Key to Local Climate Zone data sheets

Transcription

1 Key to Local Climate Zone data sheets SERIES: Parent name ZONE: Class name CODE: Identification # THERMAL RESPONSIVENESS: Anticipated sensitivity of the zone to diurnal heating/cooling cycles. DEFINITION: Characteristics that all zones of this should possess. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Land use most likely associated with this zone. ANTICIPATED LOCATION: City types and city regions associated with this zone. CORRESPONDING ZONES: Reference to other urban climate ification systems. SYMBOLS SURFACES buildings (heavy materials) impervious dwellings (light materials) natural trees/vegetative cover water Eye level Eye level High angle High angle Eye level Eye level High angle High angle thermal admittance heat flux (W/m 2 ) Mean sky view factor from ground level Proportion of zone surface covered by impervious materials (buildings, roads, pavement) Based on Davenport et al. s (2000) ification of effective terrain Weighted average of zone Thermal admittance of the construction materials and surface cover REFERENCES Auer, A.H., Correlation of land use and cover with meteorological anomalies. J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, Mean annual heat flux at the local scale Davenport, A.G., Grimmond, S.B., Oke, T.R., and J. Wieringa, Estimating the of cities and sheltered country. Proc. 12th AMS Conf. on Appl. Climatol., Asheville, North Carolina. Ellefsen, R., 1990/1. Mapping and measuring buildings in the urban canopy boundary layer in ten US cities. Energy Build., 15-16, Oke, T.R., Initial Guidance to Obtain Representative Meteorological Observations at Urban Sites. IOM Report 81, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Stewart, I.D., and T.R. Oke, Newly developed thermal climate zones for defining and measuring urban heat island magnitude in the canopy layer. Preprints, 8 th Conference on the Urban Environment, Phoenix, AZ. 1

2 SERIES: City ZONE: Modern Core CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Highly expressive and compact skyline. Irregular mix of low- and high-rise structures many 10s of stories tall. Buildings close-set, free-standing, separated by narrow, shaded streets and wide avenues and boulevards. Sky view from street canyons significantly reduced. Streets paved (asphalt, concrete), often geometric in layout. Buildings of heavy, solid construction (concrete, stone); steel-caged and glass-skinned skyscrapers. Surface cover impervious; limited tree or vegetative cover. High space heating/cooling demand. Heavy traffic flow. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Commercial (offices, hotels, retail); high-density residential (apartments towers) or institutional (major facilities or complexes). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Modern city centre; new downtowns and edge cities; high-rise subcentres. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ1 (Oke, 2004); Dc1 and Dc8 (Ellefsen 1990/1); C1 (Auer, 1978). 100 m > NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. 1

3 SERIES: City ZONE: Old Core CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Flat, compact building profile; mid-rise structures, 3 to 10 stories tall, uniform in height. Occasional skyline accents (e.g., domes, spires). Buildings are dense, close-set or attached, homogeneous in character, separated by narrow streets, alleyways, and small, semi-enclosed spaces (courtyards, squares). Sky view from street canyons is significantly reduced. Buildings of heavy, solid materials; thick, well-insulated roofs/walls (stone, concrete, brick, tile). Streets paved (asphalt, concrete. Surface cover impervious; tree or vegetative cover scarce. Low-moderate space heating/cooling demand. Moderate traffic flow. PROBABLE FUNCTION: High-density residential (multi-unit housing; row or terraced housing); commercial (retail, hotels, offices); light industrial (wholesaling, manufacturing). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Old city centre; old warehouse/factory sites; inner-city tenements. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ2 (Oke, 2004); A1, A2, A4, Dc2 (Ellefsen 1990/1) > NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. 2

4 SERIES: City ZONE: Compact Housing CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Low, uniform roofline, appears continuous, occasionally punctuated by trees. Mix of small, detached and semi-detached low-rise structures, 1 3 stories tall. Buildings densely packed, separated by narrow streets and alleyways. Sky view from street canyons significantly reduced. Morphology is cellular in texture; often no discernable alignment to buildings or streets. Construction materials are heavy: thick roofs and walls (stone, concrete, brick, tile). Roofs flat or pitched. Roads paved (asphalt, concrete). Low space heating/cooling demand. Traffic density light. PROBABLE FUNCTION: High-density residential (single-unit housing). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Old or densely populated cities; central or inner-city sites; high-density sprawl. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ3 (Oke, 2004); Dc3 (Ellefsen 1990/1); R2 (Auer, 1978) > NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. 3

5 SERIES: City ZONE: Industrial Processing CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Highly irregular profile of industrial structures (e.g., smokestacks, storage tanks, cooling towers). Significant release of atmospheric pollutants and waste heat from mechanical and chemical processes (e.g., smelting, pulping, distilling). Solid construction materials (steel, concrete); some structures with thin roofs, walls. Buildings widely spaced; abundant natural cover. High demand for space heating/cooling. Low traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Major factories, refineries (e.g., oil, metals, sugar); mills (e.g., steel, pulp, paper); processing plants (e.g., chemicals). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Universal. CORRESPONDING ZONES: I1 (Auer, 1978). heat flux (W/m 2 ) NOTES: 4

