Cadastral Map Renovation - An analysis of the South Korean Perspective - Won Ho Song March, 2008 Enschede, Netherlands

Transcription

1 Cadastral Map Renovation - An analysis of the South Korean Perspective - Won Ho Song March, 2008 Enschede, Netherlands

2 Cadastral Map Renovation by Won Ho Song Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialisation: (fill in the name of the specialisation) Thesis Assessment Board Chairman: Prof. Ir. Paul van der Molen External examiner: Dr. Martin Salzmann Supervisors: Ir. Christiaan Lemmen Ir. Walter de Vries Mr Chris Paresi INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS

3 Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

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5 Abstract The existing land administration system in South Korea was established in 1910s during the Japanese regime. A title registration system was adopted in which geometric quality was most important. Today the existing land records in the paper based system are mostly outdated and do not accurately reflect the ground realities. For instance, the parcel which is divided by sheets is not represented as a topological correct polygon. The quality of the cadastral map is not adequate to satisfy today s customer requirements. Customers increasingly want more reliable and useful datasets derived from the cadastral based information. The role of the cadastral map is relevant to set up the basis of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. The Ministry of Government And Home Affairs tried to get the approval for a cadastral resurvey project. The project was rejected twice by the opposition in Korean parliament. One of the main reasons is that the requested budget (collected from taxes) is too high. Cadastre in Korea faces the challenge of having to change the coordinates system or to use two coordinate systems in parallel (the classical reference system and the Korean ITRF/TM based system) to allow GPS (GNSS) based surveys. This change can support the renovation of the existing cadastral maps. The cadastral map renovation not only reduces the budget for its maintenance but also improves the geometric quality of the cadastral map as done elsewhere in the world. The main objective of this research is to find a methodology for geometric quality improvement of the cadastral map. The Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation developed cadastral survey management software few years ago. The company is preparing the implementation of the Survey Information Processing System which manages the survey decision profiles and contains field sketches. Some frequently surveyed areas have a field sketch map that covers the whole region. In those areas, there is no need to resurvey at all, except getting additional attributive data. Furthermore, large scale topographic map and high resolution aerial photos indicate which cadastral boundary has to be adjusted. In fact nobody expects such land reformed area to be surveyed again. The real problem is the parcels that have discrepancy areas - this comprises less than five percent (5%) of all the cadastral maps which is about 1 million parcels. For the successful implementation of the cadastral map renovation project, the scope of this research encompasses user requirements, good practices, technical approaches, Strength-Weakness- Opportunity-Threat analysis, strategies, policies and laws, harmonisation of registered area and calculated area, and other more. Finally the impact analysis on different aspects is done. These areas of analysis consider the technical impact, legal and social impact, financial impact, and economic impact. Technically speaking, there are many methods to renovate the cadastral map. In case of Korea, the most important issue is the cadastral boundary on the map which is stored in the spatial database because it has a legal meaning. It shows the personal ownership. Therefore, rectifying boundary records needs precise and careful approaches. In this research, 7 different technical approaches are analysed to find the best solution for the problem. This is a uncommon research. A lot of research focuses on the field of cadastral discrepancy. Pilot projects are recommended to finalize the detailed plans. Many people in Korea say they want cadastral resurveys this is easy to say without a financial picture. The total estimated costs of resurvey would be 3400 million Euros. If cadastral map renovation improves the quality of cadastral map, then it is worth to do it. i

6 Acknowledgements Success means the fact that you have achieved something that you want or have been trying to do. To be successful, you need to know what you want or what you are trying to do first. In my case, I d like to say that what I want is to see that all concerns are satisfied, which means that this research does not end up here. ITC education whets my appetite for more learning and gives me a lot of questions on the issue of satisfaction, like how can I give the various users the satisfaction. I am sure that I did not satisfy everyone and addressed every issues, thus, this research is not an end but a new start. First of all, I would express my gratitude to MOGAHA and KCSC. The companies allow me to get a chance to study abroad by providing financial support and other invisible support. I won t forget all these support, and I will try my best to apply my knowledge on my work at the office. I wish to thank my colleagues and co-workers in KCSC for their active participation in the questionnaires. Special thanks to Dong Kyu Kuak and the branch office members for supplying me prototype materials and in collecting the questionnaires. I would like to give my utmost thanks and appreciations to my supervisors Ir. C.H.J. Lemmen, Ir. Walter de Vries, and Chairman Chris Paresi for their invaluable suggestions and contributions. They always gave me an inspiration and challenges during my thesis period. I would also like to place on record my great gratitude to Prof Tian-Yuan Shih in the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan, Conrad Tang in Polytechnic University in Hong Kong, Henk Veen in Dutch Kadaster, for their hospitality during my visit and their kindness to spare their valuable time in explaining the practical experiences. If I write down the names of my supporter, this paper will not be enough, but I have to mention, Klaas.van der Hoek (Dutch Kadaster), Erh-Sang Lu (Director of Ministry of Examination, Taiwan), Liu Jeng-Lun (Deputy Director of Land Survey Bureau, Ministry of Interior, Taiwan), Tsai, Ji-Shin (Specialist, Cadastral Resurvey Section, Land Survey Bureau, Taiwan), Chen, He-Chin (Executive Officer, Survey Technology Section, Land Survey Bureau, Taiwan), SUNG Hon-kwong (Chief of Survey & Mapping Office, Land Department, The Government of the Hong Kong), and LAW King Wai (Chief of Legislation Section, Survey & Mapping Office, Land Department, The Government of the Hong Kong) for cooperating and supplying me with the required data, materials, and information. I would like to give my acknowledgement to my friendly colleagues, Loida Jones-Philippines and Ervin Ramonllari-Albania. They always give me a laugh and watch me during thesis periods. I will remember you for the rest of my life as my friends. We shared together good and bad, pain and joy. My heart felt thanks must go to my parents, my wife s parents, my wife and two lovely kids, Woo-Jin and Yun-Jung. My thesis is done with their understanding. Especially I thank my father who guided me to the cadastre. Thank you all indeed. Won Ho Song, March, 2008, Enschede. ii

7 Table of contents 1. Introduction Background Research Problems Reserch objectives and scope Research questions Research methodology Review of prior work Thesis structure Timetable Quality aspects of spatial data Introduction Spatial Data Quality Characteristics Quantitative Data quality elements Relevant data quality situation for South Korean cadastre The quality model Acquisition precision and identification precision Least squares adjustment for the cadastral survey Harmonization of legal and renovated parcel area Quality control and its permissible range Metadata and its requirements Relevant metadata elements for South Korean cadastre Concluding remarks Challenges related to cadastral map renovation Introduction Current cadastral map and topographic map Current cadastral map Current topographic map Current cadastral data management methods and IT infrastructure Total station with computer GPS KLIS SIPS (survey information processing system) Investigate main stakeholders and challenges for map renovation E-Government in Korea NGIS Project Real property information management centre (RPIMC) Concluding remarks The methodology for cadastral map renovation Introduction Case Studies Cadastral data user needs analysis in Korea Methodology for data collection...20 iii

8 The analysis of user requirement in general Cadastral data user requirements for the case in Korea SWOT analysis Vision To-Be situation for KCSC in South Korea Step by step approach Cadastral map renovation process Approach for renovation Existing work process Cadastral map renovation and maintenance process Workflow of cadastral map conversion Concluding remarks Designing improvement strategies for map renovation in Korea Introduction Conceptual framework for ICT strategy System and user requirements Geo-ICT development Organization structure Current situation Desired organizational role in map renovation stage Desired System Architecture in map renovation stage Overall Component diagram for cadastral domain Datum transformation Coordinates system in Korea KGD2002 (Korea Geodetic Datum 2002) Datum transformation recommendations Policy and laws Policy including ICT Special laws Concluding remarks Comparing and validating the renovation strategies Introduction Approaches to compare Data collection and regulation Comparing transformation methods Using Cadastral editor in ArcGIS Using block by block approach Using point by point approach Sheet by sheet approach Reconciliation methods Correlation methods Resurvey method Comparison of each methods Impact analysis Introduction Technical impact iv

9 Legal and social Impacts Financial Impact Economic Impact Conclusion remarks Conclusions and recommendations Introduction Conclusions Recommendations...66 Appendix 1. Least Suqeares Adjustment Formuale...72 Appendix 2. Metadata specifications...73 Appendix 3. Case studies...75 Appendix 4. SWOT analysis...89 Appendix 5. Cadastral map renovation process...91 Appendix 6. Cadastral map maintenance process...93 Appendix 7. Special law for Cadastral map renovation...94 Appendix 8. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation approaches...99 Appendix 9. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes Appendix 10. Statistic of Questionnaire v

10 List of figures Figure 1 Concept of KLIS system (Sun Tae Kim, 2005)... 1 Figure 2 The relation between acquisition precision, identification precision and the resulting precision (Martin Salzmann, 1997) Figure 3 Sample feature code of topographic map ( 16 Figure 4 Concept of SIPS (KCSC, ) Figure 5 Activity diagram of procedure of cadastral Surevy (Young Ho Lee, 2005) Figure 6 Register process in Supreme Court in Korea Figure 7 Workflow of Cadastral map conversion Figure 8 Conceptual framework for developing ICT strategy (Todorovski Dimo, 2006) Figure 9 Component Diagram for Cadastral domain in Korea Figure 10 Class Diagram for Attribute DB Combined with Integrated DB Figure 11 Proposed procedure by KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co Figure 12 Example of matching Aerial photos and field records Figure 13 Example of overlap all datasets Figure 14 Before and after Affine transformation Figure 15 Before and after Simplicity transformation Figure 16 Flow Chart of Cadastral Resurvey Operation in Taiwan Figure 17 Overview of the map renovation project in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and Ted Schut, 1998) Figure 18 Major steps in map renovation in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and Ted Schut, 1997) vi

11 List of tables Table 1 Data quality elements and sub elements (ISO/FDIS 19113:2002)...7 Table 2 Data quality situation in case of South Korea...8 Table 3 ISO Core Metadata Elements (FDGC)...13 Table 4 Cadastral map scales and Map numbers in South Korea (YoungHo Lee. 2004)...15 Table 5 Cadastral discrepancy area ( )...15 Table 6 Topographic map production ( Table 7 Digital map production ( Table 8 Statistic results of user requirement in Korea...21 Table 9 Satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province...23 Table 10 Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province...24 Table 11 Sample of international Market (KCSC, 2007)...29 Table 12 Current organizational tasks in Korea...38 Table 13 Desired organizational task in map renovation stage...38 Table 14 Data quality positional accuracy measures...54 Table 15 Summary of relative quantitative quality information...54 Table 16 Summary of elements in Identification information category (Kumar, 2006)...73 Table 17 Summary of elements in Data quality category...73 Table 18 Summary of elements in spatial reference information category...73 Table 19 Summary of elements in distribution information category...74 Table 20 Summary of elements in metadata reference information category...74 Table 21 Statistics of Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan...80 Table 22 Value of the idealization precision as used in the Netherlands...86 vii

12 List of abbreviations CARI DB FIG G4C GII GIS GML GPS HRM H/W ICT ISO ISO/FDIS IT Kadaster KCSC KLIS LMIS MOCT MOGAHA NGDI /NSDI NGII NGIS NMA OECD OGC OS PBLIS RMSE SDI SIMC SIPS SWOT S/W TSS U-KOREA : Cadastral Research Institute : Database : International Federation of Surveyors : Government for Citizen : Global Information Infrastructure : Geographic Information System : Geography Markup Language : Global Positioning System : Human Resource Management : Hardware : Information and Communications Technology : International Organization for Standardization : International Organization for Standardization / Final Draft International Standard : Information technology : Cadastre and Land Registry Agency of the Netherlands : Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation : Korea Land Information System : Land Management Information System : Ministry of Construction and Transportation : Ministry of Government and Home Affairs : National Geo-spatial Data Infrastructure / National Spatial Data Infrastructure : National Geographic Information Institution : National Geographic Information Systems : National Mapping Agency : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development : Open GIS Consortium : Operating System : Parcel Based Land Information System : Root Mean Square Error : Spatial Data Infrastructure : Korea Satellite Imagery Information Management Centre : Survey Information Processing System : Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats : Software : Total Survey System : Ubiquitous KOREA viii

13 1. Introduction 1.1. Background The current cadastral map in South Korea was established by the National Land Surveying Project ( ) and the National Forestry Surveying Project ( ) using plane table. After completing the country-wide survey of Korea, the cadastral map was managed by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA) and the Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC). In the past 100 years there have been large numbers of subdivision surveys, and plane table based scale changes performed of varying precision. Those operations generate errors and it is very difficult in practice to identify boundaries in the real world solely based on these maps. From the period 1999 to 2003, MOGAHA and KCSC converted about 750,000 sheets of cadastral and forestry paper maps to a digitized environment in order to establish a Parcel Based Land Information System (PBLIS) as a component of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). And in 2001, the MOGAHA and the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MoCT) have agreed to integrate their systems, the PBLIS and the Land Management Information System (LMIS), respectively, into the Korea Land Information System (KLIS). Figure 1 Concept of KLIS system (Sun Tae Kim, 2005) The quality of the (digitised) cadastral map is not homogeneous. The geometric quality of the current cadastral map is not good enough to provide survey reference because it is based on the cadastral map established in 1910s. The data acquisition method used at that time and many years following is far less accurate compared to the surveying methods used presently. It is very difficult to identify the real location of the parcel boundary with these outdated maps. Although the current cadastral maps are in very poor condition, they are valid legally. And though the entire cadastral map has been digitized, the procedure of the cadastral field work did not change. Surveyors overlay the field-surveyed map data with the current cadastral map data using Total survey system. The results are inaccurate and inconsistent causing inconvenience. And often disputes occur. This method of processing surveyed observations from the field can serve only as a temporal solution. 1

14 With the use of GIS technology, integration capabilities with other spatial data sets show a lot of inaccuracies in the digitized analogue map sheets. Most of the Geo-information utility companies require a more useful, accurate and consistent cadastral map database such as a seamless cadastral map. Customers require more reliable cadastral information as well as an adequate relationship between map and reality Therefore a map revision or map renovation process has to be developed and used in as a basis for spatial data management and cadastral spatial data production line with regards to high accurate fieldwork datasets. In addition, users requirements have expanded with the growth of internet, as analysed in this thesis work. Cost charges for cadastral map errors are huge in South Korea. KCSC paid about 55 million Euros for 258,000 parcels of discrepancy area annually. Even though KCSC has access to modern technologies, KCSC has not been able to use those technologies fully. The principle of survey in South Korea forced KCSC to use the present method, this is observed in the public domain. In the view of litigations, 10% of about average monthly civil court actions are related to parcel boundaries. Civil actions are estimated to cost about 300 million Euros. (Korea public land law association. INC) From 1960 to 2004, cadastral related cases filed at the Supreme Court include disputes on boundary, area, cadastral survey and so on. MOGAHA made a cadastral resurvey first plan in 1995 and made a public hearing. The fundamental plan costs 4,600 million Euros for a period of 13 years. But it was dispelled by the opposition of other organizations. MOGAHA made a plan again in 2000 that needs 3400 million Euros investment during 10 years period. Again, it was also dispelled by the opposition Research Problems The current cadastral map in South Korea was established by the National Land Surveying Project using plane tables. After that, many updates have been done e.g. subdivisions. The quality of the current cadastral map is far from optimal to provide survey based information and as a basis for new survey activities. With the development of IT infrastructure, people s interpretation of digital data is growing, e.g. using Google Earth. People learn and understand how to (roughly) calculate distance between two points and what is the area of the parcel. Since 2003, cadastral surveyors use digitized maps in survey process and update the cadastral map digitally. Many parcels in the cadastral map database were resurveyed. The surveyed parcel map from cadastral survey is more accurate than the current cadastral paper map. Furthermore the land price of South Korea comes to expensive year by year. The disputes between citizens become serious because of the value of lands. The current cadastral map established in 1910s needs to be renovated for the following reasons: The quality of the current (legal) cadastral map is not good enough to provide some services. The parcels drawn in the original paper maps were represented on more than one sheet and are not yet represented as closed polygons, because the original paper map has still a legal meaning. Customers are dissatisfied with cadastral survey approaches and results and want more reliable survey which can easily be achieved with modern technology. Inconsistencies between cadastral and registration information (especially areas) 2

