except for two issues. Not all communities delineate condos this way in their parcel fabric, and not all condo buildings are composed of side by side units. Even if neither of these issues existed, there is no case in which a building footprint exactly overlaps the building as drawn in the parcel fabric for those communities using that approach. The common result of attempting to split entire condo buildings by individual condo parcels is shown in the figure below: Figure 6 Splitting Condominium Buildings by Condominium Parcels 17 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

23 As the figure illustrates, the result from intersecting the entire condo building with the condo unit parcels do not match the original parcels very well, with not every unit being represented proportionately within the building and at least one additional polygon being created that does not represent a unit at all. It would require a significant amount of manual effort to correct these errors, in addition to manually splitting buildings in communities that do not represent individual condo units in their parcel fabric. Since the intersection method outlined above to split condo building footprints would require considerable manual editing, and since it also cannot be applied to cases where the condo units are stacked on top of each other, a simple stacking method was employed to represent condo units in the building footprints layer. Each condo unit is identified in the tax assessment rolls and assigned to the building footprint in which the condo unit is located. These records are then geocoded to the building footprints, resulting in a series of stacked points located at the parcel centroid of each condominium building footprint. These points are then buffered by 12 feet, and converted to 24 foot square polygons using the Minimum Bounding Geometry tool in ArcGIS. The resulting condo unit polygons occupy the same physical space in the building footprint layer, so it will not be visually apparent how many condo units are contained with a condominium building. However, each condo unit will contain the correct values for fields such as address or square footage since this data is derived from tax assessment rolls. The resulting condo polygons in the footprint layer look similar to a dice with a single pip. While this is not an ideal physical representation of the condominium buildings, this process is completely automated, requires no manual editing of the footprint or parcel layers whatsoever, and is sufficient for future geocoding purposes since the individual condo units are placed within the correct container building. How to best represent condo units in a building footprints layer can be reevaluated in the future when additional resources and improvements in GIS software may allow us to attempt to represent condo units in a more physically accurate manner, such as using three dimensional polygon layers to represent each floor of a condo building. 18 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

24 4.4 Building Type Classification Each building footprint is assigned a detailed building type within one of seven general classes of buildings, which are in turn aligned with SEMCOG s parcel land use classification system for current and future land use. The seven general classes of buildings, totaling 62 detailed building types are: Institutional, covering Institutional land use; Retail and Office, covering the non-hospitality side of Commercial land use; Leisure and Hospitality, covering the hospitality side of Commercial land use; Manufacturing and Warehouse, covering the Manufacturing and Warehousing land uses; Residential, covering Residential land use; Medical, covering Medical land use; Transportation and Utility, covering the Airport and TCU or Transportation, Communication, and Utility land uses. Each of these classes of buildings is detailed in the following sections. In addition to the described buildings, there is one additional building type, Accessory Building, with a building type id of 999, which comprises approximately 30 percent of all building footprints. These buildings are typically detached garages, although guard shacks, mausoleums, parking booths, pole barns, restrooms, and sheds are also fairly common accessory buildings. These structures do not contain housing units and are not places of employment, and as such do not require further classification. However, they are valuable when performing various green infrastructure or impervious surface analyses, and are left in the building footprint layer for that reason. They can also be useful to assessors in determining if they have included all such buildings in their property assessments. 19 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

25 4.5 Institutional Buildings Definition: Institutional buildings are structures entirely dedicated to governmental, non-profit or religious uses. Educational buildings, which may be governmental if public or non-profit if privately run, also fall into this category. The only governmental or non-profit buildings not classified as institutional are those buildings dedicated to providing health care services, which are separated into their own Medical buildings category as hospitals and other health related buildings may be for-profit or non-profit depending on their ownership. Institutional buildings can also include group quarters places of residence. Table 4 Institutional Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 101 Civic or Fraternal Building A building owned by a non-profit organization that serves as either a center providing non-medical social services or as a meeting space for fraternal orders. 103 Cultural Building A building that provides cultural resources to the public such as libraries and museums, owned by a governmental or other tax exempt entity. 105 Educational or Instructional Building 107 Governmental Office Building A building dedicated to secondary or postsecondary educational instruction. These do not include purely administrative buildings where instruction does not occur, which are classified as governmental office buildings. Governmental or educational office buildings, including city halls, court houses, and college administration buildings. 109 Governmental Emergency Services Building Free standing police and fire stations, and other emergency services buildings. 111 Governmental Public Works Building Government buildings associated with non-administrative public works functions, such as maintenance buildings and storage facilities for construction equipment and materials. 20 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

