A Social History of the English Country House Leeds International Summer School, 2010

Transcription

1 Basic Information: Module Leader Module Description A Social History of the English Country House Leeds International Summer School, 2010 Dr Kerry Bristol, Room 204 Old Mining Building, k.a.c.bristol@leeds.ac.uk, Country houses are one of Britain s greatest contributions to world culture, but who created them and why? Have they always functioned as containers for art collections or have they had deeper meanings and a wider social impact? Using Yorkshire s world-class country houses as case studies, this course will introduce you to: The builders of the country house The rise and fall of the great estates The upstairs lives of the men, women and children who lived in the country house and the downstairs world of the men and women who served them The idea of a court style and its regional variations The often difficult relationship between patron and architect The allied arts of interior design and decoration The relationship between the aristocratic great house, the more modest gentleman s house and the villa Credits 10 Contact Hours 2 X 90 minutes classes per day + 3 site visits Timetable Please refer to syllabus Teaching Methods Lectures, Seminar discussions, Visits Assessment: Type Portfolio Deadline Thursday 15 July 2010 Penalties for late submission or nonattendance If the portfolio is submitted late without permission from the Course Leader, it will lose 5 marks for each working day after the deadline. Works handed in two weeks late will fail. 1

2 Monday 5 July 9:30-11:00 - The Builders of the Country House What motivated the building (or rebuilding) of country houses? How was the supply of money, labour and materials managed? Malcolm Airs, The Making of the English Country House, (London: Architectural Press, 1975) Malcolm Airs, The Tudor and Jacobean Country House: a building history (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1995) Mark Girouard, Robert Smythson and the Architecture of the Elizabethan Era (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983) Trevor Lummis and Jan Marsh, The Woman s Domain (London: Viking, 1990), ch.1 Charles Samaurez Smith, The Building of Castle Howard (London: Pimlico, 1997) John Summerson, The Classical Country House in 18th-century England, in The Unromantic Castle (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990), pp [Originally published as The Classical Country House, Royal Society of Arts Journal, vol. CVII, July 1959, ] Richard Wilson and Alan Mackley, Creating Paradise. The Building of the English Country House , Monday 5 July 11:30-1:00 - The Idea of the Architect When is it legitimate to use the word architect when speaking of country house builders? How does the concept of abstract design relate to the emergence of the architect? Has the fact that architecture has become a profession affected the interpretation of its history? Dana Arnold, The authority of the author: biography and the reconstruction of the canon, in Reading Architectural History (New York and London: Routledge, 2002), pp J.A. Bennett, Architecture and Mathematical Practice in England, , in English Architecture Public and Private, ed. by John Bold and Edward Chaney (London: Hambledon, 1993), pp E.H. Carr, What is history? (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), pp H.M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects , fourth edition (New Haven and London: Yale University Press for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, 2008), pp Frank Jenkins, Architect and patron: a survey of professional relations and practice in England from the sixteenth century to the present day (London: Oxford University Press, 1961) pp Charles Samaurez Smith, The Building of Castle Howard (London: Pimlico, 1997), chapter 2 Richard Wilson and Alan Mackley, Creating Paradise. The Building of the English Country House (London: Hambledon and London, 2000) pp John Wilton-Ely, The Rise of the Professional Architect in England, in The Architect. Chapters in the History of the Profession, ed. by Spiro Kostof (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp

3 Tuesday 6 July 9:30-11:00 - Country House Planning What can we learn about a building from its plan? What were the different functions of spaces and what role did they play in defining gender and class? Which spaces were public, which were private, and how did boundaries between the two change over time? What was the influence of Italy on the country house plan? John Bold, Privacy and the Plan, English Architecture Public and Private, ed. by John Bold and Edward Cheney (London: Hambledon, 1993), pp Jill Franklin, The Gentleman s Country House and its Plan (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981) Alice T. Friedman, Architecture, Authority, and the Female Gaze: Planning and Representation in the Early Modern Country House, Assemblage, 18, 1992, pp Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978) Jules Lubbock, The Tyranny of Taste: the politics of architecture and design in Britain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press for the Paul Mellon Centre for British Art, 1995), pp Thomas A. Markus, Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types (London: Routledge, 1993), esp. pp. xix-xx and 1-38 Tuesday 6 July 11:30-1:00 - Collecting and the Stuart Court (+seminar presentations) How widespread was art collecting in the seventeenth century? Why were paintings and sculpture collected and by whom? To what extent do changes in a portrait s location alter understanding of the portrait and of the ways in which portraits can function? Jonathan Brown, Kings & Connoisseurs: Collecting Art in Seventeenth-Century Europe (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp Edward Chaney (ed.), The Evolution of English Collecting. The Reception of Italian Art in the Tudor and Stuart Periods, Studies in British Art 12 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), pp , , Rosalys Coope, The Long Gallery; Its Origins, Development, Use and Decoration, Architectural History, 1986, pp N. Cuddy, Dynasties and Display: Politics and Painting in England, in Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England , ed. by Karen Hearn (London: Tate Gallery, 1995), pp Jonathan Goldberg, The Politics of Stuart Family Images, in Rewriting the Renaissance, ed. by M.W. Ferguson, M. Quilligan and N.J. Vickers (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp David Howarth, Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), pp and David Howarth, Lord Arundel and his Circle (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985) Alastair Laing and Nino Strachey, The Duke and Duchess of Lauderdale s pictures at Ham House, 3

4 Apollo, May 1994, pp Catharine MacLeod and Julia Marciari Alexander, Painted Ladies. Women at the Court of Charles II (London and New Haven: National Portrait Gallery in association with the Yale Center for British Art, 2002) Peacock, John, The Politics of Portraiture, in Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, ed. by K. Sharpe and Peter Lake (London: Macmillan Press, 1994), pp Christopher Rowell, A seventeenth-century Cabinet restored, Apollo, April 1996, pp Shelton, Anthony Alan, Cabinets of Transgression: Renaissance Collections and the Incorporation of the New World, in The Cultures of Collecting, ed. by John Elsner and Roger Cardinal (London: Reaktion Books, 1994), pp Wednesday 7 July 9:30-11:00 Women (+ seminar presentations) What role did women play in the social and economic life of the country house? How are women portrayed within the country house? Dana Arnold, Reading Architectural History (New York and London: Routledge, 2002), pp Dana Arnold, Defining Femininity: Women and the Country House, in Dana Arnold, The Georgian Country House. Architecture, Landscape and Society (Stroud: Sutton, 1998), pp Rosemary Baird, Mistress of the House. Great Ladies and Grand Houses (London: Phoenix, 2004) Helen Berry, Women, Consumption and Taste, in Women s History: Britain, , ed. by Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus (London: Routledge, 2005), pp Lloyd Bonfield, Marriage Settlements and the Rise of Great Estates the Demographic Aspect, Economic History Review, Vol. XXII (2nd series), 1979, Christopher Christie, The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), pp Christopher Clay, Marriage, Inheritance and the Rise of Large Estates in England , Economic History Review, Vol.XXI (2nd series), 1968, J.T. Cliffe, The World of the Country House in Seventeenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), chapter 4 Alice T. Friedman, Architecture, Authority, and the Female Gaze: Planning and Representation in the Early Modern Country House, Assemblage, 1992, Pamela Horn, Ladies of the Manor: wives and daughters in country-house society, (Far Thrupp: Sutton, 1991) Pamela Horn, Victorian Countrywomen (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), chapters 3 & 6. Richard Leppert, Music and Image: domesticity, ideology and socio-cultural formation in eighteenth-century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) pp Judith L. Lewis, When a House is Not a Home: Elite English Women and the Eighteenth-Century Country House, Journal of British Studies, 48:2 (April 2009), Trevor Lummis and Jan Marsh, The Woman s Domain (London: Viking, 1990) Joanna Martin, Wives and Daughters. Women and Children in the Georgian Country House (London and New York: Hambledon and London, 2004) pp , Susie Steinbach, Women in England, : A Social History (London: Phoenix, 2005) Ingrid H. Tague, Women of Quality. Accepting and Contesting Ideals of Femininity in England, (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2002), pp Amanda Vickery, The Gentleman s Daughter: Women s Lives in Georgian England (New Haven and 4