15 Neighbour cadastral maps (with different scales) give different ( non linear ) representation of the same boundary Increase of Cadastral map area with discrepancy because surveyor s intuition in cadastral survey cannot decide the survey result at discrepancy area and sometimes it generates wrong decision with discrepancy. No efficient map revision process is available 1.3. Reserch objectives and scope The objective of this research is to develop an approach (methodology) to improve the geometric quality of the Korean cadastral map. This quality improvement is a condition to use the cadastral map as a base map for many other applications. Approach / Objective 1. To identify the relevant data quality elements and define a quality model for the cadastral map. 2. To identify an efficient map revision (renovation) process based on experiences in other countries with more or less similar problems. 3. To propose a methodology for geometric quality improvement of cadastral map using resurveyed digital datasets. 4. To implement and test the proposed quality model (renovation methods) in prototyping environments Research questions In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives the following questions are relevant: 1. What are the quality aspects of cadastral map and why is there a need for geometric quality improvement? 2. What is the current work process in cadastral information production? 3. What is the recommended process of cadastral map renovation and how to convert from map sheet to seamless map? 4. How to manage between legal area and calculated area of the improved map for a parcel and how to access the accuracy of a renovated map. 5. How to maintain historical data? 6. What is the impact of this methodology from technical, legal and financial perspective? 7. How can the proposed system be developed and verified? 1.5. Research methodology The methodology for the study has been conducted in several research phases. This research focussed not only on the geometric quality aspects but also an actual guide in implementing a map renovation approach. 1. Literature review Study quality standards on ISO 9000/19113/19114 quality system 3

16 Literature reviews on geometric quality improvement. Investigate which institutional and other factors must be considered for the establishment of a data quality Improvement Process 2. Review of current situation in South Korea Questions for management needs and customers needs. Review of current cadastral data management process and IT Infrastructure. Review of the existing work process including data acquisition methods, products and services 3. Methodology for improving the quality of cadastral map Case study (Analysis of Dutch/Taiwan/Hong Kong Cases) Investigate main stakeholders and challenges of efficient data quality improvement process. Perform a SWOT analysis on the quality issues related to the cadastral map. Identify the organizational and technical issues to be considered at data quality improvement stage. Propose a suitable framework for the cadastral system in South Korea in the near future. Propose a (digital to digital) conversion process from map sheets to a seamless map. Propose a management method between legal area and calculated area of the improved map for a parcel and propose an assessment method of the renovated map accuracy. Propose a strategy to implement the map renovation of the current cadastral map. 4. Developing and validating the proposed quality model. Develop prototype and testing the accuracy. Impact of this methodology in terms of legal, institutional, technical aspects. 5. Conclusions and recommendations 1.6. Review of prior work The international organization for standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). They produce world-wide industrial and commercial standards after it was founded in The ISO 9000/19113/19114 standards specify the quality characteristics like process, data and product. This research is to be seen as a follow-up of: Nirmalendu Kumar, ITC IFA (2006) Renovating Cadastral Map An Indian Perspective. Jong Cheul Park, (2004), Designing System Architecture for Cadastral Information Dissemination using Internet Young Ho Lee, (2005), Design of the Survey Record Management System(SRMS) to support LIS in South Korea Kim, Y.H., (2007) Designing a delivery system for integrated cadastral information for mobile services 4

17 1.7. Thesis structure The thesis structure is as follows Chapter one : Introduction This chapter focuses on the background of the research, problem definition, objectives, research questions and methodology Chapter two : Quality aspects of spatial data This chapter focuses on the evolution of quality concept. It describes ISO series standards and components. And relevant situation in Korea is analyzed. Chapter three : Challenges for cadastral map renovation It describes the current map situation and its management methods in Korea, the main stakeholders, and the challenges are discussed. Chapter four : The methodology for cadastral map renovation This chapter describes the implementation methods with the best practices. Case studies and user requirements are analyzed. SWOT analysis results are given and cadastral map renovation processes are proposed. Chapter five : Designing improvement strategies for map renovation in Korea This chapter describes the implementation strategies. Institutional and other factors that must be considered to adopt the methodology will be described. Chapter six : Comparing and validating the renovation strategies This chapter focuses on the prototyping and validating methods used to compare several kinds of approaches. Impacts of the desired method take into account technical, legal, and financial perspectives. Chapter seven : Conclusion and Recommendation 1.8. Timetable ID Work Start End Week Literature review /29/ w 2 Fieldwork 9/11/2007 9/24/2007 2w 3 Identify Current cadastral data management process 9/25/ /1/2007 1w 4 Identify User requirements 10/2/ /8/2007 1w 5 Set Goals/Creteria for improvement 10/10/ /16/2007 1w 6 Management method in organzational and technical perspective 10/18/ /31/2007 2w 7 Design Quality Model & Process 11/1/ /14/2007 2w 8 Develop Prototype & Validation 11/14/ /29/ w 9 Impact analysis w 10 Write Thesis w 5

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19 2. Quality aspects of spatial data 2.1. Introduction Quality is an important issue for the cadastre spatial data set in South Korea. The cadastral map in South Korea is converted to digital form from 1999 to After that all the revisions are checked by some quality items. For instance, geometric shapes, parcel attributes etc. Accuracy, consistency, completeness are important quality elements in the cadastral map database. The cadastral map needs to be accurate or pass a certain standard before it can be used as a base map. For this research, two (2) definitions of data quality are adapted. First, quality is defined as the totality of characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402, 1994). Second, in the new ISO 9000 standard, the definition of quality is the ability of a set of inherent characteristics of a product, system or process to fulfil requirements of customers and other interested parties (Jakobson 2002). In this chapter, the quality aspects of the spatial data are evaluated for the purpose of enumerating the requirements a map renovation approach. In the first section of this chapter, spatial data quality characteristics are reviewed. And then the quality model, least squares adjustment, and metadata are reviewed from the perspective of the Korean Cadastre Spatial Data Quality Characteristics Data quality is often identified as internal and external quality. Internal quality comprises intrinsic properties resulting from data production methods. Another definition is the fitness for use as often identified as external quality (Juran, 1974). This definition is a relative concept regarding to the users and usage. Users look at both internal and external quality while producers look at internal quality. The producers focus on data capture and product specification while users focus on the fitness for use Quantitative Data quality elements This is related to measurable parts of quality parameters. The data quality elements and sub elements are given in table 1. This type of elements depends on both dataset s contents and its product specifications. Table 1 Data quality elements and sub elements (ISO/FDIS 19113:2002) Data quality element Description Sub-element Completeness Commission Omission Logical consistency Conceptual consistency Domain consistency Presence and absence of features, their attributes and relationships. Excess data present in a data set Data absent from a data set Degree of adherence to logical rules of data structure, attributes and relationships Adherence to rules of the conceptual schema Adherence of values to the value domains 7

20 Format consistency Topological consistency Positional accuracy Absolute or external accuracy Relative or internal accuracy Degree to which data is stored in accordance with the physical structure of the data set Correctness of the explicitly encoded topological characteristics of a data set Accuracy of the position of features Closeness of reported coordinate values to values accepted as or being true Closeness of the relative positions of features in a data set to their respective relative positions accepted as or being true Girded data position accuracy Temporal accuracy Accuracy of a time measurement Temporal consistency Temporal validity Thematic accuracy Classification correctness Non-quantitative attribute correctness Quantitative attribute Closeness of girded data position values to values accepted as or being true Accuracy of the temporal attributes and temporal relationships of features Correctness of the temporal references of an item (reporting of error in time measurement) Correctness of ordered events or sequences, if reported Validity of data with respect to time Accuracy of quantitative attributes and the correctness of non-quantitative attributes and of the classifications of features and their relationships Comparison of the classes assigned to features or their attributes to a universe of discourse (e.g. ground truth or reference data set) Correctness of non-quantitative attributes Accuracy of quantitative attributes Correctness Relevant data quality situation for South Korean cadastre In the context of quality improvement of cadastral map, the most relevant elements are found in table 2 using the concepts of quality. Table 2 Data quality situation in case of South Korea Data quality element Sub-element Completeness Logical consistency Positional accuracy Temporal accuracy Thematic accuracy South Korea case The cadastral map in South Korea contains all parcels, identification number and land use There is no topological structure in the cadastral spatial data set it is of a spaghetti type. Some parcels have overlap(s) or gap(s) with adjacent parcel(s). The accuracy of the parcel position is more or less close to the reality in a common sense. However, there are distortions in the neighbourhood of the original map sheet borders. So conjunctions with adjacent map sheet make a worse positional accuracy. The current cadastral map was made about 100 year s age. They usually are distorted near the edge. Therefore, a revision coefficient factor is used to compensate map distortion. KLIS checks with Land Register records. And the owner profile of a parcel is checked at the Personal Register records. 8

21 - Geometric quality (Positional accuracy) According to Salzmann (1996) the geometric quality consists of two components, namely precision and reliability. Precision describes the sensitivity of the product due to random error in the data. It is described by variance-covariance matrix of co-ordinates or derived quantities such as standard deviation and error ellipse. In South Korea, precision is limited to a certain degree of tolerance in cadastral law as shown in Article 42 in Enforcement Decree of the Cadastral Act and 52, 54 in Enforcement regulation of the Cadastral Act. Article 42: (area tolerance and distribution of the tolerance according to the scale changes and the subdivision) 1. In case of scale changes 1 Area tolerance between the area registered in the forest map and the area which will be registered in the land map uses the following formulas. In case of scale 1:3000, the denominator of the scale is A = 0.026²M F (A=acceptable area, M=scale denominator, F=average value of observed area two times on the paper map) Article 54: (decision of survey result) 1 In case of connection error between survey result and audit result, the tolerance value is less than the following clauses. The decision should be based on the survey result except in cases where there are other proofs stating otherwise. Cadastral triangulation: 0.20 meters Cadastral Complementary Triangulation: 0.25 meters Supplementary control Numerical registered area: 0.15 meters Other area: 0.25 meters Boundary point - numerical area: 0.10 meters - other area: 3 M 10 (M: denominator of scale) 2 In cases where the cadastral survey result is calculated by computer, the result may be stored as survey document and area measure document. Article 52: (Methods of area calculation) 1 Area calculation methods by coordinates are described below: 1. Coordinates derived from survey using theodolite should be used in area calculation of each parcel. 2. Calculated area is determined by the exactitude of 1/10 m 2 based on the calculated value of exactitude of 1/1000m 2 2 Area calculation by digital area calculator is described below: 1. If the area intersection measured twice on the map is below the area of tolerance, the average is the calculated area A = 0.023²M F (A=acceptable area, M=scale denominator, F=average value of calculating area 2 times) 9

22 Reliability describes the sensitivity of the result of model errors. Precision combined with reliability are often referred to as accuracy. If no model errors are presented, precision is a sufficient measurement of the geometric quality of a product. (Salzmann, 1996) In South Korea, even though high accuracy GPS is used in measuring control points, the high accuracy control points sometime do not match with the cadastral map. Because the cadastral map in South Korea does not have high geometric accuracy in terms of reliability. - Logical Consistency The cadastral map is a structured map with topology. This means that each boundary must have certain rules. For instance, the boundary of a parcel must not overlap with adjacent parcel. In South Korea, the current cadastral map in KLIS is in spaghetti structure. It means that there could be overlaps, gaps between parcels. - Completeness The cadastral map in South Korea contains parcels, but not buildings and street names. - Currency The cadastral map in South Korea is updated to reflect the legal situation on a daily basis The quality model For a unified quality description of large scale mapping products, generally a model is developed for the geometric quality of point fields, since a standardized description of geometric quality is not readily available (see e.g. (Caspary 1993)). The geometric quality has been described by relative precision of points since one is interested in the relative location to nearby objects. Since the characteristic quantity of the model is relative precision, it is necessary that quality requirement be specified in terms of relative precision. In practice, existing quality requirements regarding geometry can be translated into requirements based on the relative precision between points (Salzmann, 1997) Acquisition precision and identification precision The relative precision of points is a function of acquisition precision and identification precision. Acquisition precision would be assigned in points after data capture and data processing. Identification precision with which a point can be pointed out in the terrain can be modelled as a mathematical value. It depends on the types of point obviously. The concept of acquisition precision and identification is illustrated in figure 2. (Martin Salzmann 1997) 10

23 Figure 2 The relation between acquisition precision, identification precision and the resulting precision (Martin Salzmann, 1997) The precision is represented by error ellipse (not to the scale). Acquisition precision is derived from acquisition and processing methods assuming that the distance is independent so that the relative error ellipses are of equal size between all points. (a) The identification precision varies from point to point depending on their characteristics. For instance the size of the error ellipse in the corner of the building is much smaller than in the side of the ditch. (b) The resulting relative precision is a function of both (c). (Martin Salzmann, 1997) Least squares adjustment for the cadastral survey A least squares adjustment is based on the mathematical theory of probability and the condition that the sum of the squares of the errors times their respective weights is minimized (Craig and Eahl, 2003). Least squares adjustment can identify mistakes and improve the quality of measurement. Any least squares adjustment model includes the mathematical model and stochastic model. The first one is a set of relations between measurements and unknowns. The last one describes the expected error distribution of the measurement. Prudent surveyors always make redundant measurements in their work, for the two reasons indicated above: (1) to enable assessing errors and making decisions regarding acceptance or rejection of the measurements, and (2) to make possible an adjustment whereby final values with higher precisions are determined for the unknowns. (Wolf and Ghilani, 1996) Least squares adjustment has the advantage that after an adjustment, a complete statistical analysis can be made of the results. Based on the sizes and distribution of the errors, various tests can be conducted to determine if the survey meets the acceptable tolerances or whether the measurements must be repeated. If blunders exist in the data, these can be detected and eliminated. Least squares enables precisions for the adjusted quantities to be determined easily and these precisions can be expressed in terms of error ellipses for clear and lucid depiction. (Wolf and Ghilani, 1996) 11