26 Table 4 Institutional Building Types continued BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 113 Child Daycare or Preschool Facility Buildings used as preschools, nursery schools or child daycare facilities, regardless of ownership or profit status. 121 Place of Worship or Religious Building Buildings used for the practice of religious beliefs, including auxiliary buildings used as secondary meeting spaces. 123 Convent, Monastery or Abbey Facilities run by religious organizations that are intended to house their members in a group living situation. 131 Correctional Facility, Jail or Prison Prison, jail, and other detention center buildings. 133 Dormitory, Fraternity or Sorority House Group housing for students who reside in a dormitory, fraternity or sorority house at a college, university, or seminary 199 Institutional Building not yet Classified. Unclassified institutional building. Notes for Institutional Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, the only additional attribute maintained for institutional buildings is the group quarters population, where appropriate. Questions about Institutional Buildings: I don t see nursing homes listed as an institutional building, why is that? Nursing homes and hospice care, both forms of group quarters, are classified under Medical buildings, due to the fact they provide 24 hour patient medical. How are single-family homes owned by religious groups that serve as both residences and administrative office space classified? These structures are classified as Residential buildings since they are fundamentally no different than any other home in which a portion of the space is dedicated to office space. 21 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

27 4.6 Retail and Office Buildings Definition: Retail and office buildings are structures found on Commercial land uses devoted to providing general business services and goods and services for sale or lease to both individuals and other businesses. Please note that entertainment and lodging structures are found under Leisure and Hospitality buildings, health care offices are classified under Medical buildings and some forms of cultural entertainment may be found under Institutional buildings. Please see those sections for more details. A building can be classified as commercial even if it contains housing units, as long as the majority of the building is devoted to commercial purposes. Table 5 Retail and Office Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 201 Automotive Services Building A building where the primary activity is to provide automobiles for sale or rent or to service automobiles. Includes automotive dealerships, gas stations, repair garages, car washes, oil change shops, etc. 203 Bank or Credit Union A standalone building that serves as a depository financial institution. Note that all other financial firms (e.g. mortgage lenders, insurance agents, financial planners, etc.) should go under Office. 205 Big Box General Merchandise Retail Building A standalone single tenant building occupied by a big box retailer selling groceries and general merchandise. Examples include chains like Kroger, Meijer, and Target, as well as smaller neighborhood grocers like Spartan Food Centers. Buildings are typically over 50,000 square feet in size. 207 Big Box Specialty Merchandise Retail Building A standalone single tenant building occupied by a big box retailer selling specialty merchandise. Examples include chains like Home Depot, Lowes, Barnes and Nobles and Best Buy. Buildings are typically over 50,000 square feet in size. 22 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