5 London: Yale University Press, 1998) Wednesday 7 July 11:30-1:00 Servants (+ seminar presentations) Can the life of domestic servants be seen only as a reminder of the patriarchal and feudalistic values which dominated the social structure of the country house? How are servants portrayed within the country house? J.T. Cliffe, The World of the Country House in Seventeenth-Century England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), chapter 6 Christina Hardyment, Behind the Scenes. Domestic Arrangements in Historic Houses (London: National Trust, 1997 Pamela Sambrook, Keeping their place: domestic service in the country house, (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2005) Pamela Sambrook, The Country House Servant (Stroud: Sutton, 1999) Merlin Waterson, The Servant s Hall, a Domestic History of Erdigg (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980) Wednesday 7 July 2:30-4:30 Visit to Temple Newsam House, Leeds, West Yorkshire Thursday 8 July 9:30-11:00 Eating and Drinking What social rituals revolved around food and drink? What was the role of the country house kitchen and why has there been a growing fashion to represent it (and servants rooms) to the present day visitor? What role did breweries play in the social and economic life of the country house? Jennifer Davies, The Victorian Kitchen (London: BBC Books, 1989) Alice T. Friedman, House and Household in Elizabethan England: Wollaton Hall and the Willoughby family (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1989) Pamela Sambrook and Peter Brears, The Country House Kitchen (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1996) The Country House Kitchen Garden , ed. by C. Anne Wilson (London: Sutton Publishing, in association with National Trust Enterprises, 1998) Thursday 8 July 11:30-1:00 - Brotherton Library Special Collections Friday 9 July Visit to Chatsworth House, Derbyshire Monday 12 July 9:30-11:00 The Villa (+ seminar presentations) What were the social functions of the villa? What cultural associations informed the villa - taste, antiquarianism, wealth? Reading: James Ackerman, The Villa: Form, Function and Ideology (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990) 5

6 John Harris, The Palladian revival: Lord Burlington and his House and Garden at Chiswick (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994) The Georgian Villa, ed. by Dana Arnold (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1996) Monday 12 July 11:30-1:00 - Collecting in the Eighteenth Century What is the relationship between collections and eighteenth century interiors? Who was/were the intended audience(s)? How were works of art displayed? What is the place of portraiture? What is the role of past art? How well adapted are these ideas to a commercial society? Deborah Cherry, and Jennifer Harris, Eighteenth-century Portraiture and the Seventeenthcentury Past, Art History, 1982, Gainsborough, ed. by Michael Rosenthal and Martin Myrone (London: Tate Gallery, 2002) Houghton Hall. The Prime Minister, The Empress and The Heritage, ed. by Andrew Moore (London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 1996) Andrew Moore and Larissa Dukelskaya, A Capital Collection: Houghton Hall and the Hermitage (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002) Ian Ousby, The Englishman s England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) Ian Pears, The Discovery of Painting: the growth of interest in the arts in England (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988) Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity, ed. by Martin Postle (London: Tate Publishing, 2005) Painting, Passion & Politics. Masterpieces from the Walpole Collection on loan from the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg (London: Hermitage Rooms, 2003) Nicholas Penny, Reynolds (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1986) Kate Retford, The Art of Domestic Life: Family Portraiture in England, c (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006) Tuesday 13 July 9:30-11:00 The Grand Tour (+ seminar presentations) What was the Grand Tour? Who went on it and why? In what ways did interest in antiquity help shape aesthetic attitudes in the eighteenth century? Edgar Peters Bowron, Pompeo Batoni ( ) and His British Patrons (London: Greater London Council, 1982). Edgar Peters Bowron, and Joseph J. Rishel (eds.), Art in Rome in the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2000) Edgar Peters Bowron, and Peter Björn Kerber, Pompeo Batoni. Prince of Painters in Eighteenth- Century Rome (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007) Jeremy Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1992) Anthony M. Clark, The Development of the Collections and Museums of 18th Century Rome, Art Journal, Vol.26, No.2 (Winter ), pp Drawing from the Past. William Weddell and the Transformation of Newby Hall (Leeds: Leeds 6