24 Least squares adjustment would be performed with the relative weights which are assigned to the observations in accordance with the precisions of different equipment and field procedures. If the result does not reach a certain precision, adjustments will be run again. In this process observations can be added and deleted Harmonization of legal and renovated parcel area This map renovation approach will change the area of a parcel. The calculated area of a parcel before and after renovation will vary but its legal area will remain same, as it is a legal identity. However, since the boundary on the ground remains the same, the change in calculated area of a parcel will not affect directly the owner of the parcel. Therefore, it is suggested that there is no need to publish the new calculated area after renovation for the general public, because once someone come to know that his parcel area has been reduced, he could be confused. This will in fact open a Pandora box of another set of litigations for the already jam packed court. However, that does not mean that the difference in legal and calculated area will be left as it is without a quality control check. In fact, a limit on the variation of the calculated area and legal area has to be put in placed. Area of all the parcels after renovation will be checked against corresponding legal areas, and the difference must be within permissible range. The permissible range is described in the next section Quality control and its permissible range If X percentage confidence limit is Y square meter, it means X percentage of area will have a difference in legal and calculated area less than Y square meter. In this case, 98% confidence limit is proposed so that only for 2% cases, resolution of differences is required. Adjustment of this difference will be first tried with the consultation of field records, and if it is not possible to resolve, fieldwork will be resorted to only as a last means. Permissible difference in area, tolerance, can be expressed as a function of original area by means of a simple equation as suggested by (Lemmen 2003). 2 Tolerance ( m ) = q a Here q is a constant and depend upon quality of the cadastral map. Area is represented by a in 2 units of 100 m. It is suggested that the constant q may be calculated for the different scales, to get survey result more close to reality. In Dutch cadastre, value of q for rural, urban and city centre are 1, 0.5, and 0.1 respectively. The methodology given here will help to find the value q from original dataset generated during renovation process. The appropriate sampling technique and sample size may be chosen as per the area under consideration. The value may be calculated in a simple table given below. Here d is a positive difference between the legal area and the calculated area. S No Parcel No. Legal area of parcel in 2 m A1 Calculated area of parcel in 2 m A2 A1-A2 Positive difference d q = m 2 d A2 12

25 In Korean case, the parameter q is: scale Count Minimum Maximum Average Summary Standard Deviation Variation E E E In this table, the average value is calculated with standard deviation. For instance, the average value is 0.52 at scale 1:1200 using the table above. The standard deviation is higher than the average value. This means the average value is adjusted towards bigger average value. Otherwise, too many of the parcel (area s) are above tolerance. It needs more practical researches. In this case, possible value may be 0.7~0.8 in order to minimize the above tolerance Metadata and its requirements Metadata are standards information about information defined as data about data. In 1990, the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FDGC) was created to coordinate the use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis. Standards cover (1) Data classifications, (2) Data content, (3) Data Symbology or Presentation, (4) Data Transfers, and (5) Data Usability. In other words, metadata consist of information that describes the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data that helps a user to locate and understand data. Metadata are used to provide documentation for the data products. In essence metadata answers who, what, when, where, why, and how about every facet of data that are being documented. ( With the proliferation of ICT technology, storage of spatial information in database coupled with GIS technology, the inclusion of metadata related to access, exchange and ascertaining suitability is inevitable. Table 3 ISO Core Metadata Elements (FDGC) Mandatory Elements: Conditional Elements: Dataset title Dataset reference date Dataset language Dataset topic category Abstract Metadata point of contact Metadata date stamp Dataset responsible party Geographic location by coordinates Dataset character set Spatial resolution Distribution format Spatial representation type Reference system Lineage statement On-line Resource Metadata file identifier Metadata standard name Metadata standard version Metadata language Metadata character set 13

26 Relevant metadata elements for South Korean cadastre A metadata specification for this research is attached in the appendix 2. It is the same with Nirmalendu Kumar 2006 who based it on Gatachew The metadata elements have been grouped into five higher level category and sub-category based on the similarity of functions and properties Concluding remarks After cadastral map digitization, Cadastral organisations faced challenges to develop and supply products and services in line with and according to external environments. To do this, the cadastral map quality has to be assured. Quality aspects of spatial data are introduced in the beginning of this chapter. Details of the data quality situation in Korea are reviewed to explain quantitative quality aspects. In the case of Korea, positional accuracy has to be improved. And quality issues are analyzed using quality model, least squares adjustment, and Metadata. ISO19114 provides a framework of procedures for determining and evaluating quality. In this research, the quality evaluation is based on the ISO/FDIS approach. 14

27 3. Challenges related to cadastral map renovation 3.1. Introduction The objective of this chapter is to analyze the current cadastral map and to identify key drivers for cadastral map renovation. And KLIS will be discussed as well as some processes of the system. There are two main reasons why a land information system is lacking in South Korea. One reason is that is the cadastral map, the topographical map and the land registry are managed by 3 organizations. Integration is difficult. Another reason is the cadastral map quality itself. In this chapter, the current cadastral map and the topographic map, its management methods and work processes are described. The main stakeholders and the challenges to be considered at the data quality improvement stage are investigated Current cadastral map and topographic map Current cadastral map The Korean cadastral map includes an official notification of cadastral boundary which shows the shape of a parcel, recorded in the cadastral land book or cadastral forest book. The cadastral map provides information on location and land use category, cadastral boundary, cadastral parcel number, and so on. Cadastral boundaries in South Korea are important because it represents land ownership. These maps have been graphically revised up to now. There are 7 different kinds of scales which are not presently interoperable. There is a problem in integrating map sheets with other base maps. Table 4 Cadastral map scales and Map numbers in South Korea (YoungHo Lee. 2004) Type Scale Area Number 1:500 Urban 40,495 1:600 Urban 15,136 Cadastral Map 1:1000 Farm 142,889 1:1200 Farm 513,136 1:2400 Farm 23 Forestry Map 1:3000 Mountain Area 14,890 1:6000 Mountain Area 44,964 Total Map sheets 771,533 Table 5 shows the rate on the cadastral discrepancy area in Korea. In that area, a survey is impossible because current survey method uses surveyor s intuition and the representation of the maps are very far from the reality. Table 5 Cadastral discrepancy area ( ) Cadastral records(a) Discrepancy Areas(B) Rates(A/B) Parcels Areas (Km 2 ) Parcels Areas(Km 2 ) Parcels (%) Areas (%) 35,462,332 99, ,054,420 1, ,973 1,271 ( Korea Society of Cadastre) 15

28 Current topographic map The NGII is producing the topographic maps under the Surveying and Mapping law. They produce 6 scales of topographic maps that cover the whole territory: 1/5000, 1/10000, 1/25000, 1/50000, 1/100000, 1/ Digital maps are available at scales between 1/1000 and 1/25000, having 9 layers like rail way, stream, road, building, tributary, institution, topography, administration, regional boundary and cycle. There are 750 Feature codes in use. (NGII Korea) Table 6 Topographic map production ( Scale Number of Sheets Managing duration Size Map distance per 1km ( cm ) 1/ ,561 85~ / ~ / ~ / ~ / / Thematic map of land use ~ Table 7 Digital map production ( Scale Number of Sheets Managing duration Size Map distance per 1km ( cm ) 1/ ,753 95~ / ,236 95~ / ~ / Thematic map of land use Thematic map of land specification (1/1000) Thematic map of land specification (1//5000) 9, , Figure 3 Sample feature code of topographic map ( 16

29 3.3. Current cadastral data management methods and IT infrastructure Total station with computer Since 2003, when the project of digitization of cadastral map was completed, KCSC started to use the Total Survey System (TSS) which is a modernized surveying system using rugged computer and total station. Total Survey System has a survey program which contains many functions such as real time GPS with a projection, storing field records, transformation calculation, wireless connection between computer and total station, a link with the KLIS, and so on. From 2003 the survey method has gradually changed from using plane table to using TSS. Thus the digital data acquired from the field are accumulated in the database GPS For control points, KCSC uses GPS rather than other methods. The organization uses a static observation for control points which can calculate coordinate very precisely KLIS The KLIS (Korea Land Information System) is a system which is integrated with two systems: the PBLIS (Parcel Based Land Information System) in MOGAHA and the LMIS (Land Management Information System) in MOCT. KLIS provides parcel (land) related information such as parcel history, transaction, land value and parcel owners, etc Before the introduction of KLIS, the government officers used PBLIS for cadastral work and used LMIS for Land information work. The data storage was also separated in two: the PBLIS DB dealt with map sheets and the LMIS DB dealt with seamless maps. There was no easy way to update seamless maps in the neighborhood of map sheet borders. It was faced with the problem of consistency and integrity. KLIS includes 6 unit systems (Sun Tae Kim, 2005) 1) Cadastral record management system 2) Seamless map/ compiled map management system 3) Cadastral survey management system 4) Civil application issuing system 5) DB conversion management system 6) Street name/building number management system Some of the dilemmas KLIS faced were: Due to the various condition of parcel relation, the seamless/compiled map is not applied to the changes of cadastral map. The cadastral map DB s are located in municipalities. So the issue of cadastral information from remote area s is often banned and isolated from the internet by reason of internet policy. 17

30 SIPS (survey information processing system) Office work Field work KCSC local office server Cadastral information DB Survey work synchronization Spartial DB Survey result storing Survey job selection Local DB Survey information calculation and management Survey resources management Survey DB management Control point calculation and management Detail survey calculation and management Enterprise survey information usage Field sketch DB storing Field Data acquisition and management Survey data management Control point data acquisition Detail survey data acquisition Traverse survey Detail survey Local job On-Line Figure 4 Concept of SIPS (KCSC, ) KCSC introduced the Survey Information Processing System (SIPS). The main purpose of this system is to upgrade the previous survey result management system, and to ideally manage the survey information and to develop new survey calculation system. The merit of this system is that it maintains cadastral survey data in a spatial DB. This information contains the survey information such as distances, angles, coordinate s, obtained from the total station. Surveyors can find survey data in the spatial DB Investigate main stakeholders and challenges for map renovation E-Government in Korea E-Government refers to government s use of information technology to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. E-Government may be applied by the legislature, judiciary, or administration, in order to improve internal efficiency, the delivery of public services, or processes of democratic governance. The primary delivery models are Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B) and Government-to-Government (G2G) & Government-to-Employees (G2E). The most important anticipated benefits of e-government include improved efficiency, convenience, and better accessibility of public services. U-Korea is a strategy for the pursuit of economic development by means of intelligence and networking at every levels in the nation based on the ubiquitous computing technology. To realize U- Korea, Korea developed IT839 strategy which indicates 8 services, 3 infrastructures, 9 technologies. An ad-hoc committee was organized for e-government under the Presidential Committee on Government Innovation in January 2001 and it officially announced 11 key tasks to complete the framework for e-government, most of which need inter-agency collaboration and coordination. The vision and goal of Korean e-government is to enhance services to the citizens, providing the optimal 18

31 business environment for enterprises, and improving efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of government administration. Eleven tasks were designed to reach the most complex state with the highest expected values by developing the whole life cycle of the service, providing Internet-based two-way transactions including electronic payment. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are exploited in various areas of water, sewage, road, and disaster management as well as land administration at the government sectors in Korea. However, GIS has been managed in a dispersed and fragmented way among agencies because of institutional or technical reasons. It is important to share geographic information among agencies and to manage the integrated system at a national level in order to prevent redundant investment and to save government budget. Recognizing its importance, the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT) has initiated two-staged National GIS Project since 2000 and now implements its services. However, the e-government plan has not reflected the importance of spatial components into their agendas so far. It is desirable to integrate and link GIS into the nation-wide G4C (Government for Citizen) and other e-government services. (Young Ho Lee, 2006) NGIS Project The National Geographic Information Systems (NGIS) project began in MOCT launched master plans every 5 year. The first phase (1995~2000) focused on the development of GIS infrastructures and the second phase (2001~2005) focused on those applications and maintenances such as establishment of a distribution system for spatial data and the use of GIS applications, among others. The main vision of the 3rd NGIS is to set-up infrastructures. The NGIS consists of seven subcommittees responsible for areas such as human resource development, development of data distribution technologies, cadastral systems, standards development, surveying, and related technologies under the Minister of Construction and Transportation Real property information management centre (RPIMC) MOGAHA set up a RPIMC to support government policy of land derived by the plan of house market stabilization in The main role of RPIMC is to prevent land speculation and provides tax information Concluding remarks The cadastral map in South Korea was digitized and has been managed by a GIS system. However, unless people want better land information services, the information provision is difficult to organize because of the geometric quality of the data. It has 7 different kinds of scales which are not presently interoperable. NGII produces a topographic map with 6 scales. To manage the cadastral data, KLIS and SIPS are used with various data acquisition methods, for example a total station with a computer and a GPS. Investigating the main stakeholders and challenges for the map renovation is reviewed. The Korean government is trying to proceed to E-government, U-Korea. In this, the cadastral map will be an important base map to support all GII related works. 19

32 4. The methodology for cadastral map renovation 4.1. Introduction In this chapter, methodologies for cadastral map renovation are examined from various aspects. In the first section of this chapter, case studies are referenced. In the next section, the user requirements are analyzed. Based on that, a SWOT analysis is performed. Finally a cadastral map renovation process (approach) is suggested Case Studies The case studies are conducted in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. It should be observed that for Korea it is more relevant to use the Dutch case for this research because the Hong Kong case has different cadastral system and it is not suitable for adaptation at South Korea for the reason that the geometric information has no legal basis in Hong Kong. In Taiwan case a resurvey method has been used, which requires lots of time and fiscal budget. In addition, the resurvey plan has been proposed twice already by MOGAHA and both have been rejected. The detailed case studies are attached in the appendix Cadastral data user needs analysis in Korea The object of this section is to identify users requirements based on the analysis of collected questionnaire data. Users requirements are analysed from 3 different perspectives; the general public, the cadastral surveyors and the professional customers Methodology for data collection The questionnaire is intended for 3 different groups of users. The first group is the general public, to find out the user s satisfaction. The second group is the cadastral surveyors, to find out what are the current problems in cadastral domain and suggested solutions. The third group is the professionals, to find out different angles of viewpoints with regard to the cadastral domain and what are the datasets needed. The questions were translated into Korean and distributed to each party. The questions for the general public and professional customers were sent to municipalities. And the questions for the cadastral surveyors were sent to the KCSC. The Overview of the questions is shown below; Period : 1-Dec-2007 ~ 31-Dec-2007 Objects: General public, KCSC employees, professional customers Number of responses : total 345 (115, 162, 68) Method: By . 20

33 Main questions: - Introduction and objectives of this questions - Customer satisfaction on data quality, price and so on - Users needs on products and services - Institutional framework - Pricing policy - Geometric quality accuracy The analysis of user requirement in general The analysis that the researcher come up with based on the results of the questions are listed below. The detailed statistic results are attached in the appendix 10. Table 8 Statistic results of user requirement in Korea Question type Satisfaction of the price Satisfaction of the quality Satisfaction of the delivery time and process time Satisfy (70.4%) Dissatisfy (29.9 %) Satisfy (85.3%) Dissatisfy (13.9 %) Satisfy (87%) Dissatisfy (13.0 %) General public Question type Cadastral surveyors Professional customers Classification Cadastral surveyors (100%) Why is the cadastral map needed? How did you get it? Satisfaction on cadastral map accuracy Satisfaction on consistency with register Satisfaction on cadastral map products For surveying Systematic Reasonably satisfied (14.8%) Dissatisfied (84.6%) Public officer (58.8%) Private surveyors (14.7%) Real estate (10.3%) Others (bank, gas, electric power, architectural design and so on) Bank to appraise land value Utility companies: location of the gas line and power lines Real estate to find location of the parcels Go to the office (51.5%) Use the internet (19.1%) Reasonably satisfied (29.4%) Dissatisfied (61.7%) Dissatisfied (77.8%) Dissatisfied (61.8%) Dissatisfied (79.7%) Dissatisfied (54.4%) Satisfaction on coordinates system Dissatisfied (67.2%) Dissatisfied (47.0%) Opinion on handling complains Suitable accuracy Properly (14.8%) Case by case (64.8%) 19cm for city area 30.2cm for rural area 19.5cm for district area Properly (30.9%) Case by case (52.9%) 15.6cm for city area 29.6cm for rural area 15.3cm for district area 21