28 Table 5 Retail and Office Building Types continued BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 209 Single-Tenant Retail Building A standalone commercial building which cannot be classified as big box. Examples include pharmacies, convenience stores and other smaller retailers as well as companies providing commercial services such as salons, laundromats and funeral services. 211 Regional Mall A large retail building with multiple tenants. Enclosed with inward-facing stores connected by a common walkway. Parking surrounds the outside perimeter. Typically at least 400,000 square feet in size. 213 Multi-Tenant Retail Building All other retail buildings with multiple tenants that do not fit the Regional Mall description. Typically under 400,000 square feet in size. Strip centers and outlet malls would fall into this category. 221 Office Building A building designed for office jobs that may contain single or multiple tenants. Examples include: financial services other than banks and credit unions, accountants, lawyers, corporate headquarters and regional offices. 241 Commercial Agriculture Building A building used for the commercial distribution or sale of agricultural products, such as greenhouses or garden nurseries. 249 Retail and Office Building not yet classified. Unclassified retail or office building. Notes for Retail and Office Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, no additional attributes are maintained for retail and office buildings. Questions about Retail and Office Buildings: Many General Merchandise stores have smaller tenants residing on-premise, for example a Meijer with a bank inside. How should these buildings be classified? The entire structure should be classified as a Big Box General Merchandise Building. Since we do not split single structures by interior walls in the case of multi-tenant buildings, there is no way to classify the smaller tenants that reside within the primary building. These types of situations can be handled by the creation of a separate address file containing points for each individual address within a single building. 23 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

29 An office building has many kinds of tenants. For example, many office buildings have not only tenants with traditional office space, but also doctors and dentists offices. How should these be classified? If an office building is very mixed, say for example 50% traditional office and 50% medical office, classify it as an Office Building. We realize that we cannot perfectly identify the mix of every office building. Many multiple tenant retail buildings have restaurants, bars, or personal care stores as tenants. How should these be classified? Classify these buildings into Multi-Tenant Retail Building. Just as with office, we realize that it would be too difficult to perfectly identify the tenant mix of every retail building. 24 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

30 4.7 Leisure and Hospitality Buildings Definition: Leisure and Hospitality buildings are structures found on Commercial land uses devoted to entertainment, indoor recreation, spectator sports, accommodation and food services. These buildings are generally thought of as those that support the tourism industry in addition to local residents. Table 6 Leisure and Hospitality Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 251 Hotel or Motel A building that provides short-term accommodations to travelers and visitors. Also includes youth hostels and bed and breakfasts. 253 Casino A building primarily used for gambling operations. Excludes horse racing tracks and other spectator sports (see Stadium and Arena). 255 Convention Center A building primarily used for meeting space and conventions. Does not include banquet centers (see Restaurant and Bar). 257 Entertainment Building This type of building houses entertainment venues. Examples include: movie theaters, performance theaters, and bowling alleys. 259 Fitness or Recreation Center A building used for physical fitness training and exercise, including municipally owned facilities. Examples include: L.A. Fitness, Lifetime Fitness, Summit on the Park, etc. 261 Restaurant or Bar A free standing building that houses a restaurant or bar. Any type of food or beverage service is the primary use. Restaurants can be dine-in or carry-out. Includes banquet centers and night clubs. 25 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

31 Table 6 Leisure and Hospitality Building Types continued BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 263 Stadium or Arena A building used for spectator sports. Includes enclosed and open-air structures (such as baseball stadiums and horseracing tracks). 265 Athletic Club House A building used as a club house for operating an athletic facility, typically found at golf courses. There may be business, restaurant, and locker room sections. 269 Leisure and Hospitality Building not yet classified. Unclassified leisure and hospitality building. Notes for Leisure and Hospitality Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, the number of rooms is maintained for Hotel and Motel buildings. Questions about Leisure and Hospitality Buildings: No questions yet. 26 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

32 4.8 Manufacturing and Warehouse Buildings Definition: Manufacturing buildings are structures dedicated to the manufacture or production of both durable and non-durable goods. This also includes buildings used for the research and development of alternative products or production methods. Warehouse buildings are used for the distribution, movement and storage of goods. Table 7 Manufacturing and Warehouse Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 301 Auto Manufacturing Building A building used to primarily manufacture motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts. This also includes products destined solely for the automotive supply chain. Includes both primary automakers and suppliers. 303 General Manufacturing Building 305 Research and Development Building 311 Post Office or Private Shipper All other manufacturing buildings, where the primary product is not related to the auto industry. Products include food and beverage, chemicals, clothing, electronics, furniture, medical equipment, plastics, and others. A privately owned building where the primary use is to conduct research and development in any discipline, though typically auto or medical related. Examples include auto technical centers and proving grounds, and firms like NextEnergy and TechTown. United States Postal Service building, or buildings owned by private shippers like Federal Express and United Parcel Service. 321 Warehouse or Distribution Center A building in which goods or merchandise are stored for distribution or wholesale activity. 323 Self-Storage Building A structure in a self-storage facility where persons rent individual enclosed storage space. 399 Industrial Building not yet Classified. Unclassified industrial building. 27 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

