zweden en noorwegen 2009.Projects 23

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1 zweden en noorwegen 2009 Projects 23 Created 08-Jul-09 By bert de munnik, amsterdam, Netherlands Stockholm Public Library Stockholm, Sweden Erik Gunnar Asplund library Øresund bridge Woodland Chapel Skogskapellet Undset Visitors Centre Peacock Dinner Club Skatepark Glass Bubble Globes at Trafffic Junction Odenskog Villa Astrid 7 Camera Obscura Trondheim, Norway Camera Obscura art, installation HSB Turning Torso 14 Kalmar Museum of Art 15 Østfold College University 16 Borgund Stavechurch Visitor's Centre 17 Borgund, Norway Askim Lantto Arkitekter information centre, tourism 8 Norwegian Petroleum Museum 18 Stavanger, Norway L2 Arkitekter museum 9 Tønsberg and Nøtterøy Library 19 Tønsberg, Norway L2 Arkitekter library 10 Opera House 20 Oslo, Norway Snøhetta opera 11 Hovås, Sweden Wingårdh Arkitektkontor private house Halden, Norway Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter education, university Östersund, Sweden Monika Gora art, landmark, sculpture 6 Malmö, Sweden Monika Gora art, garden, greenhouse, sculpture 13 Kalmar, Sweden Tham & Videgård Arkitekter museum Malmö, Sweden Placed to Ride leisure, skatepark, sport 5 Gothenburg, Sweden OlssonLyckefors s club, restaurant Strandveien 37 Malmö, Sweden Santiago Calatrava apartment, office Lillehammer, Norway Carl-Viggo Hømebakk exposition space, information centre 4 Stockholm, Sweden Erik Gunnar Asplund chapel Trondheim, Norway Geir Brendeland housing Malmö, Sweden Georg Rotne bridge, landmark, tunnel 3 House Karlsson 21 Västerås, Sweden Tham & Videgård Arkitekter private house 12 Viken Skog Headquarters 22 Hønefoss, Norway Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter office 1

2 Tana Courthouse Tana, Norway Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter court building 23 Oslo School of ure Norwegian Ministry of Defence 25 Oslo, Norway Jarmund Vigsnæs s government, office 24 Oslo, Norway Jarmund Vigsnæs s university 2

3 photo: Maarten Scheurwater photo: Maarten Scheurwater Stockholm Public Library Odengatan Stockholm Sweden Like many of Asplund s other projects the Stockholm City Library ( ) went through numerous modifications and alterations during the design process Unlike most of his major projects, the design work of the Library was assigned to him without a normally required competition This arrangement provided Asplund the opportunity to develop his design in a more relaxed manner Eventually the design was a round hall surrounded by staircases, a tall cylinder with an opaque glazing in the roof lights The base of the building is a square The combination of spherical and cubic forms was a frequent motif, which can be found in both Asplund s earlier projects and those of his contemporaries A strict, symmetrical variation of this motif can be seen as a product of the search for innate aesthetic value of forms in the context of Classical Revival photo: Maarten Scheurwater 1928 Erik Gunnar Asplund City of Stockholm Maarten_Scheurwater 3

4 photo: Maarten Scheurwater photo: Maarten Scheurwater Øresund bridge European route E20 Malmö Sweden From both sides of Øresund, the Øresund Bridge is a striking spectacle The 204m high pylons with their harp-shaped stay cables are visible from Falsterbo in the south to Glumslöv in the north on the Swedish side and from Stevns in the south to Rungsted in the north on the Danish side The fixed link across Øresund comprises a 4 km immersed tunnel, the artificial island, Peberholm, which is 4 km long, and an 8 km cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 490 m The high bridge s two pylons are 204 m high The navigational clearance is 57 m The bridge is on two levels the railway runs along the lower deck while the motorway along the upper deck 2005 and 2006 have seen a rapid increase in the volume of traffic on the bridge This phenomenon may be due to Danes buying homes in Sweden and commuting to their work in Denmark, because the price of housing in Malmö is lower than in Copenhagen photo: Pierre Mens Technical engineer Georg Rotne ARUP Danish and Swedish governments Maarten_Scheurwater 4

