GRANT AGREEMENT Nº 3152 page 1

Transcription

1 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 1

2 CONTNT 1. An introduction to the subject Introduction Methods 5 2. Background information The concepts of modularity and the difference between standardized building parts and modules Introduction to modular construction The differentiating needs of residents and possibilities of modular construction Modular construction and sustainable development Main regulations concerning transportation of modules Regulations of road transportation in Finland Regulations of road transportation in the U ignificant about module transportation Main regulations concerning housing design Regulations of habitable rooms Regulations of an apartment Regulations of fire exits Optimised modular system Investigating the optimised design of modular system Module system application for residential and hotel construction in the U Investigated perspectives in modular construction Modular building - a multiform housing construction model? What should be investigated in modular construction in building and city scale What should be investigated in modular construction in apartment scale xamples of building and apartment types of the proposed modular system ources 150 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 2

3 TPR UNIVRITY OF TCHNOLOGY. CHOOL OF ARCHITCTUR. HOUING DIGN. TPR MODCON, MODULAR CONTRUCTION YTM FOR HIGH-RI BUILDING RPORT ON MODULAR YTM FOR UROPAN RIDNTIAL MART TH RPONIBL DIRCTOR OF MODCON DLIVRABL 2.1. AND RARCH IN TUT CHOOL OF ARCHITCTUR: PROFOR MARU HDMAN AUTHOR: PICTUR, ARCHITCTURAL DIGN,LAYOUT: INI OTILAINN INI OTILAINN

4 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TH UBJCT 1.1. INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to analyse the potential of modular construction in urban, multi-story housing development for the uropean residential market. In this study the defined sectors at an U level are residential markets in Finland and the U. The study focuses mainly on modular building systems for residential and hotel construction. Projects which have enabled modular construction to become known (i.e. public spaces and facilities, such as temporary day-care centres, schools, hospitals and offices) are not included in the scope of this research. In this study, modular construction refers to a manufacturing process defined by the use of prefabrication and preassembly at a remote location to compose volumetric modules which are transported as largely finished components to a building site. uch modules are highly manufactured products which act as three-dimensional building blocks. These three-dimensional parts of the building require a different understanding of design from the 2D -elements with which architects are more familiar. The study describes the general principles of the planning of multi-storey modular buildings, space requirements and regulations concerning multistorey housing construction in Finland and in the U. The optimised design of the modular system mainly for Finnish residential market is investigated in this study, and many building types have been created using this optimised and standardized modular system. tudy shows also how the presented modular system can be modified to the U residential market. In addition to traditional house types, the study presents models of apartment and hotel buildings less known and building types that differ from traditional housing development. The concept of the mixed use of planar and modular elements and the use of serviced modules is also investigated in various building forms. An important starting point for this research is the notion that housing design focusing on modular construction must take the needs of residents into consideration as broadly as possible, in order for modular construction to face the various challenges presented by future housing development. The current challenges of living cannot be met simply by developing the current solutions of housing development, therefore the objective of this study is to develop solutions that are also relevant to future housing development. For the purposes of the latter, the study also discusses the changes in living caused by social developments. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 4

5 This study specifies also the background information of the object of research and defines the concepts of modularity and module from a historical perspective, connecting modularity to the context of industrial construction. It briefly discusses the social significance of modular construction as well as its advantages, challenges and dimensioning MTHOD The study combines theoretical examination with concrete architectural design work. Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson have created ihe idea of the four arrows of knowledge in research. 1 They place scientific research and creative practice as two poles of tension on a continuous horizontal axis, and disciplinary and transdisciplinary research as two poles of the vertical axis. By doing so they create a field of different research approaches. As usually in research-by-design studies, in this study research moves in the area where creative practice and transdisciplinarity overlap. The theoretical examination consists of a literary review and the method is narrative descriptive literary review. The narrative approach is perfect for the topic as it paints a bigger picture of the topic at hand. 2 The data consists of articles, literature and research data in future studies, cultural studies, sociology, construction engineering, construction economics, industrial design and architecture. 1 Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson alminen 2011, 7 8. TRANDICIPLINARY CINTIFIC RARCH CRATIV PRACTIC Adapted from Dunin-Woyseth and Nilsson DICIPLINARY GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 5

6 2. BACGROUND INFORMATION 2.1. TH CONCPT OF MODULARITY AND TH DIFFRNC BTWN TANDARDIZD BUILDING PART AND MODUL The term modular has many meanings, since levels of modularity can have lots of variety. The loose use of the word easily leads to misinterpretations. Usually a module is understood to be a relatively independent part of a system, which is interchangeable and can be combined with other modules. Usually the purpose of modularity is to create many different kinds of end results by combining a relatively small number of modules. 3 In the field of construction, module also refers to a measure. Today, the concept of modularity has become more abstract, being ever more concerned with functionality than geometry. ome of the most significant changes to the concept of modularity are examined next. The term module originates from the era of mperor Augustus, when the Latin word modulus referred to a measure of length. The term was already described by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio in his book De architectura libri decem (The Ten Books on Architecture). 4 Vitruvius wrote about the laws of determining the proportions of temples and columns. The module, modulus, was a standard measure, which enabled the determination of correct proportions between different parts of a building. 5 The concept of proportion by Vitruvius was twofold: on the one hand, the measures expressed a whole and the relation between its parts while, on the other hand, it expressed the relationship between architecture and the human body. 6 The proportions of buildings could not be arbitrary; they had to reflect the measures and proportions of the human body, embodying the cosmic order. 7 In its original meaning, the module concerns the examination and standardization of measures. Prefabricated construction refers to construction where the parts of a building are prefabricated industrially and transported to the worksite for assembly and installation onto the permanent foundation. 3 skola 2005, Miller and lgård 1998, 2. 5 Miller and lgård 1998, arjakoski 2003, Pallasmaa 2005, 29. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 6

7 Picture 1. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 7

8 MODULAR BUILDING AND TH CONTRUCTION PROC Picture 2. Picture 3. Picture 4. Picture 5. Picture 2. NAPO Oy Picture 3. NAPO Oy Picture 4. NAPO factory process Picture 5.. NAPO Oy GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 8

9 Both three-dimensional dwelling sized modular units and building units like sandwich-walls or windows are prefabricated parts of buildings. According to Miller and lgård the function of a building part is limited compared to the end results formed by the part. 8 With this observation, Miller and lgård present the difference between module and building part: a module refers to a building part which contains both standardized and functional properties. o, modularity should be observerd comprehensively: it is not enough to simply focus on the geometrical compatibility of different modules, as information, energy and materials also create important relationships between the modules. 9 For example without technology and HVAC-systems multi-story construction would not be feasible and modular apartments would not include the functionality they require. Based on the above-mentioned studies and definitions, it can be said that a module in modular construction must contain a function in comparison to the end result it creates. To follow this train of thought, traditional bricks are prefabricated building parts but they are not generally considered modules as they do not have a significant functional role compared to the structure they belong to. Today, construction mainly consists of the combination of prefabricated parts. Whether this constitutes modular construction depends on the functionality of the prefabricated units. In this study modular construction refers to the use modules that are objects in three physical dimensions forming a complete space where is functionality required to living or dwelling INTRODUCTION TO MODULAR CONTRUCTION It has been predicted that housing construction would follow the development seen earlier in the car industry, where industrial production methods revolutionized the business. The prediction of the revolution of production in housing construction was not realized as expected: building industry didn t follow car industry in such a flexible manner. 10 However, technological advancements needed in prefabrication and modularization have increased significantly over the past 20 years. Modular multi-story construction has become more common in several uropean countries over the past decade, but less quickly than expected in 1960s and 1970s Miller and lgård 1998, Miller and lgård 1998, chnaars McGraw-Hill Construction GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 9

10 In modular construction, the prefabricated parts of a residential building, i.e. modules, are produced industrially. The modules are built with partition walls, indoor surfaces and fittings under factory conditions. The air conditioning, piping, drainage and electrical work of the apartments are also prefabricated in factories. The façades of the modules can be finished at the factory but the outdoor surface can also consist of a façade built on site. The modules are transported on site and there connected to each other and to water supply, sewerage, electrical and telecommunications networks. In the modular construction method studied in this report, the frame structure of the modules is based on a steel cell structure. The technology used was originally developed for the shipbuilding industry. Modules are formed from metal core panels that are made of 1 mm thick cold-worked, galvanized steel sheets. 12 The frame structure is also light, weighing only kg/m². 13 This cellular structure doesn t give restrictions to the geometrical size, shape or measurements of the modules. It is significant in urban housing development that the load bearing capacity of steel cell modules is so high that the modules can bear the load of the other modules, and thus separate supporting structures are not required. The reviews about the benefits and disadvantages related to modular construction show evidence of numerous drivers towards and against it. Factory conditions provide protection against rain, snow and the cold. When up to as much as 85 % of the entire building project can be moved in factories 14, the construction site produces significantly less noise, pollution and construction waste compared to on-site building. In terms of costs, building under factory conditions is significant, for example because the share of labor costs in construction is exceptionally high compared to other industries. 15 According to Haas et al the productivity of builders can be better in factories, quality can be higher and the overall need for labor can be smaller compared to on-site building. 16 Thus building at a factory can improve the accuracy and efficiency of construction as it is conducted under stable working conditions, tasks can be automated and the inspection process is simpler Heinisuo and Lahdenmaa 2013, FIXCL Metal Core Panel Data sheet, RT card 37976, Huang et al. 2006, Haas et al. 2000, Huang et al. 2006, 204, Boyd et al GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 10

11 peed can be considered one of the advantages of modular construction, as it results in an average of 30 to 50 percent 18 shorter construction times compared to on-site construction. This satisfies the demand created by tight schedules. As stated above, time spent on the site will also decrease in addition to the overall time. On the other hand, transporting the modules to the construction site can be unsustainable in terms of emissions, difficult and expensive. Late changes to plans are problematic in modular construction and potentially more expensive compared to on-site building. 19 According to a popular misconception, modular construction is said to impose significant limitations to architectural design, leading to monotonous and traditionalonly residential block and flat building typologies. Another alleged challenge to modular construction is a notion of a solution that can poorly address the specifications of commissioning parties, customers, or residents. The aim of this study is to challenge the established views on the inflexibility and monotony of modular residential construction. Modular construction is at its best when the building is planned to be executed using the methods of modular construction form the start. uccessful cooperation between different designers is needed in modular construction to avoid small but expensive errors. If cooperation fails or human design error emerges, the error might be multiplied before the root cause is finally found. The positive effects of modular construction on life-cycle costs are mostly the result of speeding up the construction phase, the potentially lower repair costs of modular buildings and the possibilities for recycling the modules. 20 Thanks to modular construction, the building and its parts can possibly be recycled and reused more easily compared to buildings built on site. When necessary, the modules can be relocated and their purpose of use can be altered. One of the advantages of modular construction is being able to extend, modify and deconstruct the modules in stages. 21 The life cycle of a module can be longer than that of a single building. The last opportunity to utilize the resources is to recycle the building materials of modules. Portability sets its limitations on the physical properties of the module; these limitations are based on the size and weight restrictions of transport vehicles and traffic networks. The basic information about transportation limits in Finland and in the U is presented in chapter Lawson and Ogden 2010, Boyd et al Heljo 2013, Gorgolewski et al. 2001, 61. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 11

12 2.3. TH DIFFRNTIATING ND OF RIDNT AND POIBILITI OF MODULAR CONTRUCTION As people become ever more independent of traditional institutions, they also have more freedom in building their own lifestyle among the different alternatives. In the future, living is ever more about the creation and depiction of identities, enabling the inclusion into different lifestyle groups. 22 In the future, ever more different kinds of residents and lifestyles will create pressure for making living alternatives more diverse and for taking resident-orientation into consideration. Therefore increasing the residents chances of affecting their living environment not only supports the wellbeing of the residents but it also follows the ever expanding trend of individualization and differentiation of living. The residents need of differentiation is possible now that, thanks to prosperity, living has surpassed the need to simply satisfy basic needs. While wealth on average continues to increase in many uropean countries and example in Finland, differences in the level of income are growing. 23 According to Juntto the diversification of living and development of income differences contain two possibilities. Inequality in terms of living and financial resources might lead to a limited choice of living possibilities for people with low and medium income. On the other hand, if different kinds of sensible living alternatives for all can be created in the same price range, the differentiation of living alternatives does not increase social differences. 24 How can modular construction promote the realization of the latter alternative? One of the biggest questions of housing production in our time is how to create individual apartments which adapt to the lifestyles and living of residents in a socially, ecologically and financially sustainable way. There is a need for more customizated alternatives but, in order to keep costs under control, long industrial series are needed. The historical developments of production 25, as determined by Victor and Boynton, present five stages of production which are all present in Finnish and British housing development. In the theory of Victor and Boynton, the production methods of construction have developed from craftsmanship to mass-production as a result of industrialization and further on to process enhancement. 22 Lehtonen 2010, Official tatistics of Finland (OF): tatistics on the distribution of income in Juntto 2008, eskitalo 2006, 14, Mäntysalo and Puustinen 2008, 365. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 12