33 Notes for Manufacturing and Warehouse Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, no additional attributes are maintained for manufacturing or warehouse buildings. Questions about Manufacturing and Warehouse Buildings: Why are some buildings in which auto parts manufacturing is taking place coded as general manufacturing buildings? By default, all manufacturing buildings are coded to general manufacturing. As we become aware that a building is being used specifically for the production or assembly of automobiles or their components, we then change the building type to auto manufacturing. 28 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

34 4.9 Residential Buildings Definition: Residential buildings are those structures predominantly used as housing, containing one or more housing units. Unlike other buildings, which are classified by the type of activity that occurs in the structure, residential buildings are classified by the type of housing units they contain and whether those units can be independently purchased. Other structures that contain housing units but have a predominant nonresidential use, sometimes referred to as mixed-use buildings, are classified under the predominant building use. Individual condominium units are classified independently of the overall structure they are contained within. Table 8 Residential Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 401 Single-Family Detached House A free standing residential building originally built to contain a single housing unit - may now contain multiple units. 403 Attached Condominium Building A building of three or fewer stories containing multiple condominium units attached to one another by sharing one or more internal walls. 405 High Rise Condominium Building A building of four or more stories containing multiple condominium units typically a commercial building repurposed into condos. 407 Condominium Unit An individual condominium unit contained in an Attached Condominium Building or High Rise Condominium Building. 409 Multi-Family Apartment Building A structure purpose built to contain multiple rental units includes cooperative housing. 411 Independent or Assisted Living Facility Buildings containing independent or assisted living housing units does not include nursing homes. 29 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

35 Table 8 Residential Building Types continued BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 413 Manufactured Home in Park Prefabricated homes built with a permanent chassis located in a licensed manufactured housing park. 491 Housing Association Club House A structure in a residential development devoted to group meeting space and recreation activities, often including a pool. 499 Residential Building not yet Classified Unclassified residential building. Notes for Residential Buildings: In addition to the location and physical attributes (see Introduction) common to all types of buildings, the number of housing units in each building is also tracked. Condominium units are tracked independently of their parent structures for geocoding purposes and for performing demographic analysis such as population and occupied housing unit estimates or long range forecasting. Questions about Residential Buildings: Why isn t occupancy tracked as an attribute for residential units? Whether a housing unit is occupied or vacant is a transient attribute which can change very quickly. There are no attributes in tax assessment rolls or property sales records which clearly state the occupancy status of a property at any given point in time. Housing units that are currently for sale or rent may or may not be occupied, just as homes not for sale or rent may in fact be vacant or used as seasonal vacation property. Even homes in foreclosure may be occupied during all or part of the foreclosure process. When the difficulty in obtaining occupancy status is combined with how quickly the information changes, it is not possible for a regional entity to track this information. Using other data sources, such as electricity or water usage statistics, it may be possible to determine occupancy at a single point in time for demographic analysis. Why isn t tenure tracked for residential units? Tenure indicates whether a housing unit is owner occupied or renter occupied. Other than multi-family and assisted living units, which are always renter occupied, other types of residential units may be either owner or renter occupied. Since there is no attribute in tax assessment rolls that directly indicates whether the homeowner is occupying the property or renting it out, we do not maintain a tenure attribute. The homestead percentage field from tax assessing files can be used as a proxy for tenure in single-family and condominium units, though it is subject to interpretation as a homestead percentage of less than 100 but greater than 0 can indicate different things depending on what the homeowner had in mind when they filled out the form. Please see page two of the Michigan Principal Residence Exemption form in the Appendix for more information on different meanings of proportion homestead exemption. Assisted living facilities are listed as a residential building type. Aren t nursing homes, dormitories, and other group living facilities places where people reside? We use the standard definition of places of residence as defined by the United State Census Bureau. There are two types of living quarters, housing units and group quarters. Buildings containing housing units are 30 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