5 photo: Maarten Scheurwater photo: Maarten Scheurwater Woodland Chapel Skogskapellet Sockenvägen Stockholm Sweden In the beginning of the 20th century Stockholm s burial grounds had to be expanded, so an international architect competition was initiated in order to ensure the dignity, artistic quality and harmony of the buildings, vegetation and landscape of a new cemetery - Skogskyrkogården, the Woodland Cemeter south of Stockholm A part of the Cemetery and the first chapel in the park, the Woodland Chapel, designed by E G Asplund, was completed in 1920 The wooden chapel with its white-washed walls and black roof is adorned by Carl Milles sculpture The Angel of Death, iron gates designed by Asplund and an altar painting by artist Gunnar Torhamn Erik Gunnar Asplund died in 1940 He rests beside the Chapel of Faith under a simple epitaph bearing the words His work lives photo: Maarten Scheurwater 1920 Erik Gunnar Asplund City of Stockholm Maarten_Scheurwater The Tallum Pavilion, which is in the south of Skogskyrkogården, has a permanent exhibition about the cemetery and the two architects This visitor centre is open every day from 12-17:00 hr, from the 27th of May to 2 September Closed 22 and 23 June To book a tour, contact the Stockholm Stadsmuseum at 5

6 photo: Hømebakk, Kleiva, Petersen, Riesenfeld photo: Hømebakk, Kleiva, Petersen, Riesenfeld Undset Visitors Centre Gamle Nordsetervegen Lillehammer Norway Nobel Prize winning author Sigrid Undset ( ) is known for her powerful historical novels She had a great fascination for nature and created an impressive botanical garden in front of her home, the Bjerkebæk ('Birch Brook') estate in Lillehammer, Norway This garden will be an important part of the guided tours starting from the elevated ramp of the new visitors centre Two walls in solid concrete and concrete bricks form an elongated core containing the entrance, rest rooms, kitchen and other service rooms The straight concrete core is the backdrop for the exhibition area, a taller and lighter space organized by an undulating glass wall One hardly notices the slim steel columns inside this curving curtain, because of their resemblance to the tree trunks outside It is as if the concrete roof and floor are cantilevered out from the spine-like core, forming a base for observing the forest and Undset's home photo: Hømebakk, Kleiva, Petersen, Riesenfeld 2007 Main designer, Carl-Viggo Hømebakk C Petersen GD Kleiva R Riesenfeld Maihaugen - de sandvigske samlinger Sissil_M_Gromholt 6

7 photo: James silverman photo: James Silverman Peacock Dinner Club Kungsportsavenyn Gothenburg Sweden Peacock Dinner Club is the first of a number of new dinner clubs in Sweden, following the concept of a restaurant that develops into a dance club during the evening OlssonLyckefors s used the metaphor of a peacock to translate this idea into an architectural design; just as the peacock spreads its tail feathers, so the space changes without any physical changes taking place The centrally located bar is laminated in gold, its top reflecting an ellipse of light on the ceiling LED tubes are concealed in the bar's front along the floor-edge and underneath a rail running along its top The seating, organized like the tail feathers of a peacock, has been integrated into a slightly elevated podium shaped around the bar As the night advances the volume of the music rises and soft lighting changes into pulsing bright colours The lighting walls are made of MDF, perforated according to a fixed pattern and backlit by RGB lights, thus allowing the dynamic colours to change gradually photo: James Silverman 2006 Lighting designer OlssonLyckefors s Nicklas Hultman Peacock Dinner Club Kirsten_Hannema Check out wwwpeacockdinnerclubcom/calendar for opening hours during summer 7

8 photo: Nils Svensson photo: Nils Svensson Skatepark Stora Varvsgatan Malmö Sweden Overlooked by Santiago Calatrava's Turning Torso, an abandoned slipway in Malmö's old harbour area has been transformed into an activity park This born-again area is called Stapelbäddsparken, and its most interesting addition is a new skate park The designer is Oregon-based Stefan Hauser He is not an architect by trade, but has a background of art and sculpture and - of courseskating He has gained a solid international reputation as a designer and builder of skateparks What really distinguishes him from your average architect is his hands-on approach When construction work is about to begin, Hauser relocates to the project for the duration, together with a crew of loyal friends The skaters-cum-builders construct the whole thing themselves In Malmö, the result is impressive - a landscape of bumps, slopes and steel-rimmed edges, and a compulsory bowl: a kidney-shaped pool The immaculate concrete surfaces with smooth organic slopes look almost abstract in their improbable form photo: Nils Svensson m² Main designer, Landscape architect Landscape architect Placed to Ride Claes_Sorstedt Tema Arkitekter Malmö Stad 8

