WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES

Transcription

1 CITTA 3RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON PLANNING RESEARCH WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO 14 MAY 2010 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PORTO BRINGING CITY FORM BACK INTO PLANNING

2 CONTENTS 1. PROBLEMATIC 1.1 MOTIVATION, OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS 2. PUBLIC SPACES 2.1 FUNCTIONS 2.2 TYPOLOGIES 2.3 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS PER FUNCTIONS AND TYPOLOGIES 3. USAGE LOAD 3.1 MARGINAL LOAD 3.2 THROUGH TRAFFIC LOAD 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES 4.1 REFERENTIAL AND METHODOLOGY 4.2 PRESENTATION OF A RESULT 4.3 SUMMARY OF ALL TESTS CARRIED OUT 5. CONCLUSIONS 6. FUTURE RESEARCHES FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES

3 1. PROBLEMATIC 1.1 MOTIVATION, OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS PUBLIC SPACE USAGE LOAD HOW TO DIMENSION? CENTRAL OBJECTIVE: HOW TO DIMENSION PUBLIC SPACE ACCORDING TO EXPECTED USAGE LOADS? FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 3/31

4 2. PUBLIC SPACES 2.1 FUNCTIONS PEOPLE BICYCLES CARS COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTS HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES URBAN FURNITURE AND GREEN ELEMENTS URBAN INFRASTRUCT. TO STAY X X X X X TO CIRCULATE X X X X X TO ACCESS X X X X TO SUPPORT X X OTHERS X FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 4/31

5 2. PUBLIC SPACES 2.2 TYPOLOGIES STREETS SEGREGATED STREETS SHARED STREETS FUNCTIONAL ENLARGEMENTS SQUARES GREEN AREAS PARKING AREAS OTHER SPACES PROTECTION SPACES RESIDUAL SPACES FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 5/31

6 2. PUBLIC SPACES 2.3 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS PER FUNCTIONS AND TYPOLOGIES TO STAY TO CIRCULATE TO ACCESS TO SUPPORT OTHERS PEOPLE + CARS SEGREGATED STREETS x x SHARED SQUARES FUNCTIONAL ENLARGE MENTS GREEN AREAS PARKING AREAS OTHER SPACES PROTECTION SPACES RESIDUAL SPACES FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 6/31

7 2. PUBLIC SPACES 2.3 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS PER FUNCTIONS AND TYPOLOGIES CARRIAGEWAY HIGH MOTORIZED TRAFFIC VOLUMES LOW MOTORIZED TRAFFIC VOLUMES MINIMUM 6 M MAXIMUM 6,5 M MINIMUM 4,8 OR 4,1 M (RESPECTIVELY, WITH OR WITHOUT MOVEMENT OF HEAVY TRANSP.) MAXIMUM 5,5 (OR 6) M QUALITY CRITERION: LENGTH OF THE QUEUE OF CARS ¼ OF THE STREET FOR DIRECTION PARKING HIGH THROUGH TRAFFIC LOW THROUGH TRAFFIC MAX. DIMENSIONS MIN. DIMENSIONS FIXED SEVERAL MAX. AND MIN. DIMENSIONS (ARISING FROM SPECIFIC RULES) NOTE: LOW USAGE LOAD SHARING THE SAME FUNCTIONAL SPACE USAGE LOAD HIGH WITH TREES TREELESS MIN. 3,5 M MAX. 7,5 M MIN. 2,3 M MAX. 5,5 M SIDEWALK LOW MIN. 1,9 M MAX. 4,9 M REFERENCE VALUE FOR PEDESTRIAN FUNCTIONS 11,2 M 2 / PERSON (MINIMUM SERVICE AREA) LOW USAGE LOAD EVALUATE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SHARED STREETS FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 7/31

8 3. USAGE LOAD BUILDING DENSITY LAND USE URBAN FORM MARGINAL USAGE LOAD USAGE LOAD THROUGH USAGE LOAD LOCATION IN THE CITY ACCESSIBILITY OF THE SURROUNDING AREA FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 8/31