13 RIAL CUTOMIZATION CONOMY IMPROVD FFICINCY RIAL CUTOMIZATION INDIVIDUALITY INCRA Adapted from ahri et al INDIVIDUALITY The above-mentioned stage of housing development did not improve the residents chances of affecting their living environment; instead, the development has been to the contrary. 26 The production stage following the continuous development of projects is the individualization of mass products, i.e. serial customization. 27 erial customization makes it possible to offer industrial solutions adapting to individual needs. Modular construction is implemented in factory conditions, which enables the utilization of the effectiveness of industrial manufacture and serial production. erial production can also be implemented as serial customization where some of the properties differ from one module to the next while other properties stay the same. erial-customized standard modules can be used to create diverse housing for individual housing needs on the smaller scale and building types varying according to the building location on the larger scale. Reproducibility can possibly create cost savings particularly in diverse housing development Mäntysalo and Puustinen 2008, eskitalo 2006, 14, Mäntysalo and Puustinen 2008, RT card , 5. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 13

14 If modular construction has the potential to create various housing alternatives within the same price category, it can also minimize the potential drawbacks of differentiating living. Modularity is naturally connected to the efficient utilization of resources and increase of variation. 29 Often the possibility of small partial choices significantly increases variation in the final product. On a smaller scale, serial customization in modular multi-story construction can, for example, mean that residents can choose the alternative they prefer from a selection palette of housing solutions before the actual construction process. Nevertheless, resident-orientation should give residents the freedom of choice both during the construction process and at later phases. Therefore this study focuses on the solutions of modular construction increasing the flexibility of living. This means that the study will not discuss the serial customized parts of systems within the apartment in any more detail. According to Mäntysalo and Puustinen serial customization requires advanced knowledge on which factors create real added value to residents and which factors simply increase the costs of living or acquisition. 30 Recognizing the lifestyles and living requirements of residents presents its challenges as the popularity and duration of lifestyles vary a lot in the future. Realistically speaking, no builder can offer residents anything they want at the price of a standard product. erial customization has its limitations in responding to the individual needs of the residents of future societies. 29 Miller and lgård Mäntysalo and Puustinen 2008, 371. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 14

15 XPL OF RIAL CUTOMIZATION IN MODULAR CONTRUCTION; DIFFRNT APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON TANDARDIZD MODUL WHR ONLY NTRANC OPNING CHANG IT LOCATION CAL 1:200 CORRIDOR (NTRANC) ARA AL. 54,3 m 2 AL..AAR.AAR / / WINDOW AND BALCONY ARA AL..AAR AL. / AL... AL. TP TP.. TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 15 AL. AL.

16 2.4. MODULAR CONTRUCTION AND UTAINABL DVLOPMNT In the field of construction, one of the greatest challenges of our time is the advancement of sustainable development. In this study, sustainable development refers to the effort of reducing energy consumption, saving natural resources and at the same time securing the overall wellbeing of humans. In the future, people will probably see our time as an exception in the history of the world, as an era when mankind consumed a huge share of all the natural resources in the world. This particularly applies to the residents of wealthy welfare states. ven modern housing development is based on debt: the bill of climate change is picked up by someone else, not the one who created it. 31 Over the past decades, energy savings have become important. In relation to its size and population, urope is responsible for a disproportionate share of climate change. The so-called energy roadmap 32 proposes that greenhouse emissions in the U should be reduced to a sustainable level by the year The analysis by the uropean Commission shows that the emissions of built environments can be reduced by approximately 90 % by This cannot be done without making significant changes to construction. How can modular construction take up the challenge of sustainable construction? The advantages of prefabrication include small material losses and the higher recycling level of created construction waste. 34 As a result of the above-mentioned advantages, modular construction can reduce the amount of construction waste taken to landfills by up to 70 % compared to on-site building. 35 The stable working conditions of factory environments and the ease of controlling the results of work minimize the number of construction errors. 36 As the quality of construction improves, the need for reconstruction and repairs taking up resources decreases. On the other hand, transporting modules from the factory to the site creates emissions, which should be examined in a critical manner. 31 Mokka and Neuvonen (eds.) 2009, tatement by the uropean Commission tatement by the uropean Commission 2011, McGraw-Hill Construction 2011, Lawson and Ogden 2010, McGraw-Hill Construction 2011, 23, Boyd et al GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 16

17 teel cell modules studied in this report create energy-efficient building solutions 37, but the low heat capacity of steel cells may increase the need for cooling of modular buildings built of steel cells. 38 The low heat capacity can negate some of the advantages of its energy efficiency. Architectural options of protection against sunlight can be used to reduce the need for mechanical cooling, thus saving energy. However, sustainable construction should take overall sustainability into consideration in addition to the energy efficiency of structures and sustainability of building. nergy efficient structures can be used to reduce energy consumption but the gained advantages are somewhat lost as the floor areas of apartments increase and living becomes ever more multi-located. Therefore, considering the environmental effects of living as a whole, measuring energy consumption by residential square m is hopelessly lacking as an indicator. ven energy efficient living environments require ecologically and financially significant investments, in case the location of the apartment forces its residents to move long distances on a daily basis or the space cannot adapt to the changes in life situations and lifestyles. The need for residential square m per resident largely depends on what kind of functions and solutions the residential square m enable in everyday life. Thus the flexibility of housing solutions of modular building becomes an essential factor. At its best, flexible housing solutions include different, even undefined possibilities of living. The consequences of decisions on construction reach far into the future. Thus, instead of simply focusing on the preferences of current residents, housing development and production must focus on design preferences focusing on the wellbeing of current residents as well as on vision reaching decades into the future. This means that current choices made on the basis of resident-orientation may not cause problems or unnecessary costs to future residents. In the future decades, the actors of the construction industry must adapt to a new kind of time horizon, the focus being on the management of the lifecycle of construction, the long-term environmental effects of living and the effects of the living environment on the wellbeing of its residents. 37 alema and Joutsi 2013, alema and Joutsi 2013, 54. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 17

18 3. MAIN RGULATION CONCRNING TRANPORTATION OF MODUL 3.1. RGULATION OF ROAD TRANPORTATION IN FINLAND The following section discusses briefly the main transportation requirements in Finland for vehicles registered inside U and TA countries. The maximum authorized dimensions in normal traffic in Finland are 2.6 m in width and 4.2 m in height. 39 All transportation dimensions higher than normal maximum measurements connote special transports. o-called free measurement limits are dimensions of the transport which do not need special transport permits even though they are larger than the normal authorized traffic dimensions and so special transports. The maximum dimensions of free measurement limits are 4 m in width and 4.4 m in height. 40 Transport which exceeds free measurement limits needs warning cars and traffic controllers, in accordance with the table prepared by The Centres for conomic Development, Transport and the nvironment, (LY Centres) in Finland. If the width is 4 m but the height exceeds 5 m; 1 warning car is needed in the front together with one traffic controller. When the width of the transport is 5-7 m; 2 warning cars are required in front, 1 warning car at the back and 3 traffic controllers. If the transport width is greater than 7 m, the police must be contacted and they decide whether it is necessary to escort the transport. The usual used maximum dimensions of the outer edges of steel cell modules produced and transported in Finland are 7 x 22 x 5 m, so as to avoid the requirement for police escort. 41 These maximum dimensions of steel cell modules are considered as maximum dimensions also in this study. However, it needs to take into account that in Autumn 2013 in Finland there will be some changes to the maximum dimensions and mass limits of normal transportation, following which, the maximum height of normal traffic for example will be up to 4.4 m LY Centres LY Centres 2013b. 41 RT card 37976, Mattila, licensing expert LY Centres 2013, pers.comm., 19 June. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 18

19 UMMARY OF FINNIH LAW RQUIRMNT FOR PCIAL TRANPORT TH WIDTH, B, OF TH TRANPORTATION (m) B 3 3 < B 3,5 3,5 < B 4 4 < B 5 5 < B 7 B > 7 TH LNGHT (L) OF TH TRANPORTATION WARNING MAUR LNGHT OVR 5m L < L 40 L > 40 L 25,25 25,25 < L < L 45 L > 45 L < L 40 L > 40 L 35 L > 35 ALL LNGTH ALL LNGTH WARNING CAR, IN TH FRONT WARNING CAR, IN TH BAC TRAFFIC CONTROLLR POLIC CAR AND WARNING CAR OR TRAFFIC CONTROLLR 1 Adapted from LY Centres 2013a. Picture 6. NAPO Oy GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 19

20 3.2. RGULATION OF ROAD TRANPORTATION IN TH U The main transportation requirements for wide loads on motorways and trunk roads in the U are briefly as follows: the optimum external module widths are 2.9 m, 3.5 m and 4.3 m, depending on the type of vehicle. Generally for design in modular construction, a module width of 4.3 m should be considered to be the sensible maximum for transport in the U. However, loads up to 5 m in width can be transported with a police escort. 43 The maximum width of 4.3 m is considered as maximum width dimension also in this study. Further restrictions may apply for railway bridges, where a maximum load height of 4 m is generally permitted. A low loader vehicle should be used if the module height exceeds 2.8 m. 43 Lawson 2013a. UMMARY OF U LAW RQUIRMNT FOR TRANPORT TYP OF ICL WIDTH OF LOAD ICL MAT RQUIRD POLIC NOTIC RQUIRD OTHR NOTIC CONTRUCTION AND U (C&U) 2.9M PCIAL TYP 3.5M BOTH C & U AND PCIAL TYP 4.3M INDIVIIBL LOAD ON C & U ICL 5M FORM VR1 NOT: ADDITIONAL WIDTH RQUIRMNT ON LOCAL ROAD MAY APPLY Lawson 2013a. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 20

21 3.3. IGNIFICANT ABOUT MODUL TRANPORTATION ize restrictions of modules however mainly refer to the height and width transportation, and the length of the module does not usually present a problem. In Finland for example, the length of transport is not really limited. In normal traffic, maximum lengths result from the maximum length of the vehicle. In special transportation the length is unlimited, 44 which is suited to long loads. For example wind turbine blades, which can be more than 50 m in length. It is important to take into account the distance and routes involved in module transportation. Access should be investigated early in the project as it may influence the size of modules that may be used, and their means of installation. Limits may also be placed on the total weight of the vehicles passing over some minor bridges and culverts. 45 The road widths and turning circles in suburban areas in the U may limit both the type of vehicle and load width that may be used. 46 The regulations of dimensions mentioned above deal only with transportation by road. Other possible transportation methods include rail, sea and air. For example, the dimensions of modules transported customized by sea have no real limitations; nevertheless, the module must be able to be transported from the factory. 44 Mattila, licensing expert LY Centres 2013, pers.comm., 19 June. 45 Lawson 2013a. 46 Lawson 2013a. Picture 7. NAPO Oy GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 21

22 RGULATION OF HABITABL ROOM IN TH U IN FINLAND THR I NO A MINIMUM ARA OF A ROOM, BUT LOCAL AUTHORITI IN TH U MAY RQUIR MINIMUM ARA, FOR XPL LIFTIM HOM AND LONDON CITY RQUIR TH MINIMUM ARA OF A INGL BDROOM TO B AT LAT B 8 m 2 m 2 TH ARA OF A ROOM MUT B AT LAT 7 m 2 THR I NO A MINIMUM HIGHT OF A ROOM, BUT LOCAL AUTHORITI IN TH U MAY RQUIR MINIMUM HIGHT, FOR XPL IN LONDON TH MINIMUM HIGHT I 2.5 m m TH HIGHT OF A ROOM MUT B AT LAT 2,5 m, MALL PORTION CAN B LOWR BUT NOT L THAN 2,2 m A ROOM MUT HAV AN OPNABL WINDOW FOR XPL IN LONDON GLAZING TO ALL HABITABL ROOM HOULD B NOT L THAN 20% OF TH INTRNAL FLOOR ARA OF TH ROOM THR I NO A MINIMUM DITANC OF UNBUILT PAC IN FRONT OF TH MAIN WINDOW OF A ROOM, BUT DIFFRNT PLANNING AUTHORITI m A ROOM MUT HAV AN OPNABL WINDOW WITH A LIGHT GAP AT LAT TH IZ OF 10% OF TH ROOM ARA THR MUT B AT LAT 8 M DITANC OF UNBUILT PAC IN FRONT OF TH MAIN WINDOW OF A ROOM GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 22