9 photo: Åke E:son Lindman photo: Åke E:son Lindman Glass Bubble Scaniaplatsen Malmö Sweden The Glass Bubble is architecture, sculpture and paradise compounded It meets the challenges of an extreme site 'on reclaimed land, in an emerging urban environment, exposed to salty winds, cold winters and hot summers' by becoming a membrane of intersecting biotopes, simultaneously opening and closing the u-shaped court yard of an existing building It introduces a rounded shape amongst a multitude of angular ones It serves as an architectural vehicle for multiple experiences and uses at all times of the year The Glass Bubble is constructed with flat crystal clear low-iron glass that lets a maximum of light into the climate controlled interior garden with its exotic plants The floors inside and outside, and the low walls of the flower beds, are made with a Norwegian shale rich in iron, Otta Högseter, that changes in colour between blackish green and rust On dark nights the Glass Bubble becomes a protruding volume of light on the edge of Malmö's Västra Hamnen Artist, Landscape architect Monika Gora Building physics consultant JRB Jörgen Rydbergs Byggnadsadministration Lighting designer Lars Bylund Contractor N-E Perssons Bygg Project manager Stadsfastigheter, Christer Lindblom Geometry consultant WSP Byggprojektering Roof & facade consultant Octatube Europe Södertorpsgården non-profit association m² photo: Åke E:son Lindman Not open for public, but it's fully visible from outside gora Bus no 2 from Malmö Central Station, after approx 6 minutes, go off at Turning Torso Than 4 min walk along L Varvsgatan, it's located just next to the sea, in the Western Harbour Area 9

10 photo: Lennart Jonasson photo: Lennart Jonasson Globes at Trafffic Junction Odenskog Trafikplats Odenskog Östersund Sweden The traffic junction at Odenskog marks the entrance to the city of Östersund from road E14 To underline the significance of the place, the landscape within the circular junction, with a diameter of 140 m, has been shaped with low banks and planted with lines of Amelanchier spicata The asymmetrical pattern of the banks and lines is completed with six asymmetrically placed icy blue-towards-turquoise light sculptures roughly the same scale as the passing cars In the daytime the sculptures, made of fibreglass reinforced polyester plastic, are opaque and make a solid impression At night they are semitransparent and lit from within The traffic junction with its sculptures and shaped landscape has attracted a lot of attention and discussion Within a short time it has established Odenskog as a place with its own identity and an entrance to the city photo: Fredrik Karlsson m² Artist, Landscape architect Monika Gora Project manager Swedish Road Administration Mitt Contractor Vägverket Produktion The Swedish Road Administration gora Passing Östersund on road E14/

11 photo: James Silverman Villa Astrid Doteviksvägen Hovås Sweden The crucial parameter for the design of Villa Astrid was dictated by the local building code, which stipulates a 35-metre eaves height and a roof pitch between 14 and 27 degrees This effectively reduces the size of the villa as seen from the street where only one storey is visible The lower storey containing the bedrooms and storage is tucked away underground with a small atrium providing light and an opportunity to step outside The third and much smaller storey is fitted under the sloping roof The structure as a whole is carved into the solid rock of the hillside and the architect left a big chunk of that same rock in the living room as a reminder of nature The technical specifications of the house list it as a concrete structure, plastered, with glass foam insulation and an exterior cladding of pre-patinated copper sheeting Wingårdh regard it as their best house yet from a technical point of view photo: James Silverman Project is not public! 2005 Landscape designer Wingårdh Arkitektkontor Natur Orienterad Design Private Claes_Sorstedt Hovås is a small village in the municipality of Gothenburg 11