9 3. USAGE LOAD PEOPLE CARS STAY CIRCULATE STAY CIRCULATE MARGINAL USAGE LOAD HOUSING TERTIARY INDUSTRY ESTIMATE OF THE Nº OF PEOPLE THAT ARE IN THE STREET (PEAK HOUR) PARKING PLACES IN THE STREETS (REFERENCE VALUES, PER FUNCTIONAL UNIT) ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF CARS IN CIRCULATION IN THE STREET (PEAK HOUR) (MOTIVATED BY HIS MARGINAL OCCUPATION) THROUGH USAGE LOAD HIGH LOW HYPOTHESIS: TWICE THE PEOPLE OF THE MARGINAL USAGE LOAD ASSOCIATED WITH AN AVERAGE URBAN OCCUPATION. HYPOTHESIS: HALF THE PEOPLE OF THE MARGINAL USAGE LOAD ASSOCIATED WITH AN AVERAGE URBAN OCCUPATION. ESTIMATE OF THE % OF CARS THAT PARK, WHEN CROSSING A STREET HYPOTHESIS ON THE NUMBER OF CARS THAT CROSSES THE STREET AT THE TIP MOMENT FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 9/31

10 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES 4.1 REFERENTIAL AND METHODOLOGY REFERENTIAL: THE STREET (200 M) FUNCTIONS: CIRCULATION AND STAYING OF PEOPLE AND CARS METHODOLOGY: MARGINAL USAGE LOAD THROUGH USAGE LOAD TECHNICAL CRITERIA FOR FUNCTION TECHNICAL CRITERIA FOR THE CROSS SECTION OF THE "STREET" B A USAGE LOAD CRITERIA RELATED TO THE USAGE LOAD (SIZING PER FUNCTION) DIMENSIONING THE STREET FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 10/31

11 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES 4.2 PRESENTATION OF A RESULT STREETS HIGH THROUGH USAGE LOAD LOW THROUGH USAGE LOAD CLASSIC URBAN FORM X X MODERNIST URBAN FORM X X GARDEN CITY X X DISPERSED URBAN FORM X X FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 11/31

12 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES STREET CLASSIC URBAN FORM CLASSIC STREET - THREE FLOORS WITH 15% OF TERTIARY USE USAGE LOAD AT THE PEAK HOUR MARGINAL OCCUPATION HOUSING UNITS 79 TERTIARY UNITS 14 INDUSTRY UNITS 0 PEOPLE CARS FUNCTIONS TO STAY TO CIRCULATE MARGINAL + HIGH THROUGH USAGE LOAD MARGINAL + LOW THROUGH USAGE LOAD TO STAY TO CIRCULATE FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 12/31

13 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES STREET CLASSIC URBAN FORM (HIGH THROUGH USAGE LOAD SCENARIO) PEDESTRIAN FUNCTIONS NUMBER OF PEOPLE In the street section at the peak hour AREA DEDICATED TO PEDESTRIAN FUNCTIONS Service area = 11,2 m 2 /person TEST OF A POSSIBLE SOLUTION OF URBAN DESIGN 114 Persons A p = 114 x 11, m 2 Sidewalk single area dedicated to pedestrian functions Sidewalk extension = sidewalks crosses = 360 m DIMENSIONING THE SIDEWALK (m) SPACES OF A SIDEWALK CRITERIA A PROTECTION B TREES C STAY D CENTRAL C. E ACCESS TO B. A. CROSS-SECTION 0,6 (MAX. VALUE) 1,2 (MAX. VALUE) MIN. 2,5 MAX. 5,7 B. USAGE LOAD / 360 = 3,6 SOLUÇÃO A ADOPTAR L TOTAL DO PASSEIO = 0,6 + 1,2 + 3,6 = 5,4 FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 13/31