23 4. MAIN RGULATION CONCRNING HOUING DIGN 4.1. RGULATION OF HABITABL ROOM RGULATION OF HABITABL ROOM IN FINLAND The following section introduces regulations concerning housing construction in Finland and the U, which determine the boundaries for constructing and designing multi-floor apartment buildings (i.e. apartment buildings with more than 2 floors). Only the main regulations are presented. In both countries, local authorities may require differing standards. Here a habitable room is understood as a space, which is first and foremost meant for living. For example hall, corridor, bathroom and other similar spaces do not count as habitable rooms. In Finland the area of a room must be at least 7 m 2. The height of a room must be at least 2500 mm. A small portion of a room can be lower than this, but not less than 2200 mm. If the ceiling of a room is not horizontal, the height of the room is determined as the average height of the room area. 47 If the height of a space is less than 1600 mm, it is not counted in the area. A room must have a window with a light gap at least the size of 10% of the room area. A room window or a part of the window should open. A room window must be in direct contact to open air, but natural light can be directed to some of the rooms in an apartment for example via a space limited by light roofing. The distance in front of the main window of a room in the same or opposite property needs to be at least as great as the height of the opposite building measured from room floor level, unless the city plan or authorities state otherwise. There must be at least 8 m distance of unbuilt space in front of the main window of a room RGULATION OF HABITABL ROOM IN TH U There is no a minimum area or height of a room in the Building regulations or legislation in the U but to qualify for HQI funding, the rooms have to be able to accommodate various pieces of furniture and local authorities in the U may require minimum areas as part of the planning application process. 49 For example, the London standards set a minimum internal floor area against the typology of the home (number of bedrooms and storeys) and the designed occupancy level (the number of people the home is designed to accommodate comfortably). 47 RakM G and Finnish Land Use and Building Law 51 1 and 2 mom. and RakM G Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 23

24 In London the minimum area of a single bedroom should be 8 m 2 and the minimum floor to ceiling height in habitable rooms should be 2.5 m, although 2.6 m is considered desirable. 50 Also Lifetime Homes gives instructions for typical room areas. LIFTIM HOM TYPICAL PAC RQUIRMNT FOR APARTMNT ROOM PAC RQUIRMNT (m 2 FLOOR ARA) FOR NUMBR OF POPL PR DWLLING LIVING ROOM LIVING/DINING ITCHN ITCHN/DINING MAIN BDROOM TWIN BDROOM INGL BDROOM Lawson 2013b. The Building Regulations in the U require a minimum openable window or door area for ventilation, so room window or a part of the window should open and a room window must be in direct contact to open air. The London Housing Design Guide contains requirements for the minimum window area as being 20 % of the area of the habitable room. 51 There is no main regulation concerning the distance in front of the main window of a room in the U, but different planning authorities have different standards for example in regard to overlooking and overshadowing depending on the location and type of the building RGULATION OF AN APARTMNT RGULATION OF AN APARTMNT IN FINLAND In Finland, the living area of an apartment must be at least 20 m The free width of doors and passages leading from the main door of the apartment to the other areas needed for living must be at least 800 mm wide and 2100 mm high London Development Agency 2010, London Development Agency 2010, 16. Picture 8. RT card DIMNION OF TURNING POINT OF TH WALING ARA IN FINLAND CAN B CALCULATD IN TH FOLLOWING WAY: a+b 2300 mm 52 Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. 53 RakM G RakM G GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 24

25 RGULATION OF AN APARTMNT IN TH U IN FINLAND THR I NO MINIMUM ARA OF AN APARTMNT IN TH U, BUT LOCAL AUTHORITI MAY RQUIR MINIMUM ARA m 2 TH LIVING ARA OF AN APARTMNT MUT B AT LAT 20 m 2 O CALLD LIFTIM HOM T TANDARD WICH AR NOT MANDATORY IN TH U BUILDING RGULATION LIFTIM HOM CRAT IMILAR IND OF TANDARD FOR ACCIBILITY A IN FINLAND, BUT ALO DIFFRNC CAN B FOUND m TH FR WIDTH OF DOOR LADING FROM TH MAIN DOOR OF TH APARTMNT TO TH OTHR ROOM AND OTHR ARA NDD FOR LIVING MUT B AT LAT 800 mm, TH WIDTH OF MINIMUM FR OPNING GROW IN TURNING POINT ALL APARTMNT HOULD B DIGND ACCIBL: A MANUAL WHLCHAIR ROTATION OF TH CIRCL IN APARTMNT, FRO XPL IN ITCHN AND NTRANC I 1300mm-1500mm, AND IN TH TOILT AND WAHING ARA 1500mm IT MUT B POIBL TO QUIP TH TOILT AND WAHING ARA OF AN APARTMNT FOR WHLCHAIR OR WALR UR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 25

26 The dimensions of turning points can be calculated in the following way: the sum of the width of the doors or passages should be more than or equal to 2300 mm. 55 All apartments should be designed so that persons with restricted movement ability (for example wheelchair or walker users), can visit the apartment. A manual wheelchair circle of rotation in an apartment is from 1300 mm to 1500 mm for example in the kitchen and entrance areas, and 1500 mm in the toilet and washing areas. It must also be possible to equip the toilet and washing area of an apartment for wheelchair or walker users RGULATION OF AN APARTMNT IN TH U There is no minimum area for an apartment in the U, but local authorities may require minimum areas as part of the planning application process. 57 For example in London, for a single storey one bedroom dwelling for two persons, the recommended area of an apartment is 50 m 2 and for a single storey two bedroom dwelling for three persons, the recommended area of an apartment is 61 m The National Housing Federation (NHF) standards also provide instructions for typical apartment sizes. TYPICAL APARTMNT IZ AND TH LILY NUMBR OF MODUL THAT AR RQUIRD TO COMPLY WITH TH NHF LAYOUT 1 BDROOM 2 PRON m 2 2 MODUL 2 BDROOM 3 PRON m 2 3 MODUL 2 BDROOM 4 PRON m 2 3 MODUL 3 BDROOM 5 PRON m 2 4 MODUL Lawson 2013b. In the U, Lifetime Homes is a set of design guidance, specifying space standards to accommodate wheelchair use in general housing. Lifetime Homes design criteria includes the measurements of internal doorways, circulation spaces and accessibility. It sets standards which are not mandatory in the U Building Regulations, but many local authorities may require Lifetime Homes standards or other similar standards of accessibility and sustainability. For example, the London Housing design guide incorporates many of the Lifetime Homes standards RT card RakM G , 3.3.1, RakMk F a 57 Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. 58 London Development Agency, Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 26

27 The standards of Lifetime Homes are not specified comprehensively in this report, but for example, a straight-on door or passage should be at least 750 mm wide and the minimum width of the free opening of doors and passages grows in turning points. 60 uch considerations occur in also in Finnish regulations, even though the dimensions may vary. INTRNAL DWLLING DOOR DIRCTION AND WIDTH OF APPROACH MINIMUM OPNING WIDTH (MM) TRAIGHT-ON (WITHOUT A TURN OR OBLIQU APPROACH) 750 AT RIGHT ANGL TO A HALLWAY / LANDING AT LAT 1200mm WID AT RIGHT ANGL TO A CORRIDOR / LANDING AT LAT 1050mm WID AT RIGHT ANGL TO A CORRIDOR / LANDING L THAN 1050MM WID (MIN. WIDTH 900mm) Lifetime Homes, Internal doorways and hallways Differences in housing design instructions can be found for example in the design of a bathroom: Lifetime Homes standards in the U disclose that in accessible bathrooms an approach zone to the seat extends at least 350 mm from the s centre-line towards the adjacent wall, and at least 1000 mm from the s centre-line on the other side. 61 An accessible zone is in this context is thus smaller than the 1500 mm turning space described in Finnish standards RGULATION OF FIR XIT RGULATION OF FIR CTIONING AND XIT IN FINLAND AND IN TH U The building should be divided into fire sections or sub-divisions with fire-resisting construction. 62 The emergency route must be built using non-flammable materials, and no objects or equipment which adds to the fire mass should be kept in the area. There must be a possibility to remove smoke and exchange clean air from/to a sectioned emergency route and a sectioned lift shaft. 63 In both countries, fire and other rescue equipment needs to be able to get close enough to the residential or hotel building Lifetime Homes, Internal doorways and hallways Lifetime Homes 16 Design Criteria from 5 July 2010 (RVID) HM Goverment The Building Regulations 2013 and RakM , 5.1.2, 5.2.1, RakM GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 27

28 As such, specific rescue roads must be designed and maintained free of objects next to the building. In the U, the fire tender needs to be able to get within 18 m of the dry riser inlet, or a within a 45 m hose length, measured on the plan from the fire tender up through the staircase to all parts of the interior of the building. 64 In Finland, local authorities define the technical requirements for emergency road design RGULATION OF XIT AND RCU ROUT IN FINLAND One exit is allowed in buildings with no more than 8 floors. In buildings with more than 8 floors, two separate exits are required. There must also be a spare emergency exit from apartments and the exit area, through which it is possible to save oneself either alone or with the help of the fire brigade. An appropriately situated balcony or a window hole which offers the possibility to save oneself to the ground or some other safe area can be listed as a spare emergency exit, when used either in conjunction with saving measures, by the use of a fixed ladder or other suitable parts of the building. A window to be used as a spare emergency exit must be made easy to open. Its free gap must be at least 600 mm in height and 500 mm wide, so that the sum of the height and width is at least 1500 mm. 65 The longest allowed distance to a nearest exit route is 30 m, when there is one exit route from the apartment, and 45 m when there are several exit routes from the apartment. The distance from each point in the exit area to the exit route is determined by the shortest possible route. If the routes to two separate exit routes partly overlap, such an overlap must be calculated as being twice its length. 66 The width of the emergency route should usually be at least 1200 mm and the free height of the emergency route must be at least 2100 mm. 67 There must be a possibility to move a person with restricted movement ability on a stretcher from each exit area via an emergency route. The stretcher requires at least 1350 x 2480 mm space on the platform of a staircase so that it can be turned in another direction, if the direct double stairs are 1200 mm wide. 68 This determines the size of the staircases and stairs. In apartment buildings with more than 2 floors, the staircase to the apartments must be equipped with a lift. The minimum dimensions of the lift cage are 1.1 m wide and 1.4 m deep Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. 65 RakM RakM RakM , 10.5, RakM G1 4.2, RakM F and RakM F RT card , RakM F and GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 28

29 RGULATION OF XIT AND RCU ROUT POIBILITY TO RCU IN TH U ON XIT I ACCPTABL IN ALL MULTI- TORY RIDNTIAL BUILDING, UBJCT TO MAXIMUM CAP DITANC AND OTHR RQUIRMNT UCH A VNTILATD LOBBI AT VRY LVL TO PROTCT TH TAIRCA TH WIDTH OF TH MRGNCY ROUT HOULD UUALLY B AT LAT 1,1 m (DPND ON TH TYP OF BUILDING, VACUATION PROTOCOL AND POPULATION IN TH BUILDING) CAP I ACHIVD BY ON OF TH TWO MAIN APPROACH: 1. BY LIMITING TH TRAVL DITANC FROM TH XIT DOOR OF AN APARTMNT TO A MO-FR ARA: A NUMBR OF RUL CONCRNING LONGT ALLOWD DITANC 2. BY PROVIION OF ALTRNATIV MAN OF CAP TO A MO FR ARA MRGNCY GR VIA A WINDOW I ACCPTABL FROM TH FIRT FLOOR OF HOU OR MAIONTT: TH FR GAP MUT B AT LAT 450 mm x 450 mm TH TAIRCA MUT B QUIPPD WITH AN LIFT IN APARTMNT UUALLY BUILDING WITH MOR THAN 3 FLOOR IN FINLAND ON XIT I ALLOWD IN BUILDING WITH NO MOR THAN 8 FLOOR TH WIDTH OF TH MRGNCY ROUT HOULD UUALLY B AT LAT 1,2 m (DPND ON TH TYP OF BUILDING AND POPULATION IN TH BUILDING) TH LONGT ALLOWD DITANC TO A NART XIT ROUT I 30 m, WHN THR I ON XIT ROUT FROM TH APARTMNT AND 45 m, WHN THR AR VRAL XIT ROUT FROM TH APARTMNT THR MUT B A POIBILITY TO MOV A PRON ON A TRTCHR VIA TAIRCA AND TAIR; 1,35 m x 2,48 mm PAC I RQUIRD ON TH PLATFORM OF A TAIRCA THR MUT B ALO A PAR MRGNCY XIT FROM APARTMNT: TH FR GAP MUT B AT LAT 600 mm x 500 mm TH TAIRCA MUT B QUIPPD WITH AN LIFT IN APARTMNT BUILDING WITH MOR THAN 2 FLOOR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 29