12 photo: Gaillard Frédéric photo: Gaillard Frédéric Camera Obscura Kjøpmannsgata Trondheim Norway This 'CAMERA OBSCURA' was designed by a group of students from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) during the academical year in the fall The course entitled '1-2-Tree' is a project course in which students get the possibility to study the wood properties and the latest cad technologies and CNC machines With this project the students wish to discuss (1) the need to reconnect the production knowledge to design using digital media, (2) the benefits to do hands-on projects in 1:1 scale with students instead of using just rapid prototyping, and (3) how we through university projects may help to open up new ways for architects and engineers to have their ideas realized in close cooperation with the industry through a digital chain from project to production photo: Gaillard Frédéric m² Artist Camera Obscura AAR 1-2Tree 2006 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Fizz_in_architecture This Camera Obscura can be visited only with a group of 4 or more people and booking is requested before 12

13 photo: Søren Sandved photo: Søren Sandved Strandveien 37 Strandveien Trondheim Norway In 2001, the rather run-down industrial area in Trondheim called Svartlamoen was re-zoned for residential use In 2005, this project was inaugurated and 31 people moved into the two wooden buildings The taller and more conspicuous building facing Strandveien contains a commercial space and five flats, each shared by a collective of 5 to 6 people The smaller building contains one-room flats The architects eagerly point out the high residential density of the building: 20 square metres per person, in sharp contrast to the otherwise expansive needs of Norwegians (at 50 square metres per person, the most generous in the world) The project's density, construction technique and rough detailing account for the low cost of the building; and, by Norwegian standards, the spectacularly low rent of 305 euros for a share in a flat The project lives up to its solid timber appearance, though only the exterior walls are loadbearing This provides a column-free space on each storey Project is not public! Main designer, Geir Brendeland Olav Kristoffersen Svartlamoen Bostadsstiftelse Claes_Sorstedt photo: Søren Sandved 13

14 photo: Teresa Wan photo: Teresa Wan HSB Turning Torso Lilla Varvsgatan 211 Malmö Sweden Based on a sculpture, HSB Turning Torso is a fascinating high-rise building consisting of nine cubes twisting towards the waterfront and the surrounding area The residential tower is meant to be seen as a freestanding sculptural element posed within the city scape It is located on the Swedish side of the Öresund strait, right next door to Copenhagen The tower is 190 m high, with 54 floors of which the first two are occupied with offices The whole construction turns 90 degrees Each floor basically consists of a rectangular section surrounding the central core, along with a triangular section, which is partially supported by an exterior steel scaffold photo: Maarten Helle Project is not public! Santiago Calatrava HSB Malmö Ek För saveterees Turning Torso is located in the Western Harbour, an area by the sea within walking distance of the city centre and the Ribersborg beach Or Take Bus no

15 photo: Åke E'son Lindman photo: Åke E'son Lindman Kalmar Museum of Art Slottsvägen SE Kalmar Sweden Situated in the City Park of the renaissance town Kalmar, the new museum is added to a restaurant pavilion dating from the 1930s by Swedish modernist architect Sven-Ivar Lind It's a black 4-level cube clad with large scale wooden panels punctuated by large glazed openings It houses both the Kalmar Collection of Modern Art and provides spaces for temporary exhibitions Almost domestic in scale it still provides a variety of exhibition conditions The 2 main spaces are the White Box where one side can open up completely to the exterior of the park, and the top floor gallery that is lit by shed light shafts doubling its ceiling height One of the architectural main features is the open stair spiraling the full height of the building, with 4 floors, each different, stacked on top of each other create a vertical walk up into the greenery of the trees with a series of different spacial experiences while offering views of the environs; the Kalmar Castle, the lake and the city centre m² Tham & Videgård Arkitekter City of Kalmar TVA photo: Åke E'son Lindman The building will be opened in May 2008 Tel: , or info@kalmarkonstmuseumse 15

16 photo: Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter photo: Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter Østfold College University Os alle Halden Norway In the fall of 2005 Østfold University moved into its new premises in Halden, Norway Central to the architectural strategy are the qualities of the surrounding landscape and a limited palette of materials The project -a close integration of new and existing buildings- emphasizes the contrast between different volumes by using simple geometrical prisms, lines and planes to form a complex matrix of functions and spaces The school is dimensioned for about 3000 users and consists of the following faculties: Faculty of Social Sciences and Foreign Languages, Faculty of Computer Sciences and the Faculty of Education The existing building was constructed in the seventies and required a considerable and immediate upgrade to meet the school's present and future needs The new building establishes a functional framework that allows the school to develop furthermore It exposes the central common areas and allows a continuous passage throughout the building complex photo: Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter Public access unknown! m² Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter Statsbygg 16