14 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES STREET CLASSIC URBAN FORM (HIGH THROUGH USAGE LOAD SCENARIO) PARKING (TO STAY + CARS) NUMBER OF PARKING PLACES Parking places to guarantee 104 lugares de estacionamento Available space = 270 meters [(80 x 4) x 0,85] AVAILABLE SPACE ALONG THE STREET Potential number of parking places Angle parking (90 degrees) / 2,5 = 108 lug. (> 104) - (O.K.) Notes: Parking on both sides of the street. Only 90-degrees parking spaces does not require the implementation of parking areas in the nearby. This option can compromise the desirable flow of motorized traffic. CAR CIRCULATION WIDTH OF THE CARRIAGEWAY Maximum value proposed for heavy trough traffic scenario 6,5 meters MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CARS CIRCULATING In the street section at the peak hour 20 cars TRAFFIC QUEUE LENGTH Evaluation of the conditions of traffic circulation/congestion 20 cars X 5m = 100 meters ( 100 meters) - (O.K.) FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 14/31

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16 4. MODEL FOR DIMENSIONING PUBLIC SPACES 4.3 SUMMARY OF ALL TESTS CARRIED OUT SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS FROM TESTS COMPONENTS OF THE STREET HIGH THROUGH U. LOAD CLASSIC MODERNIST GARDEN DISPERSED LOW THROUGH U. LOAD HIGH THROUGH U. LOAD LOW THROUGH U. LOAD HIGH THROUGH U. LOAD LOW THROUGH U. LOAD HIGH THROUGH U. LOAD LOW THROUGH U. LOAD SIDEWALK 5,4 m 3,5 m 4,3 m (b) 3,5 m (b) 1,8 m + E (c) Shared (d) 1,9 m Shared (d) PARKING Street (90º) (a) (2,5 x 5) Street 90º (2,3 x 4,5) Parking area Parking area Street (0º) (6 x 2,3) Street (0º) Street (0º) (6 x 2,3) (1 Side) Street (0º) CARRIAGEWAY 6,5 m 6 m 6,5 m 6 m 6 m Gymkhana track 6 m Gymkhana track CROSS-SECTION (METERS) 27,3 22,0 15,1 13,0 14,2 7,8 12,1 6,7 (a) Although the high through traffic volumes (and the consequent risk of congestion), we opted for angle parking (90º). (b) (c) (d) It should be noted that in this case (modernist form) the pedestrian load is divided by between two spaces: the sidewalk (along the street) and the spaces between buildings. This sidewalk is comprised by a corridor of 1,8 meters and occasional enlargements (E), interspersed with parking, with 2.3 meters wide. Adoption of shared street (unitary solution - functional sharing across the street) that requires traffic calming measures (we suggest the introduction of a gymkhana track, by taking advantage of the informal setting of the parking lots. FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 16/31

17 5. CONCLUSIONS THE APPLICATION OF THE MODEL (DESPITE EMBRYONIC) IT EVIDENCES: THE INADEQUACY OF EXISTING REGULATIONS - BECAUSE THE SIZING OF PUBLIC SPACE SHOULD RESPOND TO DIFFERENT NEEDS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS (TERRITORIALLY DIFFERENTIATED) ITS APPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT SCENARIOS: URBAN GROWTH URBAN RENEWAL / REQUALIFICATION PRODUCTION / REVISION OF THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK THAT SUPPORTS THE DIMENSIONING OF PUBLIC SPACE FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 17/31

18 6. FUTURE RESEARCHES NEXT STEPS: TO VALIDATE AND REFINE / IMPROVE THE MODEL a) THE REFERENCE VALUES THAT WERE USED, WERE CONSTRUCTED BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS THAT NEED SUPPORT (USE OF COUNTS AND INQUIRIES) b) TEST THE MATURED MODEL IN MORE SCENARIOS (DEVELOP THE MODEL BEYOND THE STREET) TEST THE PRODUCTION AND CREATION OF REGULATIONS FOR THE SIZING OF PUBLIC SPACES FREDERICO AMADO DE MOURA E SÁ I JORGE ANTÓNIO OLIVEIRA AFONSO DE CARVALHO WELL-SIZED PUBLIC SPACES I 18/31