30 RGULATION OF XIT AND RCU ROUT IN TH U In the U, one exit stair is acceptable in all multi-storey residential buildings, subject to maximum escape distances and other requirements such as ventilated lobbies at every level to protect the staircase. 70 The escape is achieved by one of the two main approaches in residential buildings with a corridor and fire protected lobby. One approach is to limit the travel distance from the exit door of an apartment to a smokefree area. The second approach is to provide an alternative means of escape to a smokefree area. 71 The travel distance is limited to a maximum of 7.5 m from the exit door of an apartment to the entrance to a fire protected stairway or lobby. 72 This rule applies to single stair buildings or the dead-end portion of a corridor in multiple stair buildings. If this is not satisfied, separate fire protected doors are required in the corridor. 73 In this situation, limits within a unit are typically 9 m from a room to a protected corridor, and 9 m from the furthest door in the protected corridor to the entrance door of the unit. In multiple stair buildings where there is a means of escape in two directions to separate stairs, the travel distance is limited to 30 m. 74 ome relaxation is permitted for small buildings, for example 4 storey buildings less than 11 m high. 75 A typical minimum for emergency routes is 1.1 m, but it depends on the type of building, evacuation protocol and population in the building. For emergency routes 2.0 m clear height is required for fire escape purposes, 2.1 m height is generally accepted for structural opening. 76 An alternative means of escape to a smokefree area includes for example emergency egress via a window. mergency egress via a window is acceptable from the first floor of houses or maisonettes, providing the window has an opening section at least 450 mm x 450 mm. The staircase must be equipped with an lift In apartment buildings with more than 3 floors; some small flat buildings have no lift. The minimum dimensions of the lift cage are 1.1 m wide and 1.4 m deep Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 25 June. 71 Lawson 2013b. 72 Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. 73 Lawson 2013b. 74 Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 10 June. 75 Lawson 2013b. 76 Bergin 2013, pers.comm., 25 June. 77 HM Government The Building Regulations GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 30

31 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 31

32 5. OPTIMID MODULAR YTM 5.1. INVTIGATING TH OPTIMID DIGN OF MODULAR YTM Next chapter presents an example of an optimised modular system. This modular system can be transported in Finland. This study is not trying to present one and only possible modular dimensioning system. The purpose of the study is to show the architectural potential included in optimised modular construction. The goal is to use standard-size modules to create diverse housing solutions, residential buildings and living environments according to different needs and goals. The idea of standardized factors enabling countless individual solutions and ensembles is included in the modular system of this study. Of course, the objective of all standardization and optimization should be to have the rules enable actions, not limit them. OPTIMIZING WIDTH OF TH MODUL FOR FOR FINNIH RIDNTIAL MART BATHROOM AND NTRANC A INGL ITCHN CABINT OR BD ALCOV A DOUBL BD ALCOV UTILITY ROOM TORAG TUDY 2!500 1!900 1! !400 DIFFRNT POIBILITI 6,5 m x 6,5 m 38,8 m 2 6!226 7!000 POIBILITY TO INULAT TH MODUL FROM BOTH ID 6!750 TRANPORTABL WIDTH; INULATION ONLY ON ON ID 6!500 TRANPORTABL WIDTH; NO INULATION ON ID AND TH OUTR DIMNION OF TH MODUL GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 32

33 When transporting maximum 7 m wide modules in Finland the resourceintensive police escort is avoided but the transported module still can be large and thus the construction process rather efficient. 7 m is considered as maximum width dimension in this study. When the maximum module width dimension is known optimization of the size of the module starts from spatial issues. To allow diverse apartment arrangement possibilities within one module, it is useful to be able to place a bathroom, an entrance space with cabinet and alcove or a kitchen next to each other. The placement of these spaces side by side requires 6.1 m inner width if a 1.4 m wide accessible turning space is used, and 6.3 m inner width if a 1.5 m wide accessible turning space is used. Finnish housing design regulations also enable the use of a 1.3 m turning space, but the use of larger dimensions in system optimization is more secure in the long-term as the dimensions for accessibility have increased continuously in Finland. To allow diverse residential building typologies it is useful to be able to insulate the module from both sides. If a module of 6.1 m internal width is insulated from both sides, the resulting outer dimension of the insulated module is m. If a module with an internal width of 6.3 m is insulated from both sides, the outer dimension of the insulated module is m. Thus, when the required width of the module is a maximum of 7 m, an internal width of 6.1 m must be used. The optimised dimensions should be easy to understand and use for architects and builders, and therefore it is necessary to seek balanced outer dimensions. The requirements described above lead to an internal width of m when outer width of the uninsulated module is 6.5 m. In this case it is also possible to insulate the module from both sides, because the fully insulated width will be 7 m. A square-shaped apartment with inner measurements of x m and outer dimensions of 6.5 x 6.5 m creates an area of 38.8m 2 which can function as apartment in many ways. The size is optimized for studios and the average studio apartment size in Finland in 2011 was 34m imilarly, the placement of room spaces for different activities next to each other in a longitudinal direction is significant. The above-described width of 6,226 m summed with the length of a bathroom-entrance area of 2.5 m creates an inner length of m and outer dimension of 9.0 m of the uninsulated module. 78 Official tatistics of Finland (OF): Dwellings and housing conditions GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 33

34 / AL./ TP PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP PARVI H PARVI / AL./ TP PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ H / AL./ TP TP H TP / AL./ / AL./ H TP / AL./ TP H PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ H / AL./ TP TP H TP / AL./ / AL./ H TP / AL./ TP H PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ H / AL./ TP TP H TP / AL./ / AL./ H TP / AL./ TP H PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ H / AL./ TP TP H TP / AL./ / AL./ H TP / AL./ TP H PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI AN APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON 6.5x6.5 MODUL, XPL 1:200 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 34

35 OPTIMIZING LNGHT OF TH MODUL FOR FOR FINNIH RIDNTIAL MART 9!000 9!500 9!250 8!726 6!226 2!500 6,5 m x 9 m 54,3 m 2 6!226 TRANPORTABL WIDTH; NO INULATION ON ID AND TH OUTR DIMNION OF TH MODUL POIBILITY TO INULAT TH MODUL FROM BOTH ID TRANPORTABL WIDTH; INULATION ONLY ON ON ID 2!100 2!200 2!000 2!400 2!000 2!400 2!500 6!500 7! !600 1! !100 4!500 DIFFRNT UAG POIBILITI ! ! !100 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 35

36 A rectangle-shaped apartment with inner measurements of x metres and outer dimensions of 6.5 x 9 m creates an area of 57.3m 2 which can function as an apartment in many ways. The size is optimized for two habitable rooms and a kitchen apartments, as in 2011 the average size of such apartments in Finland was 51.5m AAR 79 Official tatistics of Finland (OF): Dwellings and housing conditions AL. AN APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON 6.5x9 MODUL, XPL 1: AL. PH 1-2 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page

37 AN APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON 6.5x9 MODUL, XPL 1:200 AL..AAR / AL.. TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 37

38 HVAC-LMNT PLACD IN TH 150 mm WIDTH CORRIDOR 6,5x6,5 6,5x9 CORRIDOR HVAC LMNT 6,5x6,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x9 Picture X. Jakotec Oy HVAC element. RV A NUMBR OF APARTMNT 6,5x width mm CORRIDOR 1!500 1!775 HVAC LMNT The modular system is too monotonous when only the two modules described above are considered. In order to create a wide variety of building forms and typologies, apartment specific outdoor areas, apartment sizes and the plans of module sizes have to be varied, but still, some dimensions need to be standardized. A combination of different sizes must however be the principle for the creation of variety. In order to design traditional-lke rectangular residential building with optimized modular system, we have to solve issues posed by the exit zones and ends of the building. In this case the exit zone corridor is also designed as a standardized module. The different floors of apartment building systems can vary from each other, when a building technology element (referred to here as the HVAC element) is installed outside the apartment zone, in the exit corridor. The HVAC element can include water pipes, heating pipes, sewer pipes, air condition ducts and wiring conduits. The inner measure of the exit corridor should be 1500 mm, so it can be used as an emergency exit for residential apartment buildings in Finland when the corridors have reservations for HVAC elements. In this way, the width requirement set for emergency exits in Finland is fulfilled even if an approximately 150 mm or 180 mm deep HVAC element is installed in the exit corridor. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 38

39 4,5x8,275 6,5x4,5 6,5x6, m 6,5x6,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x9 6,5x9 6,5x9 4,5x8,275 6,5x9 4,5x8,275 6,5x9 4,5x8,275 HVAC LMNT CORRIDOR 6,5x4,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x9 6,5x9 6,5x9 4,5x8,275 4,5x8,275 4,5x8,275 6,5x6,5 HVAC LMNT CORRIDOR 6,5x4,5 6,5x6,5 6,5x9 6,5x9 6,5x9 4,5x8,275 4,5x8,275 When two of the above-described 6.5 x 6.5 m and 6.5 x 9 m wide modules are placed longitudinally side by side and an exit corridor whose inner width is 1500 mm is placed in the middle, the whole dimension of a section of this traditional residential building is m. This dimension reduced by the above-described module width of 6.5 m is m which will be presented as a longer side of one standardized module. When the 6.5 x 9 m wide module is cut in half across its long sides, the result is a smaller module which is only 4.5 m wide but meets the repeated 6.5 m dimension length. everal of these smaller modules can be transported in the same transportation load, and the process is still effective due to the length of module which is less than or equal to the 7 m maximum measurement. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 39

40 4!226 4,5 m x 6,5 m 36,9 m 2 8!275 8!775 8!525 8!001 4,5 m x 8,275 m 26,3 m 2 4!500 5!000 2! TRANPORTABL WIDTH; NO INULATION ON ID AND TH OUTR DIMNION OF TH MODUL POIBILITY TO INULAT TH MODUL FROM BOTH ID TRANPORTABL WIDTH; INULATION ONLY ON ON ID 2!500 4!500 2!200 2!026 2!500 1!726 3! ! !000 4!500 6!500 7!000 6!750 6!226 4!226 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 40 4!500

41 Reasons described above lead to the creation of the two last types of modules, which are created primarily to be combined with themselves and other mod longer side ules or to singularly to create narrow and effective hotel rooms or adjacent apartments. The system is primarily based on standard-size modules in order for their construction to achieve large industrial levels and thus maximize cost efficiency. The above-described four standard-size basic modules are named as alpha, beta, gamma and delta modules. AN XPL OF OPTIMID MODULAR YTM FOR FINNIH RIDNTIAL MART ALPHA -MODUL 4,5 m x 6,5 m 26,3 m 2 GMA -MODUL 6,5 m x 6,5 m 38,8 m 2 4!500 6!500 6!500 6!500 26,3 m 2 38,8 m 2 BTA -MODUL 4,5 m x 8,275 m 36,9 m 2 DLTA -MODUL 6,5 m x 9 m 54,3 m 2 4!500 6!500 8!275 9!000 33,8 m 2 54,3 m 2 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 41

42 AN APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON 4.5 x 6.5 MODUL, XPL 1:200 PARVI TP TP 4,5mx6,5m 26,3 m 2 PARVI TP TP / AL./ / AL./ PARVI TP TP PARVI PARVI TP PARVI TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 42

43 AN APARTMNT PLAN INID OF ON 4.5 x MODUL, XPL 1:200 CRATD PRIMARILY TO B COMBIND WITH ITLF AND OTHR TP TP AULA (esim. HH) AL. AL. TP * / HH AULA AULA (esim. HH) 1-2 M H AULA * TH AL. APARTMNT XPL INCLUD TANDARDIZD BATH- ROOM IZ. IN FUTUR RARCH, TH CAL OF APARTMNT TH CAN B WIDND TO OTHR OLUTION / HH 1-2 M H 4,5mx8,275m 36,9 m 2 HH/ / AULA AULA 1-2 M H GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 43 HH/ /

44 The boundary between the elasticity and rigidity of the modular system is formed by exceptions as possibilities. The system holds the possibility of modules customized according to the lot, called variation modules (). uch individual modules in the floor plan of a building can be seen as positive mutations as, for example, in biology the genetic variation provided by mutations increases the organism population s chances of adaptation and survival under changing conditions. An individual variation module can be seen as such an unorganized part of an organized structure, which can benefit the adaptive skills of the entire system. TH CONNCTION OF TH OUTR DIMNION IN AN XPL OPTIMID MODULAR YTM inside width inside width 6500 mm 1500 mm 6500 mm 1500 mm 6500 mm 6500 mm inside width 1500 mm 4500 mm 9000 mm 6500 mm 8275 mm = 6500 mm + FIXCL wall + inside width 1500mm 6500 mm 8275 mm = 6500 mm + FIXCL wall + inside width 1500mm BAIC DRIVR BHIND TH YTM 1) UTILIZATION OF IMILARITI 2) COMBINATION A A PRINCIPL FOR CRATION OF ITY GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 44