17 photo: Askim_Lantto Arkitekter photo: Askim_Lantto Arkitekter Borgund Stavechurch Visitor's Centre On highway E Borgund Norway Borgund Stavechurch is one of the most important historical examples of Norwegian timber architecture It is placed in a dish in the agricultural landscape, backing onto a hill The new visitor's centre tries to recreate and reinforce the original situation by following the formations of the existing terrain The visitor's centre contains exhibitions, information and refreshments, and as more tourists are happy to view the church from the centre, it protects the original structure from wear The new timber building is simple in its detailling, in contrast to the ornate church The façades are in untreated heartwood pine, with glass facing both the approach and the church All interior partitions are kept away from the external walls, leaving the visitor's centre as one big space, 'furnished' with a variety of elements photo: Askim_Lantto Arkitekter m² Askim Lantto Arkitekter Askim_Lantto_Arkitekter Borgund Stavechurch Visitor's Centre is located on highway E16, in the hamlet of Hatleberg, just south of Borgund Beware that highway E16 has got a new by-pass running north of Hatleberg, and that the visitor's centre is located on the old part of highway E

18 photo: Espen Grønli photo: Espen Grønli Norwegian Petroleum Museum Kjeringholmen 4004 Stavanger Norway Located in the port of Stavanger, The Norwegian Petroleum Museum was opened on 20 May 1999 and its unusual architecture has made it a new, exciting landmark The museum covers multiple exhibitions, such as the geological history of oil in Norway and innovative drilling solutions on the Norwegian continental shelf Located in the building are also a shop, conference facilities and a café photo: Espen Grønli m² L2 Arkitekter Stiftelsen Norsk Oljemuseum 1 June - 31 August: Open daily September - 31 May: Monday - Saturday / Sunday During the Christmas holidays, the Museum is closed on 24, 25, 31 December and 1 January At Easter, the Museum is closed on Good Friday and Easter Sunday Closed on 17 May Located in the port of Stavanger 18

19 photo: Bjørn Harstad photo: Bjørn Harstad Tønsberg and Nøtterøy Library St Olavsgate Tønsberg Norway The Tønsberg and Nøtterøy Library is run as a mutual library for the boroughs of Tønsberg and Nøtterøy The library was founded in 1909 and moved to this new building in Tønsberg's city centre in 1992 It was built on the site of the ruins of St Olav s Monastery and the remains of two viking ship graves, which provides an exiting contrast to the modern technology and architecture of the building The fan-shaped glass façade gives the building a fully transparent character photo: Bjørn Harstad m² L2 Arkitekter Tønsberg and Nøtterøy Community Monday, Wednesday, Thursday & Friday: / Tuesday: / Saturday: / Every 2nd Friday: 09:45-11:

20 photo: Snøhetta photo: Statsbygg Opera House Kirsten Flagstads plass 1 N-0150 Oslo Norway The New Opera House has 3 main parts First the 'Front of House': the public areas located in the building s western section These include the main foyer, and 2 auditoriums The foyer is a grand, open room with a variety of lighting conditions and views to the surroundings This space is characterised by simple use of materials and minimal details Secondly the Back of House : these are the production areas of the building with workshops, storage areas, rehearsal rooms etc The architecture is functionally appropriate, the exterior façade is composed of metal panels Last part is the Roofscape: describes the building s monumental character The horizontal and sloping plane of the roof provides the opera with an unusually dramatic expression, quite different from the surrounding buildings Clad in white stone, and it s details will provide a holistic and symbolic character to the building while also allowing for a variety of experiences as one moves past it photo: Snøhetta m² Snøhetta Statsbygg Snohetta 20