7 Museums and Galleries (City Art Gallery) in association with the West Yorkshire Archive Service, 2004) Brinsley Ford, The Grand Tour, Apollo, December 1981, pp Grand Tour. The Lure of Italy in the Eighteenth Century, ed. by Andrew Wilton and Ilaria Bignamini (London: Tate Gallery, 1996) Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, Taste and the Antique (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981) Ian Jenkins and Kim Sloan, Vases and Volcanoes. Sir William Hamilton and his Collection (London: British Museum, 1996) John Kenworthy-Browne, Matthew Brettingham s Rome Account Book , Walpole Society, 49 (1983), pp Steffi Roettgen, Anton Raphael Mengs and his British Patrons (London: A. Zwemmer Ltd., in association with English Heritage, 1993) Leo Schmidt, Christian Keller and Polly Feversham, Holkham (London: Prestel, 2005) Sam Smiles, The Image of Antiquity: Ancient Britain and the Romantic Imagination (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994) Tuesday 13 July 11:30-1:00 Nineteenth Century Collectors and Dealers What impact did the change in focus to British history and tourism in the nineteenth century have on collecting interests and practices? Who collected art and objects? Why did they buy them? How did the emergence of the art professional, i.e. dealers, auctioneers, experts, influence collecting practices? How were objects described by contemporary consumers? What appears to be important to them? What was the role of the country house collection in the light of the emergence of the public art museum in the nineteenth century? Oliver Garnett, Sold Christie s. Bought Agnew. The art collection of Lord Armstrong at Cragside, Apollo, April 1993, Macleod, Dianne, Art and the Victorian Middle Class (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Gerald Reitlinger, The Economics of Taste (London: Barrie & Rockliff, ) Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class, 1898, (reprinted London: Allen & Unwin, 1970) Gustav Waagen, Treasures of Art in Britain (London: John Murray, 1854) Clive Wainwright, The Romantic Interior (New Haven & London: Yale, 1989) William Buchanan and the 19th century art trade, ed. by Hugh Brigstocke (London: Paul Mellon Foundation, 1982) Janet Wolff and John Seed, The Culture of Capital: art, power and the nineteenthcentury middle class (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988). Wednesday 14 July 9:30-11:00 Landowners and land-based wealth How did the pattern of land ownership change c ? What factors contributed to the rise of the gentry? 7

8 What has been the changing role of land-based wealth in the political and economic life of Britain? How is the concept of landownership represented within the country house? David Cannadine, The Landowner as Millionaire, in Aspects of Aristocracy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994) Christopher Christie, The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), ch.1 Heather Clemenson, The English Country House and Landed Estate (London: Croom Helm, 1982), ch.1 Tim Fulford, Landscape, Liberty and Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), ch.3 Jules Lubbock, The Tyranny of Taste: the politics of architecture and design in Britain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press for the Paul Mellon Centre for British Art, 1995), pp Susanna Martins Wade, A Great Estate at Work: The Holkham Estate and its Inhabitants in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980) G.E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century (London: Routledge and Paul, 1963) F.M.L. Thompson, Land Ownership and Economic Growth in England in the Eighteenth Century, in Agrarian Change and Economic Development: The Historical Problems, ed. by S.J. Woolf and E.L. Jones (London: Methuen, 1969) F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) Wednesday 14 July 12:00+ - Visit to Castle Howard, North Yorkshire Thursday 15 July 9:30-11:00 - The End of the Country House 1? (+ seminar presentations) Was the first half of the twentieth century one of doom and gloom or survival and revival for the aristocracy? Why were country houses demolished? Clive Aslet, The Last Country Houses (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982) J.V. Beckett, The Aristocracy in England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1986), Joseph Mordaunt Crook, The Rise of the Nouveau Riches. Style and Status in Victorian and Edwardian England (London: John Murray, 1999) David Cannadine, The Decline & Fall of the British Aristocracy (London: Penguin, 1990), pp John Cornforth, The Country Houses of England (London: Constable, 1998), pp John Cornforth, The inspiration of the past: country house taste in the twentieth century (Harmondsworth: Viking in association with Country Life, 1985), pp W.A. Forsyth and Christopher Hussey, The Future of the Country House, Country Life, 17 October 1941 John Harris, Moving Rooms. The Trade in Architectural Salvages (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), John Harris, No Voice from the Hall: early memoirs of a country house snooper (London: John Murray, 1998) 8