45 Whenever possible, this study has tried to focus the individual variation modules to the modules where the elevator will be included. Therefore the elevator module is often the only module of the floor plan which does not adhere to the system and can be modified according to need, nevertheless taking transport measures into consideration. The use of several variation modules should be considered in tricky infill development locations. An auxiliary module () is used in addition to the four basic modules. The auxiliary module is somewhere between the variation module and the four standardized basic modules: with standard width but nonstandard length. The inner measure of the auxiliary module is 1500 mm, so it can be used, for example, as an emergency exit corridor for residential apartment buildings when the staircases have reservations for the HVAC elements. Auxiliary modules can also be added to apartments to increase variation in different apartment types. AUXILIARY MODUL () INID WIDTH 1500 mm LNGTH A NDD TAING INTO ACCOUNT TRANPORTATION MAURMNT 1!500 1!775 APUMODUULI AUXILIARY MODUL ALPHA -MODUL HH AUXILIARY MODUL () DLTA -MODUL GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 45

46 PH IVUA./ PH TP TP IVUA./ APARTMNT PLAN WHR MODUL I COMBIND WITH ITLF AND OTHR MODUL, XPL 1:200 LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ PH PH AN APARTMNT ON TWO LVL IVUA./ 1-2 HH 1-2 HH 1-2 HH / HH / HH IVUA./ IVUA./ 1-2 / HH 1-2 HH HH / HH IVUA./ / HH 4,5 m x 6,5 m 26,3 m 2 PARVI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 46 / HH / HH TP PARVI / HH TP / HH IVUA./ IVUA./ PARVI

47 AL. / HH APARTMNT PLAN WHR MODUL I COMBIND WITH ITLF AND OTHR MODUL, XPL 1:200 AULA AULA (esim. HH) AULA (esim. HH) 4,5 m x 8,275 m 36,9 m M H HH/ / TP / HH / HH / HH AULA AULA AL. TP TP HH/ / AL. HH/ / AULA TP AULA 1-2 M H AL. AULA (esim. HH) AULA TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 47 AL. AULA

48 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 48 HH/ HH IVUA/ HH IVUA/ / IVUA. / HH -ALUT IVUA./ TP AL. HH IVUA/ / IVUA. / HH -ALUT / AL./ TP TP H / AL./ PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ / AL./ TP TP TP / AL./ TP / AL./ TP PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ H / AL./ TP TP TP / AL./ / AL./ H TP / AL./ TP PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ / AL./ TP TP TP / AL./ / AL./ TP / AL./ TP PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI / AL./ TP / AL./ TP / AL./ / AL./ PARVI PARVI PARVI PARVI 6,5 m x 6,5 m 38,8 m 2 APUMODUULI APARTMNT PLAN WHR MODUL I COMBIND WITH ITLF AND OTHR MODUL, XPL 1:200

49 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 49 IVUA./ 1-2 M H HH/ HH HH IVUA. / HH IVUA./ 1-2 M H HH/ 1-2 H H H 1-2 HH HH IVUA. / HH HH/ TP. HH IVUA. / HH / R AL..AAR TP. AL HH TP. 1-2 HH HH IVUA. / HH HH IVUA. / HH IVUA./ 1-2 M H HH/ APARTMNT PLAN WHR MODUL I COMBIND WITH ITLF AND OTHR MODUL, XPL 1:200

50 XIT C HALL ALPHA MODUL, XPL OF MODIFID MAXIMUM 4,3 m WIDTH FOR RIDNTIAL AND HOTL CONTRUCTION IN TH U 845 1!000 1!000 4!300 4!300 ITC 6!500 2! !080 1! !080 1! !525 3!775 4!026 4!300 4!300 4!300 BTA MODUL, XPL OF MODIFID MAXIMUM 4,3 m WIDTH FOR RIDNTIAL AND HOTL CONTRUCTION IN TH U 845 1!000 1!000 2! !080 1! !080 1! !275 3!526 3!775 4!026 4!300 4!300 4!300 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 50

51 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 3!526 3!775 4!300 4! MODUL YTM APPLICATION FOR RIDNTIAL AND HOTL CONTRUCTION IN TH U Alpha, beta and auxiliary modules are also suitable for transnational transportation when changing the width measurements of alpha and beta modules slightly. This spread introduces modified alpha and beta -module solutions for residential and hotel construction in the U. The possibilities for the U market are shown schematically in the Chapter 7 where building typology studies are presented. XIT CORRIDOR XIT CORRIDOR XIT CORRIDOR XIT CORRIDOR XIT CORRIDOR BATH HALL ROOM BATH HALL ROOM BATH HALL ROOM LIVING ROOM LIVING ROOM BDROOM LIVING ROOM BDROOM BDROOM 4!300 4!300 4!300 XIT CORRIDOR HALL HALL HALL BATH ROOM BATH ROOM BATH ROOM LIVING ROOM LIVING ROOM BDROOM LIVING ROOM BDROOM BDROOM 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 ITCHN ITCHN ITCHN ITCHN ITCHN ITCHN 4!300 4!300 4!300 XIT CORRIDOR 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 ITCHN/ HALL UTILITY BATH BATH AUNA ITCHN/ HALL ROOM ROOM ROOM UTILITY BATH BATH ROOM AUNA ROOM ROOM ITCHN/ ITCHN/ ROOM UTILITY ROOM BDROOM BDROOM XIT CORRIDOR LIVING ROOM LIVING ROOM BDROOM BDROOM XIT CORRIDOR 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300 BDROOM BDROOM BDROOM BDROOM BATH ROOM BATH ROOM BDROOM/ TUDY BDROOM/ TUDY XIT CORRIDOR HALL BDROOM BATHROOM/ UTILITY ROOM BATHROOM/ UTILITY ROOM HALL BDROOM ITCHN LIVING ROOM LIVING ROOM ITCHN 4!300 4!300 4!300 4!300

52 6. INVTIGATD PRPCTIV IN MODULAR CONTRUCTION 6.1. MODULAR BUILDING A MULTIFORM HOUING CONTRUCTION MODL? In order to be socially, economically and environmentally sustainable modular construction needs to be capable of responding to social changes both at a macro and a micro level. The objective of this study is to develop solutions that are relevant to present and future housing development and so the study analyses long term housing development trends and discusses the changes in living caused by social developments. The study focuses mainly on changes in, and the future of, Finnish housing but many topics such as remarkable changes in family structures, smaller household sizes, the differentiating housing culture, changes in mobility, people s attachment to places, changes in the population structure and time management emphasise the significance of a more diverse housing alternatives also internationally. urope urbanizes still but the more mobile and decentralized lifestyle in terms of time and space enables the simultaneous realization of contradicting housing wishes. Commuting is contributing to the decentralization of the social structure. Multi-locality created by commuting has its problems particularly in terms of financial and ecological sustainability. Choices on the location of housing and thus daily travel are the biggest decisions concerning energy consumption made by individual people. 80 The total elimination of passenger car traffic will never be a realistic goal in societies, and neither should it be. Instead, reducing the emissions of passenger car traffic is something to strive for. The appeal of urban living plays a major part in reaching this goal. In Finland people would like to live in small houses more than they currently do, although the 2010 resident barometer also showed increase in the popularity of apartment buildings. 81 Nevertheless, wishes concerning housing rarely say anything about the actual housing needs: residents can wish for detached houses and good locations close to services at the same time or want to live in the city center and in the country at the same time. everal factors affect the final decision. atisfaction or dissatisfaction with housing is more likely to stem from the experiences of the resident, not the house type itself. 80 askinen et al. 2009, trandell 2011, 16. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 52

53 There is a twofold categorization concerning housing possibilities in Finland: compact urban living close to services, natural living outside city centers but at the same time a long unecological drive away from everyday services. In the U RIBA s Future Homes Commission research published that the British don't want to live in new-build homes. 82 Today s dwellers in the U are dissatisfied with the new homes available, for example because they do not meet their needs for space and they do not include enough flexible spaces for communal and private living. The following describes what you should be considered in the modular building in order to increase more diverse urban living alternatives somewhere between these two extremities described in Finland and in order to increase more flexible urban housing possibilities that dwellers in the U wish for WHAT HOULD B INVTIGATD IN MODULAR CONTRUCTION IN BUILDING AND CITY CAL The time of industrialization led to work moving outside the home, leaving the apartment a place of renewal and free time. Allmost all work was being removed from the home environment, allthough work used to be the main purpose of life within the living environment. Also the functions of the areas became separate, dividing into areas of living and working. This kind of functional separation also made the publicity of the living environment more one-sided. 83 Today, private and public spaces of living environments are often separate from each other, and quasi-public or quasi-private spaces are scarce. Residents form different kinds of territories within their living environment. People are constantly balancing between independency and social interaction; indeed, privacy should be seen as part of the process where residents control their interaction. 84 According to different studies, weak social contacts 85 within the living environment are important; these contacts are based on the recurrent sharing of everyday space. The quasi-public spaces of living environments act as a favorable stage for chance encounters for the local community. 82 The Future Homes Commission Pylvänen and Helamaa 2012, yttä 2004, For example healthcare researcher Hyyppä (2002) sees a connection between weak social ties and the health of individuals. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 53

54 Weak social contacts, chance encounters and spontaneous time together occurring in quasi-public spaces make the experiential contents of living more versatile. 86 In current housing production particularly in Finland, the house type often determines the territories offered by the living environment. In apartment buildings, the private territory ends at the hall, which opens to the public staircase which cannot be claimed by the resident. With row houses and small houses, the privately controlled area is usually first limited to the porch, then the yard and finally the living street. These boundary surfaces are natural ways of creating contacts to the surrounding environment. However, territories do not have to be house type-specific. The significance of quasi-private and quasi-public spaces can also be emphasized in apartment buildings via the means of housing design. Different appendage solutions of modules, terracing of modular buildings and crossing of openings with modules enable the use of rarely used mass solutions in multi-story housing construction. 87 As a result of the various mass solutions of modular construction and the above-mentioned arguments, there is a need to study different building typologies and block typologies of modular multi-story construction. One premise of this report is a hypothesis of modular construction that enables porous series of space from private to public or different quasi-public spaces establishing encounters and expanding the territory of the residents. 86 Hasu 2009, Heinisuo and Lahdenmaa 2013, 36. QUAI-PUBLIC PAC UNDRNATH TH BUILDING MA GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 54

55 OLUTION FOR MODULAR BUILDING MA IN A VRTICAL CTION LARG OPNING UNDRNATH TH BUILDING MA An alternative for creating variation in a modular building mass is to use separate structures to lift a building part off the ground, as the steel cell modules are relatively light. 88 This leaves a covered outdoor area underneath the building mass; this area could be used as a public urban space or as a shared yard for the residents. Yards underneath the building mass create plenty of opportunities particularly on small lots. It can form a natural intersection for the housing community, used by the residents on a daily basis. This kind of frequent use increases the number of social contacts in quasi-public spaces. The problem with quasi-public spaces underneath the building mass is the lack of privacy. Privacy can be improved with limiting elements or with height differences. A sufficient amount of light must be ensured YING ROOFTOP LVL Modular construction enables the use of different kinds of terraced building solutions. A terraced yard located on the roof of the building mass is characterized by privacy, as the space is away from the outside passageways and protected from prying eyes. The plusses of a roof yard include, for example, an open view over the surrounding urban structure and the brightness of the yard. The problem is the isolated location of the space: a common roof yard is not located along the daily routes of residents, and access must be provided with stairs or elevators. This means that residents have to make a conscious decision to use the common roof yard. Roof yard solutions must take the climate into consideration, for example by determining how to protect the yard against wind and rain. 88 RT card QUAI-PUBLIC PAC ON TOP OF TH BUILDING MA MVRDV PARRAND HOUING BUILDING, NTHRLAND GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 55

56 LARG OPNING IN TH BUILDING MA In case modules are removed from the heart of the modular building mass, a quasi-public or quasi-private community yard can also be located in the middle of the residential apartment building. Depending on the design solution, the yards can be available to the entire building community or to the residents of a certain building part. One of the plusses of the yard type is the private nature of the space. A shared yard between or in the middle of the building mass can also act as a light yard for the surrounding apartments. Their usability is improved by the yard being at least partially protected from the elements. Views through the building can also be used in area planning. QUAI-PUBLIC PAC IN TH MIDDL OF TH BUILDING MA MVRDV PARRAND HOUING BUILDING, NTHRLAND Picture 9. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 56

57 TH APARTMNT-PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A AN ADDD PART OR ZON TO TH MODUL In apartment building development, the apartment-specific connection to outdoors has traditionally been implemented as a balcony addition or as an external zone. Apartment-specific outdoor areas implemented as balcony additions and added zones do not increase the floor area, and thus the heat consumption, of the building mass. In addition, with additional and added zones, the apartment-specific outdoor area can be higher than the room. MODUL TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A AN ADDD PART MODUL TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A AN ADDD ZON GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 57