21 photo: Åke E:son Lindman photo: Åke E:son Lindman House Karlsson Gräggenvägen Västerås Sweden The simple constructions of rural buildings and the architecture of Swedish barns and warehouses was a starting point, some traces of which can still be seen within the type house sprawl of Tidö-Lindö The clients, a couple in their sixties, wanted a house for themselves including space to accommodate visiting children and friends To meet a need for cheap construction the plan is strictly based on a 1200 module Together with the use of standard building components the costs were extremely low In contrast to the deep red exterior the interior space is very light; characterised by the 3 light shafts that rise through the attic to let the sunlight enter also from above Windows are placed to further enhance the difference of the interior spaces by alternately directing the views low towards the garden, far away towards the lake and the horizon, or high up at the trees and the sky above All exterior fittings and details are painted in the same colour as the façade photo: Åke E:son Lindman Project is not public! m² Tham & Videgård Arkitekter Björn and Berit Karlsson TVA This family house is situated on the northern coast of the lake Mälaren in central Sweden Set in a former recreational area where, in recent years, most of the small weekend houses has been either extended or replaced by catalogue housing 21

22 photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter Viken Skog Headquarters Storgata Hønefoss Norway Viken Skog is Norway s largest association of forest owners The association covers a long tradition of forestry, which inspired building with wood and the connection with nature as the basis for the design of the building The complex is based on the traditional Norwegian building technique 'Stav and Laft', transformed to modern technology and expression It consists of two overlapping main volumes, creating a triangle The volumes, mainly surrounded by heather and high pine trees, encompass a central core in which an organic shape is fitted This cone is built as a constructive element through all the floors and consists of laminated wood pillars covered with wood chips Many types of Norwegian wood have been combined in different ways in the building both inside and outside, for example aspen, birch, oak, maple, ash, spruce and pine Viken Skog Headquarters is Norway s first multi-storey office building made of timber Project is not public! m² Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter Viken Skog Stein_Halvorsen_Arkitekter photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter 22

23 photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter Tana Courthouse Tinghuset 9846 Tana Norway Tana Courthouse houses Indre Finnmark Court and is a landmark in Tana, a village in the artic part of northern Norway The structure has a long core which divides public rooms and internal rooms and leads the public into the building The rituals of the Court take place underneath the sculptural wall, within a rigid pattern of rooms underlining the seriousness of their function, while the offices face the plains and nature The materials used are natural wood types and are rough in the exterior; the same materials were used in the rooms of the court, but more refined The core is made of precast concrete elements clad in stabled solid larch, while the other walls are clad in vertical larch The slanting walls of the exterior make the snow stay on the façades and the building this way transforms into an element of nature Small coloured glass tints the interiors and the floors are made of broken slates and ash in the courtrooms photo: Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter Public access unknown! m² Stein Halvorsen Arkitekter Nordlysbygg AS Stein_Halvorsen_Arkitekter 23

24 photo: Nils Petter Dale photo: Nils Petter Dale Oslo School of ure Maridalsveien Oslo Norway The new Oslo School of ure is based in an existing building from 1938 It's part of a larger effort to revitalise this former industrial area for education-related use The long-term aim is a campus for arts education along the riverbank The project won an open architectural competition in 1998 The exterior of the existing building has a conservation status The architects have kept the block open towards the river, and combined the new programme with the logic of the existing building together with the surroundings in one spatial sequence An access court has been cut out of the existing 1st floor slab, marking the entrance and bringing daylight in to the ground floor foyer A strip has been cut out of the existing slab along the inside of the existing building, bringing daylight to the surrounding functions A simple U-shaped circulation zone is established along the strip A new string of teaching rooms completes the U and forms a bridge across the entrance area photo: Nils Petter Dale 2001 Structural engineer Landscape designer Jarmund Vigsnæs s AS Frederiksen Grindaker as Jarmund_Vigsnaes_s located by the Akerselva River in the eastern part of Oslo 24

25 photo: Nils Petter Dale photo: Nils Petter Dale Norwegian Ministry of Defence Akershus Fortress Oslo Norway The task was to establish the new Ministry in a series of old and protected buildings at Akershus Fortress in central Oslo New solid blocks fills in the historical pattern, while a more fluent and transparent building links us new and old building blocks in close relation to the historical traces in the landscape photo: Nils Petter Dale Project is not public! m² Landscape designer Jarmund Vigsnæs s Grindaker as Jarmund_Vigsnaes_s 25