34 Institutional structure Need other Products Need other Services Reasonable survey fees Important issues Expected problems Any suggestions Establish a new organization (28) Management has to move to MOCT (15) Connect the workflows between GI organizations (14) Others are cadastral resurvey and so on * Total number of answers : 70 Don t want other products (64) Various thematic map (29) * Total number of answers : 123 Expanding cadastral services like real estate, thematic, internet etc (27) Land consulting and so on * Total number of answers : % increase (24.1%) 50% increase (32.7%) 10% increase (32.1%) No increase (6.2%) Legal issue (37.9%). Technical issue (36.8%) Organizations (12.6%) Technical issue is an important issue claiming cadastral resurvey or partial consolidation. Others are finance and law reforms, dispute control, etc Cadastral resurvey is the only way (18) partial consolidation (14) Others are human resource, changing survey fee system, 3D cadastre etc. Unification of cadastral, topographical and register organization (21) * Total number of answers :24 Combination use of digital topographic map and aerial photos, 3D maps and digital thematic maps and so on Provision of thematic map Internet dissemination and improving the cadastral survey services. 100% increase (5.9%) 50% increase (14.7%) 10% increase (35.4%) No increase (41.2%) Legal issue33.7%). Technical issue (32.6%) Organizations (21.1%) finance and the law cadastral resurvey and fiscal budget, and coordinates systems, etc Cadastral data user requirements for the case in Korea User requirements of the general public In case of the general public in Korea, most of the respondents have experiences in cadastral products or services like cadastral map and cadastral surveys. They are satisfied with the quality of the cadastral map and the delivery time and process time in general. On the other hands, some of the general public want better products, various methods to access cadastral information s, less system problems, shortened delivery period, and better map quality. In view of the price, about 30% of respondents are not satisfied with the price. They said the survey fee is too expensive. Table 9 shows the satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province. There are not many differences between them. And it is impossible to find the relation. 22

35 Table 9 Satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province Province Satisfaction rate on the Survey fee satisfied unsatisfied Empty Total Seoul 3 (60%) 2 (40%) 5 PuSan 14 (74%) 5 (26%) 19 InCheon 6 (55%) 5 (45%) 11 KyungKi 11 (79%) 2 (14%) 1 (7%) 14 KangWon 6 (60%) 4 (40%) 10 ChungBuk 4 (80%) 1 (20%) 5 ChungNam 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 4 JunNam 10 (77%) 3 (23%) 13 KyungBuk 6 (55%) 5 (45%) 11 KyungNam 8 (80%) 2 (20%) 10 JeJu 9 (69%) 4 (31%) 13 Total 81 (70%) 33 (29%) 1 (1%) User requirements of the professional customers and cadastral surveyors As shown in table 8, cadastral data can be used in many areas. For instance, a bank employee needs the cadastral map to appraise land value, and utility companies need the cadastral map to locate gas lines and power lines, and real estate needs the cadastral map to find the location of the parcels. More than half of the customers still go to the office to get those products or services. Customers are not satisfied with the current cadastral map accuracy (Professional customers: 61.7%, Cadastral surveyors: 84.6%), map consistency with register (61.8%, 77.8%), cadastral map products (54.4%, 79.7%), and the coordinates systems (47%, 67.2%) in general. This means those aspects have to be improved. Cadastral surveyors who are familiar with those products are in general dissatisfied. Complaints are filed depending on the type of the cases. Based on the survey, more than half (52.9%, 64.8%) of the customers answered that it depends on the cases. This means that people want a better or standard procedures to deal with complaints. Professional customers want more accurate survey results compared to the cadastral surveyors, who have a responsibility of the survey activity. Professional customers want to connect the GI related organizations, while cadastral surveyors want to establish a new organization responsible in unifying all GI organizations. Some cadastral surveyor s want the cadastre moved to MOCT. It is observed that most of the respondents want to change organizational structures to improve the workflows. Cadastral surveyors don t want to produce other products in general. The reason why they don t want to expand their products in this moment is to avoid work overload. But, about one fourth of cadastral surveyors and professional customers want to have a combined usage of digital topographic map and aerial photos, 3D maps, and digital thematic maps, etc In view of the services, professional customers want to expand cadastral related services like thematic map, land consulting, internet dissemination, etc. 23

36 There is little difference in the cadastral fees. Professional surveyors do not want to increase the survey fee by over 10% (76.5%), while cadastral surveyors want to increase the survey fees by about 50% (56.8%). Most of respondents answered that legal issues (33.7%, 37.9%) and technical issues (32.6%, 36.8%) are more important than organizational issues. With this observation, priority of work can be defined. Professional customers expect that the finance and the law would be the problem, while cadastral surveyors expect that technical issue is more important. Most of them suggest that cadastral resurvey is the best methods to reform the map. Table 10 shows the satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province. Customers are not satisfied with the geometric quality of the cadastral. Table 10 Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province Province Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy satisfied unsatisfied Total Head office 1 (6%) 17 (94%) 18 Seoul 3 (16%) 16 (84%) 19 PuSan 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 2 InCheon 2 (13%) 14 (88%) 16 Kyungki 3 (16%) 16 (84%) 19 KangWon 0 (0%) 6 (100%) 6 ChungBuk 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 1 ChungNam 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 5 Junbuk 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 1 JunNam 5 (26%) 14 (74%) 19 Kyungbuk 1 (8%) 11 (92%) 12 KyungNam 4 (29%) 10 (71%) 14 JeJu 4 (13%) 26 (87%) 30 Total 25 (15%) 137 (85%) Summary of cadastral data needs in Korea The cadastral map is a base map with many applications. Most of the customers are not satisfied with the quality of the cadastral map. They want to reduce the tolerance (accuracy) of cadastral survey within 20cm which is currently 24cm in city area. There is a small gap between customers and cadastral surveyors. Cadastral surveyors tend to keep their working boundary and make a little progress in expanding cadastral services or products. Customers want more useful datasets. As a conclusion, the cadastral domain has to expand their working boundary. And the finance needs a bit of increase but not more than 10% as a result of this research. If this is sufficient is another question. It may be concluded that the priority issues are legal, technical, organizational, and financial or workflows in sequence. Customers still want cadastral resurvey. However, if the other methods would yield similar results then it is worth to try it. Changing the organizational structure is also an important issue to consider. 24

37 4.4. SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis has been performed to propose a strategy to implement the process of map renovation of the current cadastral map. A good practice of fieldwork would be used as a significant input when developing a strategy for South Korea. SWOT analysis result is attached in the appendix Vision To-Be situation for KCSC in South Korea Develop a mid and long term planning of business strategy with regards to the customer's perspectives. Upgrade IT department to prepare for the map renovation. It is recommended to create a new team to carry out the map renovation project. Introduce HRM. Korea is a very dependent society of human relation, school relation and regional relation. To avoid this, HRM needs to be combined with more strict regulations. The map renovation S/W and the relevant systems have to be prepared. Develop a data warehouse to integrate all the local data'. This would provide a standard and security for data exchange with private and public sectors. Introduce staff education about GIS and image analysis, mapping, legal framework, data security (copyright, privacy, and liability) and so on. Not to outsource major and critical sector is recommended to keep data security and to grow in competence. To get an agreement of the government, a pilot project for cadastral map renovation has to be in the first place. The outcome of this could be the basis for new laws and regulations for map renovation. Cooperate with public and private sector to share cadastral information. A specific legal framework has to be defined for data sharing with private and public sectors. Government has a crucial role to re-align and re-make efficient governance and to develop a SDI project for organizations to communicate and share information. For the future, KCSC should explore new business and diversify products and services based on the renovated map. Various application S/Ws have to be developed to support them. New marketing mechanism and also wireless technologies are recommended Step by step approach To implement ICT strategy, a step by step approach is used in this research, considering the amount of activities to be planned and executed Step 1: preparations Preparation is important basic step for the progress of the following steps. These steps contain crucial issues for successful implementation. a) Make a channel to get customer s requirements. This is an important activity to continuously identify the users requirements. It will increase competences with new products and services. KCSC ought to expand user groups and contact them directly or indirectly. Getting the customers requirements is a fundamental input for developing mid and long term planning for education and IT and business strategies. In this research, all the strategies represent a solid ground for future planning. Getting user s needs continuously would help to maintain strategies. 25

38 b) Develop a mid and long term planning This stage includes special plan for map renovation. This will answer the following questions: - How many people will be used for map renovation? - Which ability do they have to have? - What is the main focus of the map renovation? - How to organize the activities? - What is the sequence of the activities? etc. This step would mean collaboration with other organizations rather than planning on itself. Government may be included in this planning for the purpose of getting agreement for the future. And users are very important factor to include the users requirement for the map renovation. c) Introduce HRM The problem most companies have is not so much the number of staff, but rather the correct mix of staff. Planning engages the company into taking actions now in anticipation of the future. Workforce planning aims to have the right people in the right place at the right time - all the time. Where HRmanagement and strategic planning were once thought to be mutually exclusive, it is now clear that the knowledge management requires focus on the people factor. An effective HR planning system will require HR managers who are in every sense business managers and who have knowledge of the overall operations of the company. Importantly, they must be able to integrate the various HR functions so as to be consistent with the company s strategic plans. (Ernst Biesalski, 2003) d) Standards Standardization is the nationwide basis for the supply of regular product and exchange of products. Upgrading and amending the ICT is easier in standardized ICT environment. All the H/W, S/W, Network, Platforms and procedures have to be standardized. d) Get an agreement from public Agreement of public will force the government to approve permission of map renovation. And this will mitigate a lot of disputes which will appear from misunderstanding of map renovation process. A marketing mechanism is required Step 2: Initialization. The following items are going to determine how to approach and what is needed for the following steps. Initialization is the continuation of the preparation, but already more operational than strategic. In this period, most of the practical environment would be prepared. a) IT part and human resources People are most valuable asset. Still there is no standard rule to select a person for a specific role. HRM may help to gather IT experts to IT department. Skill management supports companies in recognizing skills of their employees, and to use these skills systematically. The knowledge on the skills of the employees can, for example, be used to extend the skills of the employees with training measures, or it can be useful to recruit new employees. 26

39 A data warehouse is needed to store all local data which are currently in the municipality. Web based application are needed to communicate well with private and public sectors. Map renovation software has to be developed and tested this requires IT experts with knowledge on surveying and mapping. b) Continuous growing and training of IT people IT develops very fast and gradual upgrading becomes an important issue in almost all the organizations. IT forces the organization to standardize and become effective. Corresponding to the rapid change of IT techniques, IT employees should take proper measures in continuous educating oneself. In case of Dutch cadastre, the IT people ratio is about 20%. It reveals that IT would be a more important element in the near future. KCSC has very few IT staff comparing to the Dutch case. Market needs combined with IT sector is a global trend. Flexible and fast response to a variety of request from the market is necessary. IT staffs must have concepts of not only programming but security, copyright, legal framework and management, etc. Special education on IT staffs is essential not to outsource major and critical S/W and secure data and to address various services. This may increase their chance to succeed against any competition. c) Organization culture. Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Corporate culture may be viewed as a system. Inputs include feedback from, e.g., society, professions, laws, stories, heroes, values on competition or service, etc. The process is based on the assumptions about values and norms, e.g., values on money, time, facilities, space and people. Outputs or effects of culture are reflected in the organizational behaviours, technologies, strategies, image, products, services, appearance, etc. The concept of culture is important when attempting to manage organization-wide change. Practitioners start to realize that despite the best-laid plans, organizational change must include not only changing structures and processes, but also changing the corporate culture as well. ( Korean government created team structure in the central level and forced it to sub-organizations. Even though organizational structure had changed into team structure, the corporate culture still remains unchanged. Changes are limited only on the structure. The working procedure inside the organization is the same. Thus it is recommended that all the systems have to be combined with HRM and WFMS respectively Step 3: The pilot project of Cadastral Map Renovation a) Prepare cadastral map renovation software. The cadastral map renovation software would support optimized procedures and improves the efficiency and the productivity. A product produced from the standard software is reliable and verified. This software has to support all technical aspects e.g. all kind of adjustments, transformations etc - and procedures. 27

40 b) Executing pilot project A pilot project is recommended before the execution of map renovation nationwide. This will prove to get relevant information such as organizational issues, technical issues, and social issues. And: societal issues!! c) Getting government agreement and suggesting new law It is most important to get an approval of government. Without that, KCSC cannot do anything by law. Cadastral map renovation is a big project next to cadastral reform. This will be a good experience to go for global market. So far there are many countries trying to convert and renovate maps. Korean government should put their support on cadastral map renovation. Map renovation means amending the laws as well. The result of pilot project will be reported and new laws for the map renovation would be suggested which would support the amendment of law. This also would be a good opportunity to introduce satellite images, topographic maps and so on into cadastral domain. And: further use of GNSS. Pilot project is recommended to find best procedure and methods Step 4: The cadastral map renovation a) Cooperate with public and private sector and the execution of cadastral map renovation. Map renovation needs a national corporation. During the map renovation, the topographic maps and aerial photos are used for the revision of the cadastral maps. Sometimes private sector may need to conduct cadastral survey. The execution of cadastral map renovation is an enormous work to be done. There is insufficient capacity within KCSC, it has been observed from the questionnaires that the workload is already big. There is a need to cooperate with public and private sector. Thus, the relation should be set up. The result will promote win-win situation, making all the users satisfied. The main issues for corporation will be legislation, organizational structure and its roles, standards, management etc. The map renovation process itself is introduced in paragraph 4.5. b) Data warehouse The main strategy of the 3 rd NGIS is to make infrastructures (U-Korea fundamental plan, 2006). For this, SDI is an essential item to expand and maximize usage of geographic information. The role of the organization has to be adjusted using the most suitable process of governance. A NSDI project is recommended after setting up the role of each organization. Cooperation between public and private sector to unify and to share data, a spatial data warehouse at national level has to be established with an NSDI. c) Establish a legal framework Government needs to make a legal framework in line to the efficient governance and according to the analysis of the user s requirements. 28