36 classified as residential buildings, while those containing group quarters are classified as institutional buildings. For a list of living quarters not classified as traditional housing units, please see the 2010 Census Other Living Quarters Flashcard in the Appendix. How are buildings that are duplexes identified? We classify duplexes differently depending on if the two units can be individually owned (separate tax assessing records) or they are both part of a single tax assessing record. If the two units are part of a single tax assessment record, the building will have a single TAXID and a HUNIT count of two. The BADDTYPE field will be set to D, with each address field containing a single address, one for each unit in the duplex. However, if each of the two units can be individually owned and have unique tax assessment records, the building will be treated as a two unit condominium building, with both the combined building and each of the two units represented separately in the Building Footprints data layer. It is then up to the user whether to include these types of two-unit structures when creating counts of duplexes in a geographic area. Some single-family homes have been converted into multiple unit structures. Is this reflected in the housing unit count for these buildings? Our research shows that in suburban and rural communities, the incidence of single-family homes containing multiple units is 1 in 400 homes. Given the low impact on local housing unit counts, we make no effort to identify which single-family homes contain multiple units in these areas, though we do record the information if we come across it. Since the conversion rate is higher in urban areas, we do make some effort to identify such homes, primarily using information from the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) and local residential property surveys. However, this information is unlikely to be complete until sometime in the future. 31 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

37 4.10 Medical Buildings Definition: Medical buildings are structures where healthcare and medical services are provided. No distinction is made between for-profit and non-profit providers as there is no difference in the buildings themselves. If an office building is primarily occupied by tenants providing health care services, then it will be classified as Medical, otherwise an office building with a multitude of tenants, some of which are medical offices, would be classified as a Commercial office building. Many large special purpose medical buildings will also contain outpatient doctor offices. Medical buildings can also include group quarters places of residence. Table 9 Medical Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 501 Hospital A building providing diagnostic and medical treatment to inpatients with a variety of medical conditions. 503 Psychiatric or Substance Abuse Hospital A building providing diagnostic, medical treatment, and monitoring services to inpatients who suffer from mental illness or substance abuse disorders. 505 Surgical or Emergency Center This type of building houses medical care centers which provide either, 1) surgery or 2) emergency care to outpatients. No inpatient beds are located at these facilities. 511 Nursing Home or Hospice A building used primarily in providing inpatient nursing and physical rehabilitative services. Patients receive nursing and continuous personal care services for an extended period of time. 513 Residential Care Facility A residential group home for mental health or substance abuse patients. These buildings provide room, board, supervision, counseling, and support services. 32 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

38 Table 9 Medical Building Types continued BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 521 General Medical Office A medical building that does not fit into one of the previous classifications. Examples include: doctor or dentist offices, counseling and mental health clinics, dialysis centers, medical laboratories (Quest Diagnostics), etc. Tenants may belong to either a group or private practice. 599 Medical Building not yet Classified A medical building not yet classified. Notes for Medical Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, the only additional attribute maintained for medical buildings is the group quarters population, where appropriate. Questions about Medical Buildings: Many hospital systems now have medical centers which are very large in size. How should these be classified? The answer depends on whether the facility has surgery or emergency rooms. If it has either, classify it as a Surgical and Emergency Center. If it has no surgery or emergency room, classify it as General Medical Office. Recently some hospitals converted to non-hospital uses (for example, the former Cottage Hospital in Grosse Pointe Farms). How should these buildings be classified? These structures should be classified into the most appropriate of the categories listed above. In the case of the former Cottage Hospital, it should be classified as a Surgical and Emergency Center, as it provides outpatient emergency room services. How should physical therapy facilities be classified? The answer depends on if the facility provides therapy to inpatients or outpatients. If it provides therapy to inpatients, classify it as Nursing Home or Hospice. If it provides therapy to outpatients, classify it as General Medical Office. The uses of the building may not match perfectly, but the trip patterns are similar. How should assisted living facilities be classified? Assisted living facilities are not classified here; they are under Residential Buildings. Assisted living facilities are considered multi-family housing units by the Census Bureau, so SEMCOG classifies these buildings in the Residential category. What is the difference between a Psychiatric or Substance Abuse Hospital and a Residential Care Facility? A Psychiatric or Substance Abuse Hospital emphasizes medical treatment and monitoring of patients, while a Residential Care Facility emphasizes the provision of residential care for persons diagnosed with mental disabilities or substance abuse problems. 33 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