6 SERIES: City ZONE: Blocks CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Flat building profile; boxy, mid- or high-rise structures, 5 to 10s of stories tall. Buildings uniform in design (height, width, materials); open-set or attached in evenly spaced rows. Abundance of trees and open space between buildings. Sky view among buildings is reduced. Heavy construction materials, primarily concrete, brick, or stone. Thick roofs and walls; roofs usually flat. Streets paved (asphalt, concrete) and geometric in layout. Moderate space heating/cooling demand. Moderate traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Medium/high-density residential (apartment blocks, tower blocks, highrise housing estates, tenements); commercial (hotels). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Densely populated cities. Modern suburban tracts or new towns. Socialist-style cities (block of flats). Major hotel/resort districts. CORRESPONDING ZONES: Do2 (Ellefsen, 1990/1) NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. 5

7 SERIES: City ZONE: Extensive Lowrise CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Flat, horizontal profile with no skyline accents. Low-rise structures, 1 3 stories tall. Buildings reach outward not upward (extensive plan area) and are detached and well separated by open, paved lots. Sky view generally unobstructed. Streets follow grid layout. Steel-framed concrete, stone, or metal structures; roofs thin, flat, typically of sheet metal, tar/gravel, or concrete. Impervious surface cover (asphalt, concrete); trees and vegetation are sparse. Low space heating/cooling demand. Moderate-high traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Light industrial (modern warehouse sites, rail/ship yards, industrial parks and estates, wholesale districts, cargo ports, storage yards); commercial (shopping centres); institutional (airports); transportation (hubs, corridors); public (squares). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: City outskirts, suburbs; inland port/terminal, government core (city centre). CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ4 (Oke, 2004); Do1, Do4, Do5 (Ellefsen, 1990/1); I2 (Auer, 1978) > NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. 6

8 SERIES: City ZONE: House and Garden CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Uniform building profile with low, flat horizon. Detached, close-set buildings, 1 3 stories tall, separated by private gardens/yards. Buildings set along medium-width streets, often in grid network. Construction materials of wood, brick, stone, concrete, or tile. Streets are paved (asphalt, concrete). Trees may be large and abundant, reducing sky view from street level; if trees are few, sky view is open. Low space heating/cooling demand. Low-moderate traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Medium-density residential (single- or two-family housing); commercial (small shops). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Urban (inner-city) or suburban housing tracts; new towns, edge cities. Commuter towns; rural towns. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ5 (Oke, 2004); Do3 (Ellefsen, 1990/1); R1 (Auer, 1978). Tree Canopy Open Canopy treed open NOTES: Mean annual varies with latitude and the demand for space heating/cooling. If trees are deciduous, canopy opens with winter leaf-drop. 7

9 SERIES: City ZONE: Open Grounds CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Widely set low- and mid-rise buildings in open, natural surroundings. Buildings are large; < 5 stories tall on average; non-uniform in size, distribution, and height. Sky view among buildings slightly reduced. Streets paved (asphalt, concrete). Trees and vegetation abundant. Heavy construction materials (brick, stone, concrete); thick roofs and walls. Low space heating/cooling demand. Low traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Low-density institutional (university/college campuses, research/business parks, school grounds, hospitals, military bases, small airports, palaces, temples). Recreational and leisure facilities (sports grounds, city parks). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Universal. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ6 (Oke, 2004); Do6 (Ellefsen, 1990/1); A1 (Auer, 1978) wet dry NOTES: Sky view factor varies with tree/building height and spacing. 8

10 SERIES: City ZONE: Shantytown CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Flat roofline of single-story buildings. Dwellings are small, fragile, detached but compact, separated by narrow, winding roads and alleyways. Sky view reduced in street canyons. Building and street layout appears formless, unsystematic; little or no consolidated infrastructure. Natural/lightweight construction materials (wood, straw, bamboo, thatch, mud, cardboard, scrap metal); few heavy materials (concrete blocks, brick). Thin walls and roofs. Mostly unpaved, compacted surfaces (dirt roads, paths). Landscape may be dry and denuded of vegetation, or meshed with creeks, sloughs, etc. Space heating/cooling demand negligible. Traffic flow light. PROBABLE FUNCTION: High-density residential (spontaneous or self-help settlement): squatter camps, shanty towns (eg., favelas, bustees, barrios). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: Squatter periphery of large, developing cities. CORRESPONDING ZONES: None. built fraction > wet dry < 5 NOTES: If landscape is consolidated with sturdy materials (stone, tile, concrete, asphalt), use compact housing or house and garden zones. 9

11 SERIES: Mixed ZONE: Dispersed Settlement CODE: unavailable DEFINITION: Small, detached buildings scattered across an agricultural and/or natural landscape. Non-uniform distribution of trees, vegetation, and buildings. Roads mostly paved (asphalt, concrete). Light-moderate traffic density. PROBABLE FUNCTION: Mixed-use: agricultural (e.g., scattered farms, estates) and nonagricultural (e.g., housing, small businesses/institutions/facilities); undeveloped (e.g., wasteland). ANTICIPATED LOCATION: City fringe, developing suburbs; heavily populated countryside; urbanrural corridors between metropolitan regions. Rural towns or villages; remote communities. CORRESPONDING ZONES: UCZ7 (Oke, 2004); R4, A3 (Auer, 1978). > 0.80 < < 5 NOTES: Surface properties vary seasonally and regionally. varies with height and spacing of trees/buildings. 10