41 Step 5: Explore new business using map renovation experience a) Explore new market The competence not only within Korea peninsula but also in the world would increase year by year. The global market of cadastral survey and potentials will expand in a few years. As shown in table 11, some country is conducting cadastral related work across the world. (KCSC, 2007,) KCSC tries to venture a new business overseas. The lack of experience and lack of expertise in topographic, image processing, and GIS, bring about difficulty of processes. Experts in processing spatial data s combined with IT expertise are needed. KCSC has a role of cadastral survey with simple processes, products, and services. With regards to the use s requirement, various products and services using topographic, images, GIS have to be introduced which needs organizational cooperation to hold the global companies in check. Table 11 Sample of international Market (KCSC, 2007) Country (company) Number of Country Nations Sweden (Swedsurvey) 39 Australia (LEI) 12 Netherlands (Dutch Kadaster) Cadastral council ting Africa, Europe etc Finland, Germany, Canada etc Africa(11), Europe(12), Asia(13), Central and South America(3) Africa(1), Europe(2), Asia(7), Central and South America(1), Oceania(2) b) Various products and services. It comprises a development of S/Ws to make diverse products such as thematic map, land parcel map and to utilize business experiences. c) Marketing mechanism. Develop marketing mechanisms that could be used to better identify the users requirements. Advertising of new products and services would increase market confidence and lessen negative effects to KCSC. That could include establishment of user board and council. Developing marketing mechanism has been geared towards citizen s satisfaction Cadastral map renovation process Approach for renovation For the renovation of the Korean cadastral map, existing data may be utilized for quality improvement process and new survey may be employed only, when it cannot be done away with. Both the approaches will be considered depending upon the availability of source material, field records, topographical maps and requirement of the users. For those areas, where high quality field data are available and situation warrants (e.g. urban fringe), another methodology, e.g. as proposed by Masters 1999 or Elfick 2005 may be adopted. In case of deficiency in field data, topographic maps and aerial images can be used to get the required accuracy. In the areas where field measurements are not available and the quality of existing cadastral map is poor or unknown, a methodology is proposed, called renovation based on reconciliation, which is based on Dutch renovation experience. 29

42 Existing work process KCSC is dedicated to cadastral surveys. The cadastral law provides protection of the property ownership of the public and private sectors and this is the main basis and goal of cadastral activities. When customers request cadastral survey, KCSC carries out survey activities. The municipality examines the result of the survey before the final cadastral survey result map is sent to the customers. This is shown in figure 5. Figure 5 Activity diagram of procedure of cadastral Surevy (Young Ho Lee, 2005) The court is in charge of transferring ownership. Buyer and seller apply for their trade. And the court examines the application. If it is approved, the customer can get the authority in accordance with the updated document. The detailed procedure is shown in figure 6. Figure 6 Register process in Supreme Court in Korea 30

43 Cadastral map renovation and maintenance process Detailed cadastral map renovation process and maintenance process are attached in the appendix 5 and Workflow of cadastral map conversion Planning and preperation (National Coordinate system etc) Aerial Images Digital topographic map Digital Cadastral Map Control points Surveyed Parcel map With control points Transform Coordinate system Transform Coordinate system Alter Local Control points to Global Control points Alter Local Control points to Global Control points Transform Coordinate system Transform Coordinate system Transform Coordinate system Matching Control points and Surveyed parcel map Correction N Error Handling? Overlap of Cadastral map and Surveyed parcel map Y Local adjustment of cadastral parcel (least square) Principle Cases and regulation Correction N Error Handling? Y Topology Editing Correction N Error Handling? Y Publish Figure 7 Workflow of Cadastral map conversion The details related to this workflow are explained below. 31

44 Planning and preparation As explained above, the Korean cadastral map was digitized and the current survey method uses computerization. The Korean cadastral map is based on paper map with different scales. After analyzing the good practices around the world, a general trend is clearly visible that for renovation, fieldworks are limited to the barest minimum, as it is very costly. Hence, existing data was utilized for this quality improvement process and new survey has been resorted to only, where it cannot be done away with. Two prominent approaches for renovating cadastral maps are found. First, is by reconciliation and harmonization process using the other more accurate maps of the same area and the second, is by using the available surveyor s field records (distances, bearings and angles) and standard parametric least squares adjustment and constraint equations techniques. The former approach has been taken in Dutch renovation process (Salzmann 1997; 1998 and van Osch 1995) and the latter by Australian (Masters 1999), Croatian (Rolae 1998), Slovenian (Triglav 1998) Procedures 1. Datum transformation including control points Rearrangement of control point requires two steps. The first one is make a skeleton of overall Korean peninsula. The second one is detail rearrangement of the skeleton network. Note that the current control points do not match with cadastral map, but fixing the position of control points is important since it is used to move a block (of parcels or maps) from the current position to a relative position. This is for the global level of matching, while moving blocks is for the local or parcel level of matching. The surveyed points and adjusted points can have an attribute of weight according to the reliability which will be used in the overlay adjustment process. 2. Fixing surveyed parcel map position All of the surveyed maps have control points, because it is stipulated by company regulation that when they survey, they have to use control points. Fixing the surveyed parcel map to control points needs GIS software, and needs expertise in both GIS and fieldwork. An ordinary Helmert transformation method can be used to transform the old coordinates into the current coordinate system, and to serve as a standard for assessing the reliability of the peripheral point positions of the adjustment area selected. 3. Overlap of cadastral map and surveyed parcel map and topographic map Surveyed parcel map has a better accuracy than the cadastral map, and topographic map has a homogeneous quality while the cadastral map is not homogeneous in quality. The current cadastral map is made by using plane table while the surveyed parcel map is made by high accurate survey equipment. Plane table has a tolerance of 24cm and total station has a tolerance of 0.1cm (if boundary points are well identified and the mirrors are stable). If the surveyed parcel map is available, it is assumed that those areas have been resurveyed. The Helmert transformation method will be used to adjust. Choosing the best identical point depends on the map situation. At least 4 points are chosen to move the blocks to obtain improved approximate values. 32

45 4. Map border connection The border of the adjacent two maps generally does not exactly fit together. Similar with previous procedures, the map border connection have to be conducted using available dataset s. The result of this process contributes to a seamless cadastral map. 5. Local adjustment of cadastral parcel (interpolation) After finishing the previous step, the residuals in the adjusted map are interpolated in the map to maintain the homogeneity of the cadastral map. The topographic map will be used for the residuals and free blocks in the adjusted map. A least square interpolation technique will be used. 6. Topology editing and Reconciliation Topology will be introduced this allows for area calculation. Reconciliation which is mostly time consuming activity will improve the quality of the map locally. The geometric relations in the map are better warranted. 7. Error handling Municipality decides the result of products Concluding remarks In the beginning of this chapter, case studies for Hong Kong, Taiwan and Netherlands were performed. Hong Kong uses correlation methods with correlated land records that will gradually become a defacto land boundary record. Taiwan uses resurvey methods to renew the cadastral map. Forty-eight percent (48%) of the land parcels were resurveyed until The Dutch used reconciliation methods between cadastral and large scale topographic map. The Dutch achieved quality improvement in their cadastral maps and are now preparing for the next map renovations. User requirements are identified based on the analysis of the result of the questionnaires collected from different respondents, namely, the general public, professional customers and KCSC staff members. Most of the customers are not satisfied with the quality of the cadastral map. Customers want various products combined with cadastral information. Most of the customers want a cadastral resurvey. SWOT analysis is used to propose a Vision To-Be situation for KCSC. Consequently, 9 visions are established and the 5th step approach is introduced to arrange many activities which have to be planned and executed. And a relevant cadastral map renovation process is proposed. 33

46 5. Designing improvement strategies for map renovation in Korea 5.1. Introduction In this chapter, a conceptual framework is suggested for the map renovation which means that the original role of each organization is not changed after map renovation. An SDI project is recommended during renovation stage since map renovation requires a lot of data exchanges. This will help communication between organizations especially on the working process. In the first section of this chapter, conceptual framework and organizational issues are analyzed and a desired organizational role is proposed. And system architecture, datum transformation, and policy and laws are discussed Conceptual framework for ICT strategy Strategy is a course of actions involving logical combination of actors, factors, and action chosen to reach a long-term goal or vision. It is important to distinguish policy from strategy. Policies are general guidelines to achieve given objectives. Strategy incorporates a logical sequence of steps (ISNAR, 1998) Strategic planning is a process by which an organization builds a vision of its future and develops the necessary structure, resources, procedures, and operations to achieve it (ISNAR, 1998) Experience acquired by many organizations has revealed that appropriate support from ICT is essential to the achievement of the business objectives. On the symposium at ITC, in Enschede 2003, it was concluded that a strategy for change management and business re-engineering (there are cases where this approach failed!) is strongly related to the capacity of the organization, e.g. staff in IT department. A strategy should be developed for a big time frame (think big), but work small and act quickly (Molen and Lemmen, 2003). Strategy can be defined as the path from the As-Is situation to the To-Be situation. At the time when initially developing a strategy, development requires strategy to define the methodology and framework. One of the objectives of this research is to develop a framework of ICT strategy. Fit Figure 8 Conceptual framework for developing ICT strategy (Todorovski Dimo, 2006) 34

47 For the achievement of developing strategy, a few elements should be taken into consideration. Business strategy Good practices System and user requirements Manageable and sustainable ICT To-Be situation Awareness of current available ICT systems develop ICT strategy based on scientific literature and the MIT model Illustrating these elements and their correlation shows a conceptual framework as represented in the figure 8. Each element has its unique value and should be analyzed in respected manner. After that, they are integrated with respect to the real situation of organizations. (Todorovski Dimo, 2006) This is used in the context of this research System and user requirements Skilled human resources and availability of the well organized and institutionalized technology could lead to an efficient and effective performance. Resources should meet the system and user requirements Since the customer satisfaction and relationship are the most important, it is argued that a customer satisfaction model should be an integral part of organizational strategy model to deliver efficient and effective services and products to the customer (Tuladhar and Van der Molen, 2003). In the near future, customers want to have access to information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at home, in the office, and in the field. They want to be served in a professional way, through userfriendly tools to information that is timely, up to date, reliable, complete, accurate, and relevant, if necessary customized, well integrated with customer s working procedures (Oosterom and Lemmen, 2002) Geo-ICT development Recent developments in Geo-ICT, such as information system modelling standards, database technology, global poisoning system, Internet technology development, wireless communication and acceptance of geometry standards have been given a push toward the development of new cadastral systems and the improvement of or extension of existing cadastral system (Van Oosterom, 2002). In order to combat the negative effects of multiple data collection, storage and dissemination, data sharing is a solution. This means that government bodies at all levels use data that is collected by others and that the government does not spend money on collecting the same (duplicate) data. This is in fact the researcher s view that the main challenge lies on the conceptualizing of data infrastructures. With regards to the spatial component of data, the concept is identified as geo-spatial data infrastructure, and it is defined as the encompassment of networked spatial databases and data handling facilities, the complex of institutional, organizational, technological, human and economic resources which interact with one another and underpin the design, implementation, and maintenance of mechanisms facilitating the sharing, access to, and responsible use of geospatial data at an affordable cost for a specific application domain or enterprise (Groot, 2000). 35

48 While working on infrastructures, practice reveals that the impact of the concept of information infrastructures develops along two lines. Namely on one hand the need for what is called interoperability, thus the ability to combine and integrate data-sets from different origin, and on the other hand the need for the government to re-organize government data-sets that everybody knows are of a fundamental importance. The first need, interoperability, is normally divided in three forms, the interoperability of data, software, and information (Pichler, 2004). The second need looks after governmental data-sets that are of vital importance for many users. If these fundamental data-sets are not available, it appears difficult to reap the financial and intangible benefits of data-sharing. (Groot, 2000) speaks in this respect of framework-data, such as Geodetic control network ( national triangulation ) Digital terrain models ( height ) Topographical maps Geographical names Administrative boundaries Hydrography Cadastral data Land use/cover The different kinds of geospatial datasets has to be integrated for the sake of E-Government in Korea. On the basis of this concept, users can add their specific information to the framework datasets. In order to cope with the demand for framework datasets, governments develop the so called authentic registers or base-registers and to introduce international standards like OpenGIS. There is a lot of capacity in IT. The developments in Geo-ICT would be assured of key drivers to change cadastral organizations and to keep pace with the changing environment. A conceptual framework is used in research (see figure 8) to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to a system analysis project. The framework is built from a set of concepts linked to a planned or existing system of methods, behaviours, functions, relationships, and objects Organization structure Korean organizations are usually structured according to functional areas instead of product lines. The functional structure groups specialized in similar skills in separate units. A functional structure is well suited to organizations which have a single or dominant core product because each subunit becomes extremely adept at performing its particular portion of the process. They are economically efficient, but lack flexibility. Communication between functional areas can be difficult. In case of map renovation, the organization has various cases to solve. It is not only the matter of one organization but also linkage to other GI organizations. It is essential that the function of an organization or organizational unit is decided before start. 36

49 Current situation As shown below, GI agencies in Korea have their own role in society. KCSC has a role in cadastral survey. NGII has a role of providing topographic map and images. The Court has a role of registering. In the perspective of GI, the organization wants to link with other agencies. The NGIS project in Korea is well adopted. A SDI project is recommended for map renovation, because of the inclusion of private companies KCSC The Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC) deals with cadastral survey activities which were formerly the role of the government. However the monopoly of KCSC in cadastral survey market ended 3 years ago and KCSC became a special corporation by law. This means that the government will give KCSC special roles substituting the cadastral survey activities - which will gradually decrease in the future. This situation forces KCSC to develop new strategy such as going abroad to find new business, etc. KCSC have about 3.5 thousand employees. More than 90% of the employees are surveyors. Normally, they act as manager or surveyors depending on the office needs. Managing human resources is a very important issue in KCSC MOGAHA (cadastral information) MOGAHA governs 5 special cities, 12 provinces, and 266 municipalities where cadastre in concerned. MOGAHA manages the cadastral law and cadastral strategy to improve the cadastral systems. MOGAHA has about 2000 employees to manage the cadastral map DB. The cadastral information contains parcel identification number, location, land category, boundary, area, yield class, owner s name, address, civic number, map scale, land use, control points, and so on. However, information about buildings, public utilities, mortgages, easements, and other rights on land are not included in the cadastral records MOCT (topographic information) NGII is the central surveying and mapping organisation under the Ministry of Construction & Transportation which is responsible for the production of the topographic map. NGII developed the SIMC (Korea Satellite Image Information Management Centre) to provide satellite images to the public. They are in charge of providing information services for geodetic data, aerial photographs, levelling, ground control survey and national land information and others. The organization has insufficient human capacity in managing the resources. It means in practise that most of jobs are outsourced Supreme Court (real estate information) The Korean land registration system was established in There is low influence by business establishments and high authority and no competition in society. The local courts take the role of real estate registration which maintains and provides the land register, building register, shipping register including the information of ownership, leasehold, easement, and mortgage and to maintain and update those information s. The Supreme Court has started the Project of Land Registration 37

50 Computerization since 1994 in order to realize epoch-making improvements for registry application and issue, to support the following objectives: Information provision for capturing all types of tax sources according to deals with real estate Information provision for policy-making and for eradicating real estate speculation Information provision in digital form to reduce issuing time (Jong Cheul Park, 2004) Table 12 Current organizational tasks in Korea (Supervising Government) Agency General Task and information structure information produced data requiremen t to be linked with Adopted laws data collection methods informatio n utilization existing information system data format (MOGAHA) KCSC (MOCT) NGII (Supreme Court) Local Court Land Parcel Information (Cadastral Survey and management ) National Geo-spatial Data (Topographi c survey and mapping, managing Satellite images etc) Register information (Manage Register information) 12 regional office and 208 local office, more than 3500 employees 6 department 111 employees governmental office under Supreme Court Land Book, Forest Book, Cadastral Map, Forest Map, Numerical Terrier Cadastral File Satellite images Topographi c map Digitized maps Land Register, Ship Register Building Register, Commercial Register register information and National geo-spatial data Cadastral Information and register information Cadastral Information and register information Cadastral Law Building and utilizing of NGIS Law Real Estate Registratio n Law surveying surveying and mapping (Usually Outsourcing ) requested from public routine work, decision making, policy making routine work, decision making, policy making routine work KLIS Total Survey System SIPS SIMC Topographi c Map Service centre Register Gothic Dxf etc TIFF DWG TXT Desired organizational role in map renovation stage As described in previous section, Korean organizations are in uneven state in terms of role. Some organization has huge roles and low human resources, other organization have many employees but limited authority and related roles. It is suggested reconsider this situation - not only in this map renovation stage but in a structural way for the future. During the map renovation, Court and municipality have a role of auditing the map renovation product. The Municipalities are experienced in auditing of the digital map conversion project. The Court is a very good examiner for attributive data. KCSC and NGII have a role of operation of map renovation. Both organizations have expertise in mapping, surveying, and cadastral and topographic information. And the arbitration department as a temporal institution has a role of intermediation between disputants. Table 13 Desired organizational task in map renovation stage Current Status Map Renovation Stage Organization Roles Organization Roles Ministry of Government and management level (Cadastral information) Ministry of Government and Home Affairs management level (Cadastral information) 38