39 4.11 Transportation and Utility Buildings Definition: Transportation buildings are structures used in the movement of persons or goods by way of air, rail, or water transport. Utility buildings are structures designed to generate or process power, water, and solid waste. Government or private industry may own these buildings. Table 10 Transportation and Utility Building Types BTYPE BCLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE 701 Airport Terminal A building located at an airport where passengers can embark or disembark air transportation. Usually includes space for ticketing, security, and baggage transfer. 703 Airport Hangar A building at an airport for the storage and maintenance of air transportation vehicles. 705 Energy Production Building A structure used in the production or transfer of electricity or natural gas. 707 Solid Waste Processing Facility Buildings used for recycling or incinerating solid waste. 709 Water Processing or Treatment Plant Any structure used in the processing or treatment of water, including pump stations and water treatment plants. 711 Parking Structure An above ground parking structure, which may or may not have first floor retail or commercial services. 799 Utility Building not yet Classified. Unclassified utility building. 34 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

40 Notes for Transportation and Utility Buildings: In addition to the attributes maintained for all building types, the only additional attribute maintained for transportation and utility buildings is the number of parking spaces for parking structures. Questions about Transportation and Utility Buildings: How are office buildings or hotels on airport parcels classified? Any free standing building on an airport owned parcel that is completely unrelated to basic airport operations, such as an office building for a private charter service, a hotel, or a rental car office, should be classified under their own building types. 35 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

41 Table 11 Building Types Summary BTYPE BCLASS BTYPE BCLASS Institutional Manufacturing and Warehouse 101 Civic or Fraternal Building 301 Auto Manufacturing Building 103 Cultural Building 303 General Manufacturing Building 105 Educational or Instructional Building 305 Research and Development Building 107 Governmental Office Building 311 Post Office or Private Shipper 109 Governmental Emergency Services Building 321 Warehouse or Distribution Center 111 Governmental Public Works Building 323 Self-Storage Building 113 Child Daycare or Preschool Facility 399 Unclassified Industrial Building * 121 Place of Worship or Religious Building Residential 123 Convent, Monastery or Abbey 401 Single-Family Detached House 131 Correctional Facility, Jail or Prison 403 Attached Condominium Building 133 Dormitory, Fraternity or Sorority House 405 High Rise Condominium Building 199 Unclassified Institutional Building * 407 Condominium Unit Retail and Office 409 Multi-Family Apartment Building 201 Automotive Services Building 411 Independent or Assisted Living Facility 203 Bank or Credit Union 413 Manufactured Home in Park 205 Big Box General Merchandise Retail Building 491 Housing Association Club House 207 Big Box Specialty Merchandise Retail Bldg 499 Unclassified Residential Building * 209 Single Tenant Retail Building Medical 211 Regional Mall 501 Hospital 213 Multi-Tenant Retail Building 503 Psychiatric or Substance Abuse Hospital 221 Office Building 505 Surgical or Emergency Center 241 Commercial Agriculture Building 511 Nursing Home or Hospice 249 Unclassified Retail and Office Building * 513 Residential Care Facility Leisure and Hospitality 521 General Medical Office 251 Hotel or Motel 599 Unclassified Medical Building * 253 Casino Transportation and Utility 255 Convention Center 701 Airport Terminal 257 Entertainment Building 703 Airport Hangar 259 Fitness or Recreation Center 705 Energy Production Building 261 Restaurant or Bar 707 Solid Waste Processing Facility 263 Stadium or Arena 709 Water Processing or Treatment Plant 265 Athletic Club House 711 Parking Structure 269 Unclassified Leisure and Hospitality Bldg * 799 Unclassified Utility Building * Other 999 Accessory Building * These building types represent buildings that have yet to be assigned to a more detailed building type. They are assigned these general codes so that it is clear that no formal assignment has yet been made. 36 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