58 DP RLIF-LI TRUCTUR. HORIZONTAL AND/OR VRTICAL POC OF MODUL The advantages of the apartment-specific outdoor area created between the modules are privacy and a sheltered view. The apartment-specific outdoor area between the modules is intimate and protected. The outdoor area between the modules can also be used for placing cold storage space close to the apartment. On the other hand, apartmentspecific outdoor areas between modules can be dark and shady. MODUL TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA IN TH HORIZONTAL AND/OR VRTICAL GAP OF MODUL MODUULI MODUL MODUULI MODUL GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 58

59 LAN ARCHITCTUR 72 COLLCTIV HOUING UNIT, BÈGL, FRANC Picture 15. Picture TRRACING TH BUILDING MA AND TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A YARD TAIR Terraced apartment buildings combine the positive aspects of apartment buildings and small houses, as the apartment-specific outdoor terraces create a small house-like lot within the urban apartment. Apartmentspecific terraced outdoor areas are also called yard stairs. The bright and private yard stairs offer an open view over the surrounding city. Yard stairs are also away from the passageways used by outsiders. When the outdoor area is higher than the rooms of the apartment, it will not overshadow the indoor spaces like apartment-specific outdoor areas between the modules could do. Another problem with yard stairs is the fact that there may be a clear view over the outdoor area below. TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A YARD TAIR MODUL GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 59

60 TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A YARD TAIR MODUL BJAR INGL GROUP & COLLABORATIV JD/JULIN D MDT ARCHITCT MOUNTAIN DWLLING, COPNHAGN, DNMAR Picture 11. Picture 12. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 60

61 TH APARTMNT-PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA A A COMBINATION OF A POCT BTWN MODUL AND YARD TAIR Apartment-specific outdoor areas located in the folds of a more irregular mass make an interesting outdoor area type. With certain house types, the apartment-specific outdoor area located in the pockets of the building mass can be a yard stair and a pocket between modules at the same time. This way the apartment-specific outdoor area will be both intimate and sheltered, while allowing sunlight to enter the outdoor area better. imilarly to the types described above, weather protection and open view over the outdoor areas of other apartments may create a problem. MODUL MOH AFDI HABITAT 67, MONTRAL, CANADA Picture 13. Picture 14. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 61

62 OLUTION FOR MODULAR BUILDING MA IN A HORIONTAL CTION ATRIUM BUILDING, LIGHT HAFT AND COURTYARD The core of a traditional point block application can be expanded into light shaft or atrium yard model. An atrium space in the middle of the modules can form a communal meeting place for the residents. When the central shared atrium is located in the middle of the floor plan, in the intersection of everyday routes, it can be used to promote social contacts between residents. In addition, light yards can bring more light into the apartments of buildings with deep frames. In apartment buildings, the atrium may remain small and shady, and the building may seem more massive to the outside than it actually is. Making openings to the apartments facing the central yard can diminish the privacy of the apartments. The same solution model can also be used in, for example, corridor-type buildings, opening up the corridor for the residents. XTNDD CNTRAL CORRIDOR- TYP, YARD-ALLY LIGHTWLL / ATRIUM GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 62

63 xtended model of the atrium building is building including a yard in the center or a courtyard block. In the courtyard model, the shared yard is surrounded by the building complex or the buildings of an entire block. The view to the courtyard is mostly obstructed from outsiders. The yard is usually bright, and it can be divided into smaller sections. Lack of sufficient privacy on an undivided yard may prove to be a problem, thus denying the residents natural places for social interaction. COURTYARD YARD PARTIALLY URROUNDD BY TH BUILDING MA The plus side of yards partially surrounded by the building mass is that, when placed right, the yard is very bright. When the yard is only partially surrounded by the building, there is no boundary between the yard and the public urban space; thus the lack of privacy may prove to be a problem. urrounding the yard subtly with, for example, the change of materials, height differences or plants may be enough to give the yard some privacy. Too clear a view from one apartment to another may prove to be a problem especially with building mass solutions with obtuse and sharp angles. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 63

64 + + + YARD PARTIALLY URROUNDD BY TH BUILDING MA WAV -LI BLOC AND BRON COURTYARD The traditional block is formed by buildings of different types or ages facing the street and of lower yard buildings on the courtyard. The yards are located between the buildings surrounding the block and the lower ones on the courtyard. This traditional block structure can be refined into a model of so-called broken courtyard, or weave -like block, where the yards within a large system create intimate, sometimes even quasiprivate spaces. Different parts of this broken courtyard can be connected to each other with passageways, creating a village-like walk among the building complex. The concept of broken courtyard can help maintain the comfort of living, thus making the use of the lot efficient. However, the shadiness of the yard parts may prove to be a problem. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 64

65 WAV -LI BLOC OR BRON COURTYARD MYR VAN CHOOTN ARCHITCT LA GRAND COUR, NTHRLAND Picture 19. Picture 20. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 65

66 6.3. WHAT HOULD B INVTIGATD IN MODULAR CONTRUCTION IN APARTMNT CAL In future, housing stock will continue to change largely via the diminishing size of household-dwelling units and changeing population. The number of permanent residents in the same apartment has been steadily decreasing in Finland for a long time. In 1960, the average size of a household in Finland was 3.34 individuals: in 2011, it was only 2.07 individuals. 89 This means that the number of households has increased faster and higher in relation to the population over the past decades. In the light of these past developments, it is safe to assume that the number of small households will continue to rise significantly over the next twenty years. 90 A similar but less severe trend can be seen in other uropean countries too. In particular, the number of people living alone in Finland is increasing. 91 In 2011, the majority, i.e. 42 %, of people living alone in Finland were between the ages of 35 and The high percentage of adults living alone suggests that living alone is a conscious choice more often than it is a necessity. 93 Indeed, there are many kinds of people living alone: people of different ages and different income groups. Living alone can be a desired, preferred way of life but it can also include the risk of social exclusion and disadvantage. A recent study by Pulkki-Råback et al. (2012), published in the BMC Public Health magazine, shows that people living alone are approximately 80 % more likely to become depressed than people who live in the same household with other people. The connection between living alone and depression resulted, for example, from unemployment and shortcomings in living conditions not so much from being alone in itself. 94 In the future, the majority of small household residents will be elderly. Pensioners over the age of 65 are often referred to as seniors. Once their ability to cope dwindles, seniors become the elderly. Over the past decades, medical development has also changed the age structure in urope, reducing the mortality rate of older demographics and increasing the number of people reaching old age Official tatistics of Finland (OF): Housing and living conditions in Vainio et al. 2012, Official tatistics of Finland (OF): Housing and living conditions in Official tatistics of Finland (OF): Housing and living conditions in ärkkäinen 2010, Pulkki-Råback et al ärkkäinen GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 66

67 The high number of seniors in Finland is lurking right around the corner, and the relatively high share of the elderly will be a reality between 2020 and In the future, the high number of seniors and later the elderly is also significant for housing design and the housing markets. eniors are an important group, for example, as consumers of housing services, as people changing apartments and as owners of secondary residencies. lderly residents represent a diversifying demographic, which also expect diversity of their housing solutions. The high number of elderly people also presents challenges to the availability and accessibility of Finnish living environments, as well as increases the popularity of housing services and the need for various assisted living and institutional living alternatives. However, the relatively high number of seniors and the elderly will not remain the same forever; in the future, the housing of the elderly will be needed by other resident groups with different kinds of living needs. Therefore flexibility and convertibility will be rated high even in the living solutions of seniors and the elderly. In the future, single-parent families, families formed by family members living in different households, extended families and families with samesex couples will be more common. 97 In addition, there will be more family and living forms in the future which cannot be measured unambiguously by statistics. These include, for example, families consisting of several generations. Future pensioners are likely to look for housing solutions which potentially enable a communal way of life and which allow the seniors or the elderly to live close to their families. According to Mikkola and Rasila (2006, 15 18), the primary wish of almost all elderly people is to live at home. In addition to humane quality factors, living at home has the advantage of often being the most affordable method of care for the society, thanks to home care services. 98 As our societies are becoming more multi-cultural, increasing the options of housing solutions for extended families is even more important. With the movement of labor, competition for experts has become global. The factors appealing to the experts of the global world are the tolerance of the social environment and the appeal and cost level of living. What kind of living environments appeal to outside labor so we can safeguard the future functions of our society? How the cultural differences can be taken into consideration when developing urban living in Finland and in the U? 96 Mikkola and Rasila 2006, ukko 2006, Mikkola and Rasila 2006, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 67

68 Immigrants are a very heterogenic group in many respects, but especially the age and family structure which is different from the general population affects the living needs of immigrants. According to the RT idea card created by Dhalmann et al. the average family size for some immigrants is significantly bigger than the family size of the general population for example in Finland. 99 In addition to the big or extended family model, living must take into consideration the communal way of living characteristic of many cultures. In communal cultures, people spend plenty of time with their families, relatives and neighbors; some cultures are even dependent on networks of mutual help TH POIBILITY OF COMBINING AND PARATING APARTMNT AND ADJACNT APARTMNT Apartments are traditionally seen as units with a certain set number of residential squaremeters and rooms. Apartments also usually have just one actual entrance. As a result of the themes presented in the chapter above, the modular construction should concentrate on the possibilities of convertible housing complexes. The manufacturing method of modular units and the transfer from the factory to the site place their limitations on the physical size of the module. Transportation limits the maximum size of modules so that modular construction best satisfies the extensive demand for small apartments caused by the high number of small households. ven though actually apartments bigger than the traditional kitchen and twobedroom dwelling can be implemented as one module in Finland due to large transportation dimensions, this study creates solutions where bigger apartments are formed by several individual modules. In countries where the maximum transportation dimensions are smaller the apartments naturally consist of several modules for practical reasons. In many cases, the individual modules can be combined into different kinds of complexes as needed: into several small apartments or one family apartment. The fact that modular construction mostly consists of small-scale modular parts supports the creation of, for example, housing solutions for extended families so that the entire extended family does not have to live in the same apartment; instead, they can live within the same living environment so that for example part of the extended family lives in a smaller apartment with its own entrance and hygiene facilities, adjacent to the main apartment. 99 Dhalmann et al Dhalmann et al and RT idea card, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 68

69 TP AN XPL OF TH POIBILITY OF COMBINING AND PARATING APARTMNT H HH IVUA/ TP APARTMNT BOUNDARI + H. HH IVUA/ ITTIÖ.. TP TP + GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 69

70 When entire rooms or room complexes can be separated from the apartment, these separated parts can be used, for example, as adjacent housing, rental apartments, or hobby, work or experience spaces as necessary. These housing solutions can also satisfy the need for living environments which are functionally more diverse. Reducing or expanding the size of an apartment can be easily condemned by calling it an unrealistic solution in modern residential construction. The goals set by the flexibility of apartment size highlight the significance of proactive planning. 101 This study chooses to see the potential for apartment size flexibility as an advantage of modular construction increasing sustainability. o, the flexibility provided by the reduction and expansion of apartments is not designed to satisfy the needs of the changing life situations of single individuals, residents or families, but to respond to the changes in ways of living and size of households on a longer term. The idea is particularly interesting in terms of modular construction and the owners of apartments in housing associations, as convertible apartment sizes enable the division of shareholding into naturally smaller units. hareholding in terms of convertible apartment size can be solved by making each module its own share. Flexibility like this could also help housing producers satisfy actual demand more easily, when the final size of the apartments could be determined anew according to actual need. 101 rokfors 2006, 75. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 70

71 AN XPL OF AN ADDITIONAL APARTMNT: A MALLR APARTMNT WITH IT OWN NTRANC AND HYGIN FACILITI, ADJACNT TO TH MAIN APARTMNT MAIN APARTMNT IVUA./ / / ADDITIONAL APARTMNT OR AN ADDD PAC ITTIÖ OWN NTRANC HYGIN FACILITI TP. HH IVUA/ ITTIÖ. IVUA/ IVUA./ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 71