51 Home Affairs Ministry of construction and transportation management level (Topographic information) Court (land register) Court Municipality Korea cadastral survey co NGII Customer contact point, auditing survey, manage cadastral map operational level (Cadastral information) operational level (Topographic information) Ministry of construction and transportation Municipality Korea cadastral survey co NGII Arbitration dept (consist of persons who is expert in their area) management level (Topographic information) (land register) Higher Intermediation (Intermediation of resurveying project) Auditing customer contact point, auditing survey, manage cadastral map Auditing operational level (Cadastral information) Operation level (Map renovation) operational level (Topographic information) Operation level (Map renovation) Operational level (Intermediation of Arbitration) 5.4. Desired System Architecture in map renovation stage The core cadastral domain model being a task for FIG Commission 7 is adopted for the development of Land Administration standards in the context of appropriate ICT support for modern land administration and land management. Every cadastral system stores contents of relationship between persons and land, via rights up-to-date (based on the legal transactions) and provides information on the registration (Lemmen et al., 2003). Lemmen and van Oosterom (2003) stressed that the system should avoid reinventing and reimplementing the same functionality over and over again, but provide an extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system development. And this should provide standard data among different systems Overall Component diagram for cadastral domain Component diagram shows the physical structure of the code in terms of code components. A component contains information about the logical class or classes it implements. Components may be shown using any of the interfaces that they are exposed to, such as OLE/COM (object linking and embedding/ component object model) interfaces, and they can be grouped together in packages. (Hans-Erik Eriksson, UML 2 Toolkit) When it comes to the perspectives of spatial distributors, standards, distribution, data collection, geoprocessing and so on need to be addressed. Providers distribute their raw product through the interfaces, and then operator could handle the data and generate standard results. Users can access the result through the interfaces with security. Managers would implement useful policies to effectively and efficiently manage the system. 39

52 Figure 9 Component Diagram for Cadastral domain in Korea A class diagram shows the static structure of classes in the system. The classes represent the things that are handled in the system. Classes can be related to each other in a number of ways. The diagram is considered static in that the structure described is always valid at any point in the system s life cycle. (Hans-Erik Eriksson, UML 2 Toolkit) One class diagram is suggested for the map renovation. It is based on the second draft of the core cadastral domain model (van Oosterom et al., 2003), though some classes were added which are deemed useful for map renovation. Important classes are address class and metadata class. Metadata classes are discussed in the chapter 2.5. Figure 10 Class Diagram for Attribute DB Combined with Integrated DB 40

53 5.5. Datum transformation Coordinates system in Korea The reasons why NGII adopted the national geodetic system are: 1. The coordinates which is obtained from GPS survey are perfectly compatible with Korean Geodetic System World national trend forces South Korea to change world geodetic system. 3. In Korea, National Oceanographic Research Institute and Korea Army Mapping Center have adopted National geodetic system since The needs for coordinate transformation of cadastral maps are that: 1. It is impossible to get a control points coordinates only for cadastral domain. Unification and common use of control points is needed 2. A control point should have the same co-ordinates on both the cadastral map and topographic map. 3. This is an international trend to provide direct coordinates from survey. Before the Revision of survey law, surveyors can use both the Tokyo datum and ITRF2000 datum from 2003 to Surveyors have to use ITRF2000 datum starting So all these situation give the chance of turning point to cadastral part. (KCSC and Inha University and UBIST co., (2005), Introduction of KGD2002) KGD2002 (Korea Geodetic Datum 2002) KGD2002 is a new horizontal reference system which is based on ITRF2000 coordinates system (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) of horizontal reference system and GRS80 (Geodetic Reference System 1980) ellipsoid of reference ellipsoid. This is enacted in Map projection is TM projection Gauss-Kruger projection methods - which is same since The areas affective with the switching over from Tokyo datum to KGD2002 datum are; 1. Spatial reference system 2. Representing method of location 3. The coordinates of control points and boundary points. 4. The area of the map sheet or parcels (KCSC and Inha University and UBIST co., (2005), Introduction of KGD2002) A lot of research had been done in datum transformation area. Especially in Cadastral research institute in KCSC. Several results are described below. Sort out cadastral survey reference points following the introduction of World Geodetic Coordinates System (Sanggu Kang, JunSik Kim, 2005) o The result of national cadastral control network from 2003 till 2005 researched by MOGAHA and KCSC. o This is a ITRF result based on the 32 GPS station Coordinates unification of cadastral control points over the country (Chul-Soo Yang, Inje Woo, 2006) o Parameter calculation of Korea in BESSEL o Local parameter of several provinces o Special region parameter 41

54 Updating and Re-establishment of cadastral Control Points in Korea by Using GPS Observations (Chul-Soo Yang, 2005) Cadastral surveying in Korea is based on the cadastral triangulation points which are originated from the old surveying network established in early years of 20th century. The datum is different from New Korea Geodetic Datum 2000 (NKGD2000) which employs the ITRF97 and GRS80 ellipsoid. In order to improve quality of old cadastral surveying network, which will not be accurate enough to meet modern needs, the network is investigated by GPS measurements and trilateral adjustment is carried out. In this process, coordinate transformation between the old and NKGD2000 datum, and local geoid model is used to find out accurate control points using 461 triangulation points over South Korea. The adjustment computation by using the GPS observations on 32 triangulation points distributed over Kyungki province (100km x 100km) has shown the control points employed in cadastral surveying have coordinate errors up to one meter or more. The computation also has shown the estimated coordinate error of the adjusted points is within 5cm, highly accurate as well as highly consistent. (Chul-Soo Yang, 2005) Introduction of KGD2002, (KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co., 2005) o Change of cadastral coordinates representation into OAH (Offset-Azimuth-Height) method o Proposed procedure of cadastral map coordinates conversion Figure 11 Proposed procedure by KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co Datum transformation recommendations From these researches, some recommendation on coordinate conversion work is suggested. Cooperating GPS permanent station, NGII and KCSC have to solve the discrepancy of the coordinates of control points. This conversion work needs to incorporate the topographic maps and control points. By law, the topographic map has already been changed to the KGD2002 datum. This means using topographic map can reduce lots of considerations for map conversion such as transformation parameters. Control points need to be integrated and calculated for use in both topographic map and cadastral map databases. So Institutional cooperation is a very important issue in this Field records have very high accurate information. Well-defined control networks and field records play an important role in cadastral map renovation. 42

55 5.6. Policy and laws The government is recommended to know that the GII and ICT are very important issues for the NGIS and U-Korea. Base maps in Korea like topographic map and cadastral map have to be integrated in a SDI project. For this purpose, preparing special laws and changing some organizational roles and some guidelines are needed Policy including ICT The cadastral map needs to be amended by larger scale of topographic map, field sketch and so on. An awareness of developing strategy for the map renovation needs to be instilled to each organization. The performance of the map renovation project would fully depend on the availability of ICT and skilled staffs, thus the establishment of fundamental ICT department/sector and education for employees is needed. The existing laws, which do not allow map renovation, need to change. Web-based interface should be Standardized and user-friendly. And it has to meet customer s needs. Critical activities should not be outsourced. And personnel who are confident and committed are very important. Customer satisfaction is one of the main goals in this project. Feedback from users is important to find out the rate of users satisfaction periodically. SDI project will connect to other organization for data sharing/exchange. This development leads each organization to become a leader in GI provision field. Each organization has to transform towards customer oriented production and provision of products and services using ICT. To avoid the duplication and to reduce government expense for spatial data infrastructure, central institution needs to be established for efficient geographical data exchange. The Government may pay attention to this cadastral map renovation. The cadastral map renovation project is not only to improve the geometric accuracy of map but to improve spatial data infrastructure. Use standards to manage and sustain fundamental datasets for better utilization. Included is continuous quality improvement Special laws Hereunder are some of the sections that should be included in the Special law, to wit; Aim and Definition of terms Cadastral map renovation and its rules Organization s cooperation and authorities Education Mediation procedure And so on. Detailed law for cadastral map renovation process is suggested in the appendix 7. 43

56 5.7. Concluding remarks A conceptual framework for ICT strategy has been introduced to establish an environment in implementing the cadastral map renovation project. To conduct the cadastral map renovation project, organizational cooperation is the critical ingredient that will make or break the nest devised plans. Organizational issues at KCSC, MOGAHA, MOCT, and Supreme Court are considered at the data quality improvement stage. Desired organizational structures and desired organizational role in map renovation stage is described using component and class diagrams. The cadastral map renovation process is illustrated using workflow diagrams. Recommended procedures are datum conversion, fixing surveyed parcel map position, overlay all possible maps, map border connection, interpolation, topology editing and reconciliation, error handling. Policies and laws are suggested for the success of cadastral map renovation and SDI project. 44

57 6. Comparing and validating the renovation strategies 6.1. Introduction In the previous chapter, the improvement strategies for cadastral map renovation were outlined. In this chapter, an analysis of approaches are compared and validated for these objectives with regard to the predefined methodology. The seven (7) technical approaches to find out which technical approach is fit for South Korea situation is elaborated. All prototyping are verified by quality sheets. And the impact analysis is conducted based on the technical, legal and social, financial, and economic aspects Approaches to compare In this research, 7 approaches are compared; 1) Cadastral editor in ArcGIS ArcGIS provides an efficient management tool to support cadastral workflows. Using this software is convenient in managing a cadastral dataset. 2) Block by block approach Block by block approach is a method to make overall adjustment. Blocks would be separated by road, river, ditch, etc., which are considered government property. It is easier to compare block by block in different kinds of maps. 3) Point by point approach Point by point approach is a method to use higher accurate points. The highest accurate point among the points which can be calculated of the same points will be the decided point. 4) Sheet by sheet approach Sheet by sheet approach is a fast method to combine map sheets and to make seamless map. 5) Resurvey method Resurvey method is a method to renew all cadastral spatial related information. 6) Reconciliation method Reconciliation method is a method used by the Dutch. And it will provide a good representation of cadastral map combined with topographic map. 7) Correlation method Whenever cadastral map is surveyed, the field sketch and final result will be stored in different layer to keep those dataset. All the approaches could be highly supported by a datum transformation, which is a very mathematical approach but straightforward operation. These methods are however compared by the following criteria. 45

58 Focus on What the main purpose of the method is. For instance, overall adjustment of the map; simply connect sheet by sheet; or parcel maintenance. Original data source Which kinds of data the method shall use. For instance, the topographic map is not needed in the resurvey method. Procedures One may consider if the parcel would have been transformed manually or by selecting manually and calculate in a systematic way, or in a systematic way. Technical methods What is the main technique used in the method. Over-tolerance parcel count After the method, how many parcels are above tolerance values. There are 3 tolerance values. Summation of over-tolerance How big the tolerance is. Summation of over-tolerance indicates the change rate of area. The gap between the registered area and calculated area If this gap is small, one can assume it will make little difference on the area before and after the renovation, but the geometric quality would have been improved. Maintenance After the renovation, selection on which data or which technique would be used to improve the map quality must be decided upon. Expected working period It can be estimated how long the project may be completed by determining the time the method would take. It has been calculated by comparing the cadastral map digitization period in South Korea. Advantage / Disadvantage / Opinion This explains some ideas about what the advantage / disadvantage is. Finally some opinions are described Data collection and regulation For the prototyping, here are some of the collected data: Region : A-san City, ChungNam Province Data s Aerial Photos : 3 files, 1GB (20cm), Tiff format 1:1000 Topographic map : 43 Sheets, DXF format Cadastral map ; 14,165 parcels, CIF format 1: 600 ; 796 parcels 1:1000 ; 199 parcels 1:1200 ; 12,948 parcels 1:6000 ; 222 parcels Survey record file SVY format 46

59 Before the start of actual prototyping, datum transformation and data regulation is a common work to do further prototyping work. Datum transformation is a straight forward work which can be easily done using utilities. Datum transformation (None -> Korea Geodetic Datum 2000) Data conversion ; CIF, SVY -> SHP format (Source modify and programming) TIFF -> Spatial referencing Control point Extraction from CIF file Connect each survey record to the Control point (Sometimes Using Helmert Transformation) Remove Irregular attribute After datum transformation, try to match field records with control points using edge matching method. And following comparisons are carries out: Comparison among Aerial photos, Cadastral maps, Topographic maps, field records and control points Figure 12 Example of matching Aerial photos and field records Figure 13 Example of overlap all datasets In this view, aerial photos, topographic map, control point and field records is seen to be almost identical while on the cadastral map, gaps or overlaps can be observed between the original map sheets. The researcher has collected 29 parcels which would be used in each adjustment method. These parcels (show above) have a gap between the map sheets. 47

60 Comparing transformation methods In this prototyping, 3 kinds of transformation was tried, it includes Affine, Simplicity, and Helmert. Affine transformation transforms the shape of boundary greatly. Figure 14 Before and after Affine transformation Figure 15 Before and after Simplicity transformation Using Cadastral editor in ArcGIS From the ArcGIS 9.2 service pack 3, cadastral editor is included in ArcGIS as an extension. Cadastral editor in Survey Analyst introduces a new set of tools for maintaining land records within ArcGIS. Parcel datasets, known as cadastral fabrics are created and maintained using fabric editing tools and are adjusted with control points in a Least Squares Adjustment. GIS feature classes using the cadastral fabric as a base map, are kept in alignment with the adjusted cadastral fabric in a GIS Feature Class Adjustment. This methodology is suitable for the area where field data is available and cadastral boundary database (CBDB) exist. This adjustment technique is based on standard parametric least squares adjustment and formulation of Constraint equations for each data type or conditions (Masters 1999; Elfick 2005). The basic assumption used in this process is the CBDB has its own inherent shape that should be preserved unless other higher accuracy information is available. Thus, the most fundamental data is the distances and directions between points in the database, as defined by the line work. The Australian Cadastre used this technique for their upgrade process (Masters 1999). The knowledge of boundary definition processes and their evolution can also be used in developing conditions, which can be used in upgrading process. The procedure to use Cadastral editor in ArcGIS is shown in the appendix Prototyping Installing service pack 3 had been successful with the help of helpdesk. To import field records into survey project, two methods were used, by importing ASCII file with delimiter and by GSI format, which is a field record file supported by LEICA Co. The two approaches were successful in importing 48