42 INGHAM LIVINGSTON SYLVAN SHARON Manchester CHELSEA Dexter LIMA SCIO LODI SALINE Barton Hills YORK MILAN DUNDEE WHITEFORD MILAN SUMMERFIELD Dundee Holly ROSE Milford IDA BEDFORD WASHTENAW WAYNE Maybee RAISINVILLE Lake NOVI LASALLE ERIE Ortonville CLARKSTON LAKE VILLAGE WAYNE LIVONIA ROMULUS Carleton HURON MONROE ASH LAKE INKSTER ORION PONTIAC SYLVAN LAKE KEEGO HARBOR BLOOMFIELD Bingham Farms Oxford South Rockwood BERLIN Lake Orion AUBURN HILLS TAYLOR HILLS Beverly LATHRUP VILLAGE Estral Beach ALLEN PARK BERKLEY OAK PARK TRENTON GIBRALTAR OAKLAND TROY ROYAL OAK WOODS ECORSE WYANDOTTE OAKLAND MACOMB HAZEL PARK UTICA WARREN HAMTRAMCK DETROIT LAPEER ST. CLAIR FRASER LYNN MUSSEY Capac BERLIN ARMADA RAY CLINTON EASTPOINTE MOUNT FARMS GROSSE POINTE GROSSE Armada RICHMOND New Haven CHESTERFIELD MACOMB NEW BALTIMORE ST. CLAIR ST. CLAIR ALGONAC ST. CLAIR MARINE CITY PORT HURON 5.0 Land Cover Data SEMCOG s land cover data layer was developed as part of the same HUD Sustainable Communities regional planning grant that also produced the original building footprints data layer. This data was acquired to benchmark the region s current green infrastructure by developing a green infrastructure coverage map based on existing 2010 aerial imagery, and to develop a regional green infrastructure vision for the future. As with the footprints, the land cover data was also produced by Sanborn in 2012, based on the same 2010 color orthorectified aerial photography and LiDAR datasets that were used in creating the building footprints. A minimum mapping unit (MMU) of 1 meter in urban areas and.25 acre in rural areas was applied in creating the data. There were approximately 1,663 square miles of urban area and 2,935 square miles of rural area classified in Southeast Michigan as detailed in Figure 7 below. Figure 7 Southeast Michigan Urban and Rural Land Cover Areas SANILAC ST. CLAIR YALE BROCKWAY GRANT GREENWOOD BURTCHVILLE KENOCKEE EMMETT CLYDE FORT GRATIOT Emmett PORT HURON RILEY WALES KIMBALL SHIAWASSEE CONWAY COHOCTAH GENESEE LIVINGSTON DEERFIELD TYRONE GENESEE LAPEER HOLLY GROVELAND BRANDON SPRINGFIELD ST. CLAIR OAKLAND MACOMB INDEPENDENCE OXFORD ADDISON Leonard BRUCE Romeo WASHINGTON MEMPHIS RICHMOND COLUMBUS LENOX CASCO CHINA MARYSVILLE EAST CHINA HANDY Fowlerville HOWELL OCEOLA HARTLAND WHITE LAKE HIGHLAND WATERFORD ANGELUS ROCHESTER ROCHESTER HILLS SHELBY MACOMB IRA COTTRELLVILLE CLAY HOWELL BRIGHTON IOSCO MARION GENOA BRIGHTON UNADILLA PUTNAM HAMBURG GREEN OAK Pinckney LYNDON DEXTER LIVINGSTON WASHTENAW WEBSTER NORTHFIELD LIVINGSTON OAKLAND MILFORD LYON SOUTH LYON SALEM WIXOM COMMERCE NORTHVILLE PLYMOUTH Wolverine WALLED LAKE NORTHVILLE PLYMOUTH ORCHARD WEST BLOOMFIELD FARMINGTON HILLS FARMINGTON Franklin Hills REDFORD BLOOMFIELD SOUTHFIELD OAKLAND WAYNE BIRMINGHAM CLAWSON HUNTINGTON FERNDALE MADISON HEIGHTS PLEASANT RIDGE ROYAL OAK HIGHLAND PARK STERLING HEIGHTS CENTER LINE MACOMB ROSEVILLE HARPER WOODS PARK POINTE CLEMENS ST. CLAIR SHORES GROSSE POINTE WOODS GROSSE POINTE SHORES GROSSE POINTE HARRISON JACKSON WASHTENAW ANN ARBOR ANN ARBOR SUPERIOR YPSILANTI CANTON WESTLAND GARDEN CITY DEARBORN HEIGHTS DEARBORN MELVINDALE RIVER ROUGE LINCOLN PARK PITTSFIELD FREEDOM YPSILANTI VAN BUREN BELLEVILLE SOUTHGATE RIVERVIEW BROWNSTOWN MANCHESTER BRIDGEWATER SALINE AUGUSTA SUMPTER WOODHAVEN GROSSE ILE WASHTENAW LENAWEE MONROE LONDON EXETER WAYNE FLAT ROCK BROWNSTOWN ROCKWOOD BROWNSTOWN Urban - MMU of Acre Rural - MMU of 0.25 Acre LENAWEE MONROE FRENCHTOWN PETERSBURG MONROE FRENCHTOWN LUNA PIER MONROE LUCAS (Michigan/Ohio State Line) 37 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

43 The land cover data layer has a much simpler data model than the land parcels and building footprints data layers, essentially just a single field classifying land cover into five types: Table 12 Land Cover Layer Attributes ATTRIBUTE DESCRIPTION DATA TYPE ID Unique polygon identification number. Long Integer SUBTYPECD Layer subtype code. Integer CLASSNAME SEMCOG municipal identifier. String 20 characters Shape_Length Perimeter of the land cover polygon in feet. Float Shape_Area Area of the land cover polygon in feet. Float Notes on Land Cover Attributes: SUBTYPECD and CLASSNAME The SUBTYPECD and CLASSNAME fields are numeric and string representations of the five category land cover classification system: SUBTYPECD CLASSNAME DESCRIPTION 1 Impervious Surface Mainly artificial structures covered by impenetrable materials 2 Open Space Areas characterized by herbaceous vegetation 3 Trees Areas characterized by tree cover 4 Urban Bare Bare compacted land in developed areas 5 Water Areas of open water 5.1 Tree Canopy Layer As part of the land cover data acquisition, SEMCOG also had a leaf-on tree canopy layer produced. This dataset was created using an additional data input, National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) meter resolution four band (natural color plus color infrared) aerial photography from the United States Department of Agriculture. This layer has the same attributes as the land cover data layer, except there are only two classifications of the data, Non-Canopy or Canopy. 38 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

44 Appendix A Reference Materials Appendix A contains reference material from other sources used in developing SEMCOG s land data layers. As we continue to update these layers, any additional source material used will be added to this appendix, listed in alphabetical order by source. 39 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

45 2010 Census Other Living Quarters (OLQ) Flashcard 40 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

46 41 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

47 Michigan Principal Residence Exemption Affidavit 42 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook

48 43 SEMCOG Land Data Guidebook