72 FLXIBILITY AND INDIVIDUALIZATION The chance to modify and individualize a living space is important for creating a sense of compatibility between the resident and the living environment. 102 For example alonen et al. present various studies, which show there is a connection between the chance to affect the living environment and physical and mental health. 103 According to the basic idea of open construction, changes in the living environment happen on different scale levels and at different paces. 104 The need for change on a lower level, such as the interior of the apartment, occurs faster than on a higher level, such as the frame and technology of apartment buildings. Decisions on long-term parts are made by various instances, while the interior of the apartment is separated so that the resident can implement the entire interior or parts of it on their own. In other words, with open construction, residents can determine, and modify, the interior of their own apartment without affecting the frame of the building. Modular construction adheres to the above-mentioned definition to a certain, although very limited, extent. The load-bearing outer frames (A) of the modules form the so-called upper level of modular construction, enabling the virtually unlimited modification of the residential areas within the modular frame. As the modules are self-supporting, there is no need for load-bearing partition solutions. Thus one module achieves the state open construction strives for; a state where the decisions on the upper level leave the contents of decisions made on the lower level completely open. 105 The difference with many open construction is that the modules are fairly small, due to the limitations based on the size and weight restrictions of transport vehicles and traffic networks in different countries. The smaller modules are, the more difficult it is to design a flexible housing solutions with modular building technique. For example, family apartments consisting of several modules have partition walls created by the parts of the module frames within them. Residents cannot usually affect changes made to these module frames. This study specifies the outer frames and inner frames of modules (A, B, C) via various presentation techniques. The possibility of combining and separating apartments is bound to the idea, that outer frames (A) of the modules have been prepared for certain structural reservations and changes already during the construction phase. 102 yttä 2004, The studies of Carr 2011, Gatchel et al are referred to by alonen et al Tiuri 1997, ahri Tiuri 1997, ahri GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 72

73 TH LVL OF FLXIBILITY: OUTR FR AND INNR FR OF MODUL (A) (B) (C) PRMANNT* cabinet furniture partition wall cabinet furniture partition wall A D A P T I V CHANGABL OUTR FR OF TH MODUL* ADAPTIV AND CHANGABL IN LONGR TIM PRIOD ADAPTIV AND CHANGABL IN HORTR TIM PRIOD * TRUCTURAL RRVATION CAN B MAD TO TH MODUL IN A CONTRUCTION PHA, FOR XPL TO PRPAR FOR JOINING OR PARATING APARTMNT. TH CHANG ND TO B PLANND BFORHAND. THY AR BYOND INDPNDNT DCIION OF TH RIDNT. TRUCTURAL RRVATION AN OPNING BTWN MODUL APARTMNT JOIND GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 73

74 These structural reservations would enable the creation of certain kinds of additional openings in the modules and thus, for example, the combination of small apartment modules into a larger apartment. However, residents cannot affect the changes made to the outer frames (A) of modules; these changes need to be prepared for in advance during the construction phase. In addition, this study presents such parts within the outer frames of modules which can be modified by the resident; however, these parts can only be modified on a longer term (B). This study approaches the topic from the traditional perspective: the parts modifiable on a longer term are the bathroom areas and kitchens, while the parts outlining different rooms can be modified on a shorter timeframe, even throughout the day (C). Of course, the resident s chance to affect does not have to be limited to the physically convertible parts of the apartment. An apartment can be flexible even if it is not modified physically. When residents can modify the apartment-specific outdoor areas in addition to the apartment, the possibilities for flexibility and individualization of the apartment improve. By closing the apartmentspecific outdoor areas partially, new functional zones can be added to the apartment, expanding the usage potential of the apartment. The next part will present a few ways of increasing flexibility of apartments in modular construction TCHNICAL CONVRTIBILITY AND MODIFIABILITY Daily or weekly convertibility of an apartment can be implemented with, for example, convertible parts within the apartment or with fixtures. xamples of technical convertibility include fixture walls, folding walls, sliding walls and accordion walls, swivel doors, Murphy beds, seats and counters, opening and movable fixture systems, and for example different kinds of space dividers. The technical convertibility of an apartment may provide measures from the resident, and the resident may find these measures or functions too difficult if the resident is not in good physical condition. In addition, technical solutions can become outdated fast. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 74

75 AN XPL OF RALIING TCHNICAL MODIFIABILITY IN AN APARTMNT MODUL: ROTARY PARTITION WALL AND OPNING FURNITUR WALL -OLUTION YHDN AVOIMN TILAN RATAIU BATH- LIVING BATH- ON YHDN OPN ROOM ROOM ROOM AVOIMN PAC.. TILAN RATAIU NTRANC YHDN NTRANC AVOIMN TILAN RATAIU BDROOM TORAG TORAG..... TÄ TT... IMILAR IZD ROOM TÄ TTO.. LIUR BATH- ROOM BATH- ROOM.. NTRANC TORAG IMILAR IZD ROOM.. TÄ OFFIC TTO. TÄ TTO. NTRANC TORAG.. GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 75

76 TP TP IMAHDOLLIUU säilytyskalusteet AN XPL OF RALIING TCHNICAL MODIFIABILITY IN AN APARTMNT MODUL: FURNITUR PART MOVING FRLY WITHIN TH MODUL AL. TP TP UU AL. TP TP TP AL. AL. TP TP BD, TORAG TATIONARY, IMMOBIL PART: ITCHN AL. TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 76

77 RIOIORU 5m 2! !000 RIOIORU 5m TUDY TORAG GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 77

78 MULTIPURPO PAC AND NUTRAL ROOM A space will be more flexible and open to changes when it is neutral in nature, so to speak. One of the basic properties of a neutral space is its sufficient size. One definition of the size is approximately 3.6 m x 3.6 m, making the minimum total 13 squaremeters. 106 The potential for dividing the space increases the flexibility of the space; in order to enable division, the space should have two entrances. Ilonen et al. present a concept of living based on neutral multipurpose rooms, based on the 1920s and 1930s Finnish housing examples of the urban apartment: this multipurpose space solution model is called the concept of the Töölö apartment. 107 This spread presents an example of a modular apartment based on this housing concept. The modular system presented in this study does not fit the concept effortlessly; instead, to fit the concept, large openings should be made to the modules. In order to implement the concept, a new module size suitable for the application should be developed. 106 rokfors 2010, Ilonen et al. 2006, H H H H H H H HH HH H H GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 78 H H H

79 AN XPL OF RALIING VRATIL LIVING PAC / NUTRAL ROOM IN APARTMNT MODUL 1:200 H H H H H TH IZ OF ROOM 4,1 x 4,2 m HH H H TH IZ OF ROOM 3,0 x 4,2 m NUMBR OF PAAG POIBL H H H H H HH H H H H GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 79

80 LOFT OLUTION AND LARGR HIGHT OF A MODUL As described above, in Finland the height of a room must be at least 2.5 m and for example in London, U the height of a room should be 2.5 m although 2.6 m is considered more desirable. Increasing the height of a room for m would allow many flexible and multi usable space solutions in apartments. If the height of a room is 3.0 m, a mezzanine floor can be placed so that a space even 1.6 m high for example studying, resting or for storing objects is still available under the mezzanine floor. If the height of a room is m high, the space about 2.2 m high, enough for a habitable room use, remains under the level of a mezzanine floor. mall spaces, mezzanine floors, alcoves, walk-in closets and flocks should be systematically developed in residential design for the changing needs of the dwelling units and families. In Finland it is possible to transport modules up to 5 m high in a reasonable way so the possibility of a larger height of a module should be exploited in various housing typologies. 1!800 1!200 3!000 TP AL./ 5 m PARVIMAHDOLLIUU TP TP AL./ 2!200 1!400 3!600 PARVIMAHDOLLIUU PARVIMAHDOLLIUU 5 m säilytyskalusteet säilytyskalusteet HIGHT OF A ROOM m 5 m CTION 1:150 HIGHT OF A MODUL ~ m P PARVIMAHDOLLIUU TP 5 m GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 80 AL. TP

81 XPL OF LOFT OLUTION PARVIMAHDOLLIUU PARVIMAHDOLLIUU 2 / HIGHT OF A ROOM m 5 m HIGHT OF A MODUL ~ m PARVIMAHDOLLIUU PARVIMAHDOLLIUU 2 / 2! !000 5 m AL./ PARVIMAHDOLLIUU säilytyskalusteet TP AL./ PARVIMAHDOLLIUU 5 m säilytyskalusteet HIGHT OF A ROOM m HIGHT OF A MODUL ~ m TP PARVIMAHDOLLIUU TP AL./ säilytyskalusteet 5 m PARVIMAHDOLLIUU TP 5 m GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 81 PARVIMAHDOLLIUU

82 INVTIGATION OF TH U OF RVICD MODUL Prefabricated bathrooms are becoming more common in housing and hotel construction. The use of prefabricated serviced modules encompassing for example all bathroom and kitchen facilities could offer an interesting possibility to increase efficiency of construction even further. In the development of steel cell modules produced and transported in Finland the use of serviced modules is not a priority at this point in time. Due to the fact this Chapter studies only briefly the use of serviced modules in modular building. Myllypuro residential building is commissioned by TA-Asumisoikeus Oy and designed by Hedman & Matomäki Architects. The building comprises 38 apartments with 1 3 bedrooms, the biggest ones have a floor area of 73 square metres. For Investigation of the use of serviced modules, a study is made concerning Myllypuro case building where instead of the large modules smaller free space modules and serviced modules have been used. In this particular building typology, serviced modules are carried out so that serviced module includes bathrooms but only one side of the kitchen. The second side of the kitchen is located in the free space part of an apartment. All building technology should be installed inside the serviced module. The kitchen worktop in the free space should be mostly dedicated to the working platforms and small household appliances. CA BUILDING IN MYLLYPURO, HLINI Picture 15. Neapo GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 82

83 TH ORIGINAL BUILDING PLAN OF TH MYLLYPURO BUILDING 1:200 PLAN DIGN HDMAN & MATOMÄI ARCHITCT TRANFORMD BUILDING PLAN OF TH MYLLYPURO BUILDING 1:200: TH POIBL U OF RVICD MODUL RVICD MODUL Picture 16. material from Neapo 2013, design Hedman & Matomäki Architects RVICD MODUL

84 TH ORIGINAL BUILDING PLAN OF TH MYLLYPURO BUILDING (NOT IN CAL) PLAN DIGN HDMAN & MATOMÄI ARCHITCT Picture 17. material from Neapo 2013, design Hedman & Matomäki Architects TRANFORMD BUILDING PLAN OF TH MYLLYPURO BUILDING (NOT IN CAL): TH POIBL U OF RVICD MODUL 7 8 (1) MALLR NTRANC ARA COMPARD TO TH ORIGINAL PLAN (2) OPNING: VIW TO OUTID FROM ITCHN (3) RVICD ITCHN ID (4) ITCHN ID FOR WORING PLATFORM AND MALL HOUHOLD APPLIANC (5) ACCIBL BATHROOM (6) UTILITY PART, TH TURNING POINT OF m I NOT FULFILLD (7) LARGR DINING AND LIVING ROOM ARA COMPARD TO TH ORIGINAL PLAN GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 84 4 (8) LARGR BDROOM ARA COMPARD TO TH ORIGINAL PLAN: POIBILITY TO PARAT TO 7 m 2 BDROOM

85 The use of serviced modules is investigated partly also in Chapter 7, in the examples of different apartment types. The apartment examples have created using mainly one bathroom size. The basic bathroom is a loose application of the bathroom in the RT card updated in In addition, the apartment examples also present alternatives which complete the basic model, such as a combination of the basic model and sauna and the combination of the basic model and household appliance addition. However, alternatives where the utility room is separate, for example connected to the kitchen, have been presented to enable the creation of different kinds of apartment types. In addition, the washrooms and saunas, as well as the alternative, smaller bathroom facilities, presented in addition to the basic bathroom model have been allowed to differ from the standardized model. MAIN BATHROOM TYP UD IN XPL OF APARTMNT TYP RT card , 9. A bathroom, which can be completed to suit people with reduced mobility or action HOUHOLD FURNITUR AUNA GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 85

86 7. XPL OF BUILDING AND APARTMNT TYP OF TH PROPOD MODULAR YTM All of the example floor plans and apartments are designed for in the Finnish residential market. The possibilities for the British residential market are shown schematically in the upper right corner of the page spreads. + XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 / AULA / AL./ / AL./ TP TP / AL./ TP / AL./ TP HH/ AULA / GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 86

87 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 87

88 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 MODUL 1:500 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO* / AL./ / AL./ HM XPL 2: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA), WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI / IVUA./ HH/ 2 XPL 3: TWO TUDIO* / AL./ / AL./ APARTMNT BOUNDARI TP TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 88 AL. / / AL IVUA./

89 / AL./ / AL./ ITTIÖ ITTIÖ HH HH / HH/ AL IVUAUNTO/ IVUAUNTO/ IVUA./ AL AL AL TP TP / AL./ TP TP / AL./ AL IVUAUNTO/ ITTIÖ ITTIÖ TP TP AL IVUAUNTO/ XPL 4: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA), WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI AL. / / AL 2 IVUA./ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 89

90 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 90 + TP TP HH/ HH/ / AL./ HH/ HH/ TP TP HH/ HH/ HH/ HH/ O TP HH/ / AL./ HH/ TP TP HH/ HH/ HH/ HH/ HVAC HARD PAC XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250