61 data. After that, creating parcels had been done from CAD format directly. Cadastral editor works with job books. Job books record all the modification and creation of parcel historically. More tools are available in this editor such as join parcel; match a control point to a point and so on Result and validating Least squares adjustment will act on extra measurements in order to be able to calculate RMSE. Every time a new survey result is available, it can be updated by the cadastral fabric. This method is a proven method that improves the quality of GI. By the way, the field records which have been collected in Korea are not sufficient for adopting least squares adjustment. Field records cover the whole country sporadic. It can be joined with control points though. To solve interoperability among topographic map, cadastral map, aerial photos and field record needs operations among different layers. In this case, the least squares adjustment is not available. Cadastral editor is a workflow inside ArcGIS Survey Analyst that enables users to add new parcels from subdivision plats, split parcels, add control points, and improve the spatial position of parcels without changing the original survey record data stored in the database. Cadastral editor also stores cadastral survey records in a dataset called the cadastral fabric. The cadastral fabric is a layer of parcels representing multiple land record sources that are seamlessly connected and integrated. ( Using block by block approach The topographic map has a homogeneous quality and cadastral field surveys are very accurate. Further, the topographic map which has been used in this prototyping is more accurate than the cadastral map (Scale 1:1000 to 1:1200). So the topographic map and aerial photos indicate which portions have to be amended. A parcel which is divided into several pieces by the grid lines will get a greater improvement then one with a accurate closed polygon. The procedure to use block by block approach is shown in the appendix Prototyping Overlaying all possible layers is the first thing to do. The overlay maps indicate which portion of the cadastral boundaries has to be fixed. A block is selected which is separated by roads, river or ditches and so on. Select and link well-defined points corresponding to more than 4 points between appropriate measured points and current cadastral map on the boundary of the block. Using the results, additional connection points can be selected or deleted to eliminate gross errors and to get improved approximate values. Then move the block to correct position for Helmert transformation methods. Following is a detailed procedure to move and adjust blocks. select spatial adjustment method calculate parameters perform the adjustment reconciliation introduce topology 49

62 After moving the blocks there is a small gap and overlap around the block boundary, one may adjust the block boundary by area comparison with field records and topographic boundaries. In most cases the difference could be easily adjusted. One should always consider the topographic boundary. In case of overlap and gap, one can decide which parcel should include the gap and overlap portion by area comparison. If it is not adoptable for parcels, the topographic boundary must be followed and adjust the boundary inside the block to check with legal area. This approach assumes that cadastral and topographic boundaries are identical. Area comparison has to be taken soon after finishing all the boundary adjustment. As a reference a least square interpolation technique had been used in the Dutch cadastre Result and validating Block by block approach gives a high quality improvement and keeps the preserved area. The average gap between registered area and calculated area has improved from 0.96 to The parcel count which is above the tolerance is the same as current status, while the summation of over-tolerance area has improved from 72.6 to The difference between block by block and point to point is that point to point approach uses highly accurate points while block by block approach uses area comparison Using point by point approach This method is almost the same as block by block approach. The difference between them is the unit of moving. Block by block approach uses block while point by point approach uses the higher accurate points. The procedure to use point by point approach is shown in the appendix Prototyping Lay-out all possible layers. Choose one parcel and find correlated parcel location. Investigate which target point has the highest accuracy, and the first boundary point would be moved to that point. The highest priority is the field sketch. The second is the topographic map. And third one is aerial photo according to the resolution and scales. According to the scale of the map, the boundary will be adjusted to the direction of highest accuracy point. After moving parcel by point to point, parcel correction and its relationship is adjusted. The relationship between adjacent parcels has been investigated to find a gap or overlap between them Result and validating Point by point approach gives high quality improvement. The average gap between registered area and calculated area has improved from 0.96 to And the summation of over-tolerance area has improved from 72.8 to A problem is occurs when the point has no indication because of insufficient field records or smaller scale topographic maps. If a point in the cadastral map does not match with higher point, assuming or using another available data may be used because the aerial photo available has 20cm resolution which is big. And in the prototyping, the researcher used a larger scale topographic map. Note that there are many regions which does not have larger scale topographic map. The other problem is less concern to areas. Therefore, this method if combined with area comparison, would greatly improve the map quality. 50

63 Sheet by sheet approach Sheet by sheet approach is a fast method to make seamless map. This method doesn t consider the inside boundary of the grid line. Only the parcel which is across the grid line is to be considered. The procedure to use sheet by sheet approach is shown in the appendix Prototyping The topographic map and cadastral map is overlapped in the GIS. Gaps and overlaps were found along the grid lines. The parcel is adjusted by not only moving the boundary points of the parcels but choosing mid-point, connecting points. The topographic map indicates a direction which way the parcel has to be moved Result and validating This method only focuses on the parcels which are across the grid lines. These parcels could not be joined correctly because of the distortion of map. The geometric quality would be worse after joining because the edge matching method will generate different shape, and area of the parcel. This method would not allow the map-shift moving along the grid lines. Parcels which are inside the grid lines on the map are not part of the concern. There is a boundary problem still remains inside the sheet. The benefit of this method is to get a seamless map in a short period. By the way, the resulting quality of the map is not good enough because there are still discrepancies as it were. So, it is no use to adjust only the boundary across the grid lines. Finally, the expected work load will be low while, the resulting quality will be low also. The average gap between registered area and calculated area is worst, from 0.93 to 7.8. And the summation of over-tolerance areas is 155.6m 2 while block by block approach is 72.6 m 2. The area change rate is too big which may cause complaints Reconciliation methods Reconciliation method is an approach to conciliate cadastral information s to topographic map. The cadastral map of the Netherlands has been improved by map renovation, including map digitization focusing on improving the graphical presentation with accuracy attributes. The procedure of reconciliation method is shown in the appendix Prototyping When one acquires a data, the precision of the data is known. It is called acquisition precision. According to this acquisition precision shown in table 22, least squares adjustment is adopted on these datasets. In the prototyping, it is assumed that the precision of the datasets is according to the scale or precision of the equipment which the data had been collected. The parcel is adjusted using topographic map and not to cross the building boundaries. If the connection between (field sketch) points crosses the building, adjust the boundary using the topographic lines. Since there is a road outside the block, it was assumed that the road would be less precise than parcel boundaries Result and validating The major issue is reconciliation between topographic map and cadastral map. The average gap between registered area and calculated area has improved from 0.96 to And the summation of over-tolerance 51

64 area is 82.2m 2. This method is good for conciliating with topographic map and graphical representation and even including buildings. This method will help to integrate cadastral map and topographic map. But the problem in this case is, the area change rate is 11 parcels out of the 29 parcels are above tolerance. The important thing in Dutch case is the significance of the organization. All the GII related datasets are in one organization. So the organization can handle the large scale topographic map and cadastral map simultaneously Correlation methods Correlation method is an approach to introduce the eternal update procedure. Correlation method will take long period and needs a hierarchical system. The procedure of Correlation method is shown in the appendix Result and validating This method has a reiteration process. It will gradually update the cadastral map. It is a time consuming procedure. The expected problem is how to manage two different layers whenever they update the boundaries, even in the dissemination or geometric calculation. The merit of this approach is that it keeps the current cadastral survey work: when surveyors survey a parcel boundary they can update the parcel as they surveyed it. The latest surveyed parcel has a better accuracy and it would be preserved in a different layer. The expected costs will be the lowest because there is no additional project. This method is not adoptable for South Korea situation because there is no way to mediate the conflict of lands while this approach is progressing. The reason why Hong Kong could use this approach is that they have a deed registration system. The cadastral survey result is the only reference for the deed registration system, while Cadastral map boundary has a legal meaning in South Korea Resurvey method Cadastral resurvey method is an approach to renew all the cadastral information. Several countries like Japan and Taiwan are doing cadastral resurvey for decades. Still it is on-going because it is a very time consuming process and needs a lot of finances to finish. The procedure to use for resurvey approach is shown in the appendix Prototyping From the GPS control station, calculate the GPS coordinates in each control point. Using these points, every parcel has been resurveyed using high accuracy equipments. The coordinates calculated by those equipments are fixed coordinates of cadastral boundary. The difference between registered area and resurveyed area will be bigger than other approaches. In this prototyping, the researcher used only field records with control points. The field records map is moved according to the control points to match the control point in the control point s layer and the control points in the field records map. To make a parcel boundary polygon, connecting point to point has been done. The result of this approach is shown below. 52

65 Result and validating Resurvey methods depends on accurate field survey. This approach can produce a high quality cadastral map. The difference between reality and map will be minimized. This method needs field records for all the parcels. At least it will take more than 10 years and lots of finances as shown in the Taiwan case. And expected complaints are highest because the scope of this operation is the whole lands of South Korea and the parcels will be changed in the context of shape, area and location, etc. The average gap between registered area and calculated area has been worse from 0.96 to 7.5. And the summation of over-tolerance areas is biggest at 202.6m 2 in this prototyping. This method will change everything like geometry, attributes, missing parcels, and parcels which have to be eliminated and so on. And: the compensation will be a major issue. If one parcel has been eliminated and the owner doesn t want to eliminate that parcels then this is a problem as well because the resurvey method has to use the field records in reality not in register. So this method would cause a lot of problems Comparison of each methods The detailed table for comparison of each method is attached in the appendix 8. In this respect, it is suggested that combined usage of block by block approach and reconciliation method is most likely to fit for the South Korea situation. Two steps are recommended. One is overall adjustment and another is introducing WFMS for individual parcels updates Total area change In this prototyping, the total area of the 29 parcels is calculated. The registered area is m 2. After adjustment, the total area has increased to m 2. The increase of the area did not occur for this specific method but for all the other methods tested in this research. The possible reasons are: The thickness of pencil and the use of planimeter to calculate the area inside the boundary People do not want to pay much tax so they put the smallest area possible at the time of Japanese ruling. Datum transformation, Bessel use parameters as a=6,377, m and 1/f= while GRS1980 use parameters as a=6,378,137m and 1/f= The GRS1980 ellipsoid is bigger than Bessel. And so on. Whichever method is used, the area will be increased. This means if government rectify the records and adopt the new measurement, this will bring the government a fortune for taxes Data quality evaluation and assessment ISO19114 indicates some useful evaluation and assessment methods. In this research the geometric quality, that is, positional accuracy in the quantitative quality elements is assessed. Table 14 shows the data quality positional accuracy measures. Table 15 shows the relative quantitative quality information. The quality of positional accuracy had been calculated by comparing distance between topographic boundary and cadastral boundary. The reconciliation method is thought of as the best method to be interoperable with topographic map. However, if the parcel boundary has a big gap compared to the topographic boundary and is above the value of ideal precision, the parcel boundary could not adjust with reconciliation methods. Block by block approach is also a good method to keep their positional accuracy. 53

66 Table 14 Data quality positional accuracy measures Data quality component point by point block by block sheet by sheet resurvey Recon ciliatio n cadastral editor Correlation DQ_Scope All nodes forming the cadastral boundary is within the tolerance with larger scale topographic map DQ_Element Positional accuracy DQ_Subelement relative or internal accuracy DQ_Measure DQ_MeasureDesc average difference for each boundary point DQ_MeasureID DQ_EvalMethod DQ_EvalMethod Type DQ_EvalMethod Desc DQ_QualityResult DQ_ValueType External for each node in the parcel measure the error distance between the topographic node and cadastral node, and calculate RMSE Number DQ_Value DQ_ValueUnit Meter DQ_Date 1/17/2008 DQ_ConformanceLevel Not specified Dataset parameters Omitted Quality result meaning RMSE of distance of the nodes is m. since conformance quality level is not specified; only the RMSE is reported. Table 15 Summary of relative quantitative quality information data quality element Completeness Logical consistency Positional accuracy data quality sub element point by point block by block sheet by sheet resurvey Reconcilia tion cadastral editor commission Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes omission Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes conceptual consistency domain consistency format consistency topological consistency absolute or external accuracy relative or internal accuracy gridded data position accuracy Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes yes no yes yes yes yes No yes no no yes no no No no no no no no no Correlatio n 54

67 temporal accuracy thematic accuracy accuracy of a time measurement temporal consistency temporal validity classification correctness nonquantitative attribute correctness quantitative attribute accuracy Yes yes yes yes Yes yes yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes Yes In Korea, the data capture, processing, update, and auditing method are computerised. The cadastral data updating is done on a daily basis. Municipalities audit the cadastral updates, except the boundary surveys. This means the quantitative quality like completeness, logical consistency, temporal accuracy, and thematic accuracy are assured. The yellow shaded cells in the table above indicate those facts. The non-shaded cells indicate the positional accuracy. All the presented methods use the field sketch, which can be thought of having an almost absolute accuracy, except for the sheet by sheet approach. In the relative accuracy, when the cadastral map uses topographic map, the researcher put yes on that Analysis and conclusion As described in chapter 2, the current tolerance (accuracy) is based on the area and scale of the map which shows a curve while the tolerance suggested shows a linear line. In this approach, the new tolerance values like q parameter as 0.5, q parameter as 0.7 is adopted. The current tolerance is very similar with q parameter as 0.7. This is one way assure the quality of the map. The block by block approach is the recommended method for the South Korea situation. When the block was selected, the outside of the block is considered also. There must be a road, river and ditches which is a property of the government. In this condition, if the block is moved to a new location, there is no difference inside and outside of the block. In this case, Helmert transformation set with a scale factor as 1 is recommended. If the outside of the block meets another block, there would be a small gap and overlaps which can be adjusted by larger scale topographic map. Then the individual parcel area can be considered in the larger topographic map, and aerial photos to the direction of reducing difference between registered area and calculated area. The main point why one should use this method is the land consolidation areas. South Korea has a lot of farmland reform, and land readjustment is ongoing. These regions (after finalisation) do not have problems with survey because the whole regions have been resurveyed already. The only concern in this case is the regional boundary adjustment because the outside of the regions still have inharmonious boundaries. But this reform result should be used as it is. Fortunately, most of the outside the reform areas are ditches, rivers and roads. In the view of the expected work load and expected working period, cadastral resurvey is the most time consuming and huge work load. Cadastral resurvey has to survey the whole Korean peninsula. It 55

68 will probably take more then 10 years with most expertise employed as shown in the Taiwan case. And it may cause lots of inconvenience. It took 5 years to digitize the whole cadastral map with approximately 760 hundred sheets. It is expected that the period using the other approaches are at least 2 times faster than the cadastral map digitization. Digitization work needed lots of processes like manual digitizing, scanning, connecting polygons, giving attributes and so on. It is related with finance too. Less time takes less finance. Cadastral editor has to be used in map updating procedures combined with newly developed program which includes least squares adjustment. Such an approach will cause less complains. Persons would consider not only the geometric correction but also the area comparison (Chapter 2.4). Reporting is an important work to protect illegal activities and find out the quality of the results. The most important thing is the area itself. After the cadastral map renovation, it may be expected that there is no more gap or overlap in the cadastral map. There are topologies, harmonize with topographic map and aerial photos and control points. The geometric quality will improve also 6.3. Impact analysis Introduction Impact Analysis is a technique that helps users thinks through the full impacts of a proposed change. As such, it is an essential part of the evaluation process for major decisions. More than this, it gives the ability to spot problems before they arise, so that companies can develop contingency plans to handle issues smoothly. This can make the difference between well-controlled and seeminglyeffortless project management, and an implementation that is seen by your boss, team, clients and peers as a shambles. The cadastral map renovation is one of the approaches identified to improve map quality. Most of surveyors and government employees want cadastral resurvey in whole peninsula. Anent to this, an analyses of the impact of map renovation is made. Korea developed rapidly starting 1960s, fuelled by high savings and investment rates, and a strong emphasis on education. The nation became the 29th member country of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Technical impact Improvement of the geometric quality of Cadastral map Topology and seamless map The current cadastral map has management method using spaghetti format. This means it allows overlaps between parcels and one parcel may have many partitions. This renovation create new seamless map with topology Improve the geometric quality Least squares adjustment allows the better calculation of parcel fabrics. Metadata has an important role in quality aspects. The resolution of spatial element is kept in the metadata. For instance, converted map originating from analogue map is less accurate than captured map using high accurate devices in the field. We can put different weight on each spatial element. For instance the corner of

69 the building should have a higher weight than the middle of the river. This allows best suitable combination among not only parcel fabrics but also distributed field sketches Improvement of the survey quality of Cadastral map Recently, most of the survey companies in South Korea use digital technology in the survey fields. As we have seen in the user s requirement, the only problem is the data itself. If this map renovation will be realized, the survey activity will dramatically change because of the digital environment. Surveyors use still their intuition in making survey decisions. There is little way to judge the decision automatically. If the updating procedure using least squares adjustment is justified by the government, the quality of the cadastral map will increased gradually Quality assurance Using standards and security OpenGIS committee sets lots of standards to disseminate GIS data to other related organizations. The standards comprise the XML, GML and so on. There is a security need also especially if people learn how to access and get data from GML site. Thus, using standards with a well-defined security option can improve the communication ability. It is recommendable to use standards in all procedures like data acquisition, management and distribution of spatial information Historical database The cadastral database should be up-to-date and surveyors have access to historical records of the cadastre. Surveyors are always looking for available evidence. Of course in the current law, the survey should be executed based on the evidence of the former survey result. The development of GIS can allow the users to keep the historical data and manage it Quality assurance The current cadastral map had been made in about 1910s. Therefore the quality of the map accuracy is not acceptable nowadays. It is suggested that all the procedure is reviewed to be assured of the quality. To do this, the whole activities starting with the data acquisition to data dissemination have to involve quality assurance. Using very high accuracy equipment such as total station and GPS is one of the quality assurances. The surveying methods also have to be changed in a systematic way and not graphical way, which is depend on surveyor s intuition. The results from the field are stored and systematic updated. And these data should pass or follow a certain standard. All procedures have to be supported by quality assurance. To do this, cadastral map renovation is a recommended to ensure quality assurance. Quality is the key to a successful business, whether it is a profession, a service industry or in manufacturing. The quality of goods and services is now recognized as a prerequisite to commercial success. It is a management approach that aims to achieve continuous improvement in all process, goods and services through the creative involvement of all people (Raubenheimer, 1998). The present system of licensing should be replaced by quality assurance so that companies as well as individuals can undertake all forms of cadastral work, including boundary surveys and spatial data management. Quality assurance should be backed by professional indemnity insurance (UN HABITAT, 1990). 57

70 Sustainable quality management This map renovation process is not executed only in map renovation stage. This process introduces the new technology including least squares adjustment. This process will lead to continuous accuracy improvement by permanent map revision process. In this process we always consider the consistency with topographic map and field survey sketch Legal and social Impacts This section investigates the legal and social impacts of cadastral map renovation. In this regard, the special law and social impact will be proposed National SDI with Partnership Implementation of the proposed system requires involvement of all partners. Organization can reduce their budgets if all GIS related organizations join this National SDI project. For the organizations to cooperate, there is a need for collaboration. This should be back by a legal framework because the implementation of this proposed system needs strong legal support. These kinds of legal framework will affect good governance of the government. Finally this legal framework is the basis for putting all products and services on the global level in Korea. And the changes of the national coordinate system play an important role in interoperability within organizations Land disputes One of reasons why users are not satisfied with the cadastral activity is the cadastral data itself. The cadastral data are not in accordance with the category, boundaries, size, and ownership of parcels in reality. Errors in control points propagate through the cadastral spatial data. Furthermore when subdividing land parcels, the errors propagate through the parcels. These kinds of errors often cause land disputes. The problem is that the current cadastral system is not equipped to solve land disputes. Cadastral map renovation will help in reducing land dispute. Most of the cadastral map renovation works are expected to be done in the office. In case a field survey is needed, both neighbours will be there in cadastral survey. For illustration, usually a lot of disputes come from the boundary problems. If government can forward the boundary problem to the area problem and redefine the area tolerance according to the renovation result, it will reduce a great number of disputes. People could agree on their legal area even if there is a bit of problem on the boundary Legislation A special law is needed for cadastral map renovation. The current cadastral law does not allow rectification of cadastral boundaries intuitionally. For instance, the parcel which is originally one closed parcel and is represented as a divided parcel due to the map grid, amending the record to one closed polygon is forbidden. To rectify this special law is required to make map more reliable and realistic. This is a government role Social Impact People in South Korea cling to their parcel areas. They might not put up with the change or loss of their land. Changes may cause a lot of disputes even though providers do not give accurate 58

71 information. A committee is needed to mediate those conflicts. Cadastral surveying requires both neighbours to be there in the field! Financial Impact Financial Impact Most of Korean surveyors prefer cadastral resurvey for the whole territory of the country. Governmental efforts for cadastral resurvey failed twice already. The possible reason is not obtaining consents from the citizens. In any case, a cadastral resurvey project will take far more than 10 years (the Japanese case proved this already). The problem with this is it will cost a lot of socio-economic values. And to harmonise the U-Korea and e-government plans which will end-up on the next 5 years, it is highly unexpected that the project will be completed on time. So, the cadastral map renovation is really the best method to integrate all base maps and use it in NSDI. It is obvious that the cadastral map renovation cost will be less than cadastral resurvey. It is recommended that centralised approach of map renovation is taken to minimize the expenditure of local government with the reducing fiscal resources Cost recovery Van der Molen (2003) stated that the cost recovery is the maintenance of the equity as specified in the balance sheet within a certain range, irrespective of any developments of relevance to the equity in the market. When trying to see around the corner and look into the future, it is quite obvious that national mapping organization, the national cadastre and other GIS sectors in GDI environments will share much from the developments in the forthcoming years, and definitely more than in the past. Original cadastral finance comes from the cadastral survey activity and issuing land titles. There is no incoming fiscal support from the government. The current law includes some indication to compensate the parcel areas such as guideline for rearranging cadastral discrepancy area (MOGAHA regulation 177), cadastral law 23 (scale change), 24 (registered information change), enforcement ordinance of cadastral law 24, 26 (scale change settling accounts), etc. To compensate the cadastral map renovation costs, there will be several make up methods. (ByungMuk Kim, 2005) 1. Local Tax for the public or put tax on trade of real estate 2. Increasing the fee of issuing cadastral documents. It is estimated that the current cadastral map issuing fee is about 50 cents. If the fee is increased to about 1 Euro, approximately 27 million copies will yield 13.5 million Euros. The fees of attested copy of register information will increase also. 3. Lottery for land The estimated gain from issuing cadastral lottery is about 24 million Euros. 4. Issuing national bonds 5. New charges on the cadastral data transactions. The map renovation project can generate new cadastral infrastructure in South Korea. So, providing services to the society will decrease the overall finance requirements like other infrastructure. 59

72 Pricing policy The current cadastral pricing policy is outdated. The cadastral survey price is classified by the area not by the value of the land. This is the fact that should be changed. Because surveying high value land contains high value risks and liabilities. And according to the investigation of this research for South Korea, more than half of the professional customers are willing to pay for cadastral map renovation. (Appendix 10-professional customers) So it is reasonable to put some extra costs to the price of cadastral survey. This also reduces dispute between land owners. But an area related average price approach is most transparent Economic Impact Importance of base map We can see that cadastral map is a base map. The cadastral map in South Korea is one of the most important base maps. It looks as if the role of the cadastral map did not much influence the economy until now where the cadastral map is thought to have only a duty of protecting personal estate. It is hoped that e-government and U-Korea will improve the Korean infrastructure. It is also suggested that all the base maps have to be integrated. And the method to integrate base maps is not yet clearly defined as highlighted in this research. This means that if all the maps in South Korea are interoperability with each other, the cadastral map will play an important position in base maps Improved reliability and user satisfaction The cadastral map has a vital role in the land market. People want more reliable land information. Cadastral map renovation will change the area of the parcel into more accurate data. This will lead to more accurate valuation to satisfy the users. The products of cadastral map renovation will have enough quality to provide additional information to the public. These qualities do not only mean geometric quality but also parcel attributes. Most of utility companies will not need to amend raw cadastral information as they do presently. This also provides cadastral information to land related companies including real estate, utility companies, others possible. Consequently the cadastral map renovation will contribute to the development of economy in South Korea Introducing standards and NGDI Groot R. & McLaughlin J. (2000) state that the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI) seeks to support the sharing of data in the national context by means of a set of standards, such as: national spatial reference systems, a national topographic template, a national elevation model, any other standardized data set of national scope such as geographical names, administrative boundaries, certain thematic data sets (soils, hydrology, vegetation population, etc.), and meta data standards to describe in a consistent manner each of the GDI holdings. The output of the map renovation process is expected to be of good quality cadastral maps and most important: cadastral spatial database(s). NGDI will be used for map dissemination and interdependency using standards like GML is a must. The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding for the transport and storage of geographic information, including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features 60

73 (Simon Cox, 2002). GML uses the W3C XML Schema Definition Language to define and constrain the contents of its XML documents. The national geographic information clearinghouse was established in At present 22 different digital maps are accessible such as: digital topographic map (1/1000, 1/5000), land use map, soil map and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) etc. digital maps, which are currently accessible at national geographic information clearinghouse web site ( The combined usage of topographic map and cadastral map will affect various aspects. This combination takes an important role as a base map in South Korea Land administration Relevant material for land administration is cadastral spatial data. One cannot manage the cadastral system exactly without good cadastral data. The map renovation approach is expected to support in better land administration. The continuous efficient procedure of map updating supports to good governance. The SDI integration of work process allows for combining the benefits of centralized IT services and decentralized information management. The strategy which is introduced in the previous chapter makes a better land administration GIS market and various products and services Cadastral data is useful key information in various industries. Overall industries want cadastral information to use for their working area such as navigation, map publication, school, and so on. This demand is increasing in accordance with the growth of GIS industry. As illustrated in to-be situation, the needs of relation among GIS related organization is increasing and to make it efficient government should provide essential data to the public. These data are essential datasets to produce various products using cadastral data as a base map. As a consequence cadastral map renovation leads to GIS market growth Conclusion remarks For the prototyping, 7 kinds of approaches are evaluated and examined by the quality report (Appendix 8 and Chapter , ). The overall area is increased for all the methods tested in this research. Cadastral resurvey is the most time consuming and needs lots of fiscal budgets. In case of consolidation areas like farmland reform and land readjustment, these reform results may be used as it is. And the larger scale cadastral map such as 1:500, 1:600, 1:1000, too. In all these respects, the appropriate method for South Korea is recommended to use block by block approach. The merit of this approach is that the original shape and area of cadastral boundary is preserved. The larger scale topographic map helps cadastral map to indicate which way the boundary lines have to be rectified. For further adjustment, a reconciliation method is recommended. Impact analysis of cadastral map renovation is elaborated including legal, technical, and financial perspectives. In the technical impacts, the map renovation improves not only the geometric quality of the cadastral map but also the survey quality itself. Least squares adjustment is introduced for the sustainable quality improvement which can be thought of as part of the quality assurance. For the legal and social impact, national SDI, land disputes, legislation are proposed. For the financial impact, some of the cost recovery and pricing policy are proposed. The map renovation will affect national 61

74 economy. Most of the users will be satisfied with this result and land administration will be expanded to include GIS market with various products and services. The main findings revealed that cadastral map renovation could be thought as one of infrastructure which can draw industry development. 62

75 7. Conclusions and recommendations 7.1. Introduction The main objective of this research is to develop an approach (methodology) to improve the geometric quality of the Korean cadastral map. In order to achieve the research objectives, a review of quality aspects and challenges for this research has been set up in chapter 2 and 3. A SWOT analysis based on the user requirements, conceptual framework, map renovation process, policy and laws is presented in chapter 4 and 5. A comparison of various prototyping of technical approaches has been done to find out which approach is most adoptable and suitable in the South Korean situation. And an impact analysis has been conducted in terms of economical, technical, legal and social aspects. This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations from those aspects Conclusions Research question 1. What are the quality aspects of cadastral map and why is there a need for geometric quality improvement? Cadastral maps in South Korea were made in early 20th century during the Japanese ruling. Comparing the method used during that time with the latest survey technology, the plane table is an (for today s requirements) inaccurate survey technique having scales like 1:1200, 1:6000 which allows big tolerance (accuracy). Furthermore, the parcel which is divided by the map sheet is not represented as a closed polygon (no full topology). Matching is difficult because of the distortion of the map. Research question 2. What is the current work process in cadastral information production? Chapter shows current work processes in cadastral information production and register process. Many parts of the cadastral works are computerized. The answer for the institutional structure in chapter shows that most of customers want to integrate those systems, the cadastral domains and register domain. And: including topographic maps. Research question 3. What is the recommended process of this cadastral renovation and how to convert from map sheet to seamless map? Chapter presents the recommended processes for the cadastral renovation and maintenance. This map renovation comprises activities like converting map sheets to a seamless map. Research question 4. How to manage between legal area and calculated area of the improved map for a parcel and how to access the accuracy of a renovated map. 63

76 The cadastral map renovation will cause a significant difference on the legal area and the calculated area. To manage this problem, 7 different prototyping were conducted to find out best solution. A detailed analysis is included in appendix 8. The combined usage of the block by block approach and the reconciliation method can minimize the area difference between the registered area and the calculated area and a new tolerance value is directly related to the type of parcel in that approach. People could use the tolerance value to better understand the accuracy of a renovated map. (Chapter 2.4 and Chapter ) Research question 5. How to maintain historical data? The current cadastral map management uses 3 different DBs. These datasets manage the historical data every time a transaction occurs. The map renovation process does not change the historical datasets itself. To update map renovation results, only one transaction is needed which may be managed by any of those DBs this fulfils the existing legal framework. Research question 6. What is the impact of this methodology from technical, legal and financial perspective? An impact analysis of the cadastral map renovation has been conducted in terms of economical, technical, legal and social aspects, and financial aspects. o Economic impact: the cadastral map is among the important maps that comprises the base maps. The result of the map renovation is a more reliable standard map to satisfy the users. This does not only include improvement on the cadastral map but the national spatial reference systems, the national topographic templates and many others. Furthermore, cadastral map renovation will lead to good land administration and good governance. And this affect the GIS markets as well, various products and services can be created as a result. o Financial impact; it is obvious that the cadastral map renovation will cost less money than a cadastral resurvey. Cadastral map renovation is expected to decrease the transaction costs and reduce lots of activities by supporting various products and services. This will make a great contribution towards the GI market and e-government. o Technical impact; the current cadastral map needs a topological structure and a seamless map. Cadastral map renovation creates a new cadastral seamless map with topology and geometric quality improvement and included in a new coordinates system. From all those things together with standards, incredible technical improvement would be reaped by the Korean society such as least square adjustment, spatial mapping techniques, and datum transformation and so on. Furthermore, this may be used for overseas markets. o Legal and social impact; the map renovation can support in the reduction of the number of land disputes in Korea. One conclusion that may be gleaned from the legal aspect is that South Korea needs a special law which approves the conduct of the map renovation project. The base maps draw together a partnership within the GI organizations. This map renovation could serve to