9 James Lees-Milne, The National Trust: a record of fifty years Achievement (London: B.T. Batsford, [1945]), pp David Littlejohn, The Fate of the English Country House (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp Peter Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), pp , John Martin Robinson, The Country House at War (London: Bodley Head, 1989) Caroline Seebohm, The Country House: A Wartime History, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989) The Problem of the Historic Country house, The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 83 (1943), Adrian Tinniswood, The Polite Tourist. A History of Country House Visiting (London: The National Trust, 1998), pp Merlin Waterson, The National Trust. The First Hundred Years (London: The BBC and National Trust, 1994) Giles Worsley, England s Lost Houses from the Archives of Country Life (London: Aurum Press, 2002), pp Thursday 15 July 11:30-1:00 - The End of the Country House 2? (+ seminar presentations) Was post-war government policy hostile to the country house? Whose history was displayed in country houses after the war? How were country houses marketed to the public in the 1970s and 1980s? How do modern heritage organisations such as the National Trust and English Heritage present the country house today? Did these differ from those of private owners? In what ways do you think country houses and their contents could/should be displayed for a non-traditional museum visiting audience? Should country house curators/owners chase nontraditional visitors? What is the future of the country house? Marcus Binney, Country Houses at Risk, Country Life, 2 February 1978, pp Mirabel Cecil and David Mlinaric, Mlinaric on Decorating (London: Frances Lincoln, 2008), pp. 8-13, 42-63, , Contemporary Cultures of Display, ed. by Emma Barker (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), pp John Cornforth, The Country Houses of England (London: Constable, 1998), pp , , , John Cornforth, The inspiration of the past: country house taste in the twentieth century (Harmondsworth: Viking in association with Country Life, 1985), pp John Cornforth, Country houses in Britain, can they survive?: an independent report (London: Country Life for the British Tourist Authority, 1974) Jeremy Cragg, Room for improvement: The re-arrangement of room furnishings at Erdigg, Apollo, April 2002, John Fowler. The Invention of the Country-House Style, ed. by Helen Hughes (Dorset: Donhead for English Heritage, 2005), pp , David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) 9

10 Peter Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), pp , James Miller, Fertile Fortune. The Story of Tyntesfield (London: The National Trust, 2003) Jo Moore, An empty and rather embarrassing white elephant : The re-furnishing of Montacute House, Apollo, April 2002, Christopher Rowell and John Martin Robinson, Uppark Restored (London: National Trust, 1996) Michael Sayer, The Disintegration of a Heritage. Country Houses and their Collections, (Norwich: Michael Russell, 1993) Roy Strong, Marcus Binney, and John Harris, The Destruction of the Country House (London: Thames and Hudson, 1974) The Treasure Houses of Britain: Five Hundred Years of Private Patronage and Art Collecting (Washington and London: Yale University Press, 1985) The National Trust. The Next Hundred Years, ed. by Howard Newby (London: National Trust, 1995), pp Adrian Tinniswood, The Polite Tourist. A History of Country House Visiting (London: The National Trust, 1998), pp Martin Wood, John Fowler, Prince of Decorators (London: Frances Lincoln, 2007), pp