91 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND V GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 91

92 APUMODUULI ITTIÖ HH GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 92

93 XPL ON TH U OF, MODUL AND AUXILIARY MODUL 1:200 MODUL 1:500 XPL 1: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) HH/ HM HH/,, XPL 2: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA),, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 93

94 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 MODUL 1:500 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO* AL. AL. HM TP TP TP TP XPL 2: 2 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) HH/ HH/, XPL 3: TUDIO WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI AL. AL. TP TP APARTMNT BOUNDARI, IVUA./ IVUA./ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 94

95 HH ITTIÖ HH ITTIÖ AL AL TP TP IVUA./ IVUA./ AL. TP AL. TP TP TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 95

96 + GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 96

97 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 M TP AL T TP CUTOMIZD BALCONY YTM CAN MA TH BUILDING COMPLX MOR FRFORM VN WHN TH HOUING MODUL AR TANDARDIZD AND RCTANGULAR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 97

98 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 MODUL 1:500 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO* TP AL XPL 2: 3-4 ROOM+ITCHN, WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI IVUA./, HH APARTMNT BOUNDARI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 98

99 TP AL HH IVUA./ ITTIÖ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 99

100 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 (POINT -OLUTION) H HH H H H H T GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 100

101 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U M OD U L 1 : FOR R I D N TI A L M A R T I N FI N L A N D GR A N T AGR MN T N º 3152 page 101

102 XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 (CORRIDOR -OLUTION) H HH IVUA./ H H H H HVAC HH ID CORRIDOR LNGTH ACCORDING TH IT XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 IVUA./ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 102 H

103 HH ITTIÖ XPL 1: 6 ROOM + ITCHN (AUNA) BAD ON TH APPLICATION OF A TÖÖLÖ APARTMNT (ILONN et al 2006.) H HH H H H H,4 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 103

104 FRNCH BALCONI +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 / AULA / AL./ / AL./ HYBRID TRUCTUR / AL./ HARD PAC / AL./ HARD PAC AULA / AL./ / AL./ / AULA QUAI-PRIVAT HARD PAC IN TH CNTR OF A BUILDING MA: U OF CHALLNGING LIGHT CONDITION 1-2 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 104

105 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 105

106 MODUL 1:500 XPL ON TH U OF AND 2x MODUL 1:200 XPL 1: 5 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) UITABL FOR FILI OR CO-HOUING / AULA,2 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 106

107 PAAG-ZON: OLUTION UITABL ALO FOR CO-HOUING / ITTIÖ / ITTIÖ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 107

108 + GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 108

109 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 109 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U V ODD FLOOR VN FLOOR ODD FLOOR VN FLOOR

110 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 110 IVUA. HH HH / AL./ / AL./ AULA AULA TP IVUA. IVUA. AL. IVUA. IVUA. IVUA. XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 ODD FLOOR ODD FLOOR VN FLOOR HVAC IVUA. HH HH / AL./ / AL./ AULA AULA TP IVUA. IVUA. AL. IVUA. IVUA. IVUA. VN FLOOR HVAC M

111 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO* TP XPL 2: 3-4 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) + XPL 3: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA), WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI HH IVUA/,, XPL 4: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA), WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI XPL 5: 3-4 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA). IVUA/,, *MOR XPL OF APARTMNT PLAN INID ON, -MODUL: PAG 110 AND APARTMNT BOUNDARI AXONOMTRIC ON TH NXT PRAD GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 111

112 ITTIÖ IVUA./ ITTIÖ. TP + ITTIÖ. IVUA./ ITTIÖ HH GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 112

113 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 113 ITTIÖ HH ITTIÖ IVUA./ / HH ITTIÖ ITTIÖ VN FLOOR

114 TP TP XPL ON TH U OF, AND AUXILIARY MODUL 1:200 MODUL 1:500 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO TP HM, TP ODD FLOOR XPL 2: 4 ROOM+ITCHN, WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI,, IVUA./ / APARTMNT BOUNDARI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 114 HH

115 APUMODUULI XPL 3: 4 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) APUMODUULI HH /,, APUMODUULI / HH/ ITTIÖ / HH/ ITTIÖ IVUA./ / / HH/ ITTIÖ ITTIÖ / IVUA./ / / ITTIÖ GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 115./ / / ITTIÖ

116 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 HARD PAC HARD PAC LIITRI LIITRI TP HVAC IVUA./ LIITRI QUAI-PRIVAT HARD PAC IN TH CORNR OF TH BUILDING: U OF CHALLNGING LIGHT CONDITION LIITRI LIITRI TP LIITRI HVAC AULA AULA VN FLOOR ODD FLOOR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 116

117 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND TH TRRACING OF TH BUILDING MA NABL TH CRATION OF INDPNDNT YARD TAIR IN OM APARTMNT GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 117

118 MODUL 1:500 LIITRI LIITRI AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI HM TP TP AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ XPL 3: 2-3 ROOM+ITCHN AND 3 ROOM-ITCHN, WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI AULA AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ 2 AN APARTMNT-PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA CONNCTING TH DIFFRNT WING/ID OF TH APARTMNT, APARTMNT BOUNDARI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 118

119 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 119./././ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA././././ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ TP AULA IVUA./ AULA AULA LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./ AN APARTMNT-PCIFIC OUTDOOR ARA CONNCTING TH DIFFRNT WING/ID OF TH APARTMNT 2, XPL 1: THR APARTMNT: 2-3 ROOM+ITCHN, A TUDIO AND 2 ROOM+ITCHN 2 XPL 2: 3-4ROOM+ITCHN, WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI AND 2 ROOM + ITCHN XPL ON TH U OF, AND MODUL 1:200

120 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 THR XPL: 2 ROOM+ITCHN AND A TUDIO OR 3ROOM+ITCHN,WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ TP LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ TP. LIITRI LIITRI IVUA./ TP TP 3x + TAI, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 120

121 AULA HM MODUL 1:500 HM VN FLOOR ITTIÖ. XPL ON TH U OF AND AUXILIARY MODUL 1:200 TP AULA AULA x APUMODUULI ITTIÖ VIUAL CONTACT THROUGH TH APARTMNT- PCIFIC OUTDOOR PAC GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 121 ODUULI

122 + GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 122

123 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 123 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U IVUA./ HH/ HH/ LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI HH/ IVUA. / TP HH/ LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI HH/ LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI LIITRI HH/ LIITRI LIITRI XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250

124 PH TP PH TP TP +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 DCNTRALIZD HARD PAC INID TH BUILDING MA TP PH TP PH TP TP VN FLOOR PH TP PH TP TP GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 124 ODD FLOOR

125 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 125 OPNING WITHIN TH BUILDING MA NABL TH U OF OUTDOOR ARA HARD BY DIFFRNT APARTMNT MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 125

126 / AL./ TP HH/ HH/ / AL./ TP XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 ODD FLOOR HH/ / HH/ / saareke saareke saareke saareke VN FLOOR + T T

127 QUAI-PRIVAT HARD PAC CLIMBING TH BUILDING MA MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 127

128 MODUL 1:500 XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 ODD FLOOR XPL 1: 2 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) / HH, XPL 2: 2 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) HH/ ITTIÖ HH/ /, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 128

129 HH/ / HH/ / MODUL 1:500 ODD FLOOR XPL ON TH U OF 1 / 2 AND MODUL 1:200 saareke XPL 1: 2 ROOM+ITCHN ITTIÖ saareke saareke saareke saareke 1 / 2 APARTMNT BOUNDARI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 129 ITTIÖ ITTIÖ

130 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1: M H VRTA PH OPTIONAL PART TO B DCIDD BY TH RIDNT APUMODUULI TP TP TP TP LI "AITTA" LIITRI 1-2 M H ODD FLOOR 1-2 M H LIITRI LIITRI PH TP TP O TP LIITRI LIITRI VN FLOOR OPTION 1 TP TP "AITTA" TP TP 1-2 M H VN FLOOR OPTION 2

131 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 131 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND

132 LIITRI IVUA./ IVUA./ HH/ IVUA./ XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 OPTIONAL PART TO B DCIDD BY TH RIDNT APUMODUULI LIITRI IVUA./ HH/ PH HH/ IVUA./ IVUA./ XPL 1: 4 ROOM+ITCHN,WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI PH IVUA./ HH/ IVUA./ HH/ IVUA./ LIITRI PH LIITRI XPL 2: TWO TUDIO AND 2 ROOM+ITCHN LIITRI,2 IVUA./ HH/ / HH PH LIITRI GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 132 / HH IVUA./ LIITRI

133 LIITRI VN FLOOR ODD FLOOR PH XPL ON TH U OF 2x MODUL 1:200 XPL 1: TWO TUDIO* LIITRI TP XPL 2: 2 ROOM+ITCHN TP LIITRI IVUA./ LIITRI LIITRI 2 LIITRI LIITRI TP ITTIÖ TP TP ITTIÖ LIITRI LIITRI PH GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 133 IVUA./ IVUA./ IVUA./

134 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1: MULTI U PAC HARD BY TWO APARTMNT MULTI U PAC HARD BY TWO APARTMNT HYBRID TRUCTUR 1-2 VRTICAL LIVING PAC HARD BY DIFFRNT APARTMNT GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 134

135 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 135 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U

136 +? TH TRRACING OF TH BUILDING MA NABL TH CRATION OF INDPNDNT YARD TAIR IN OM APARTMNT GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 136

137 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND ODD FLOOR HM VN FLOOR ODD FLOOR XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 HH/ / AL./ / AL./ VN FLOOR TP HH/ / AL./ VRTA ODD FLOOR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 137

138 XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 IVUH. IVUH. AULA / AL./ AULA TP VN FLOOR M HM MODUL 1:500 M ODD FLOOR XPL 1: 4 ROOM+ ITCHN (AUNA) AND 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA), WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/ HOBBI, HH/ 2, AL. IVUA./

139 XPL ON TH U OF,, AND AUXILIARY MODUL 1:200 XPL 2: TWO TUDIO AND 3 ROOM+ ITCHN (AUNA) / / AL./ AL./ / AL./ TP TP LIITRI LIITRI AL AL HH/ HH/ TP LIITRI AL HH/ 1 23, 1 1/3, / AL./ XPL 3: 4-5 ROOM+ITCHN, WITH ADJACNT APARTMNT OR ADDITION FOR RMOT WOR/HOBBI / / IVUA./ HH/ HH/ / AL./ TP TP IVUA./ APARTMNT BOUNDARI 3,

140 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 TP HVAC VN FLOOR TH TRRACING OF TH BUILDING MA NABL TH CRATION OF INDPNDNT YARD TAIR IN OM APARTMNT GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 140

141 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 141

142 . HH/. 1-2 M H 1-2 M H MODUL 1:500 HM HH/. ODD FLOOR 1-2 M H / HH ITTIÖ XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 M XPL 1: 3-4 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) / HH ITTIÖ HH/. 1-2 M H, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 142 HH/. 1-2 M H

143 XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 HH HVAC HH/ HM VN FLOOR QUAI-PUBLIC COURTYARD HH XPL 2: 3 ROOM+ITCHN (AUNA) HH VN FLOOR, GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 143

144 + + GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 144

145 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN TH U PLANAR LMNT PLANAR LMNT MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND PLANAR LMNT PLANAR LMNT PLANAR LMNT PLANAR LMNT TP XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 TP HYBRID TRUCTUR TP TP TTO TTO TTO TTO GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 145

146 TP TP TTO TTO XPL ON TH U OF AND MODUL 1:200 OPPI OPPI TP TP OPPI OPPI HH saareke HH HH TP OPPI XPL OPPI 1: CO-HOUING OLUTION TP TP HH HH TP TP HH/ HH/ QUAI-PRIVAT ITCHN saareke saareke HH/ HH/ saareke PRIVAT BDROOM HH HH saareke HH HH HH HH 2, QUAI-PRIVAT HALL ZON TP TP TO TTO HARD PAC "LIVING ROOM" ADJACNT TO TH APARTMNT AND QUAI-PUBLIC COURTYARD TTO TTO TTO TTO HH QUAI-PRIVAT ITCHN QUAI-PRIVAT HALL ZON PRIVAT BDROOM HH ITTIÖ HH GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 146

147 GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 147 TP PH TP TP HH OPPI OPPI TTO TTO TTO TTO saareke HH HH saareke HH HH TP TP saareke HH HH HYBRID TRUCTUR XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250

148 +? XPL OF A FLOOR PLAN 1:250 TP TP TP TP T AUI YLÖ JA ALA TP TP TP HYBRID TRUCTUR GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 148

149 MODUL 1:500 FOR RIDNTIAL MART IN FINLAND AN IN TH U GRANT AGRMNT Nº 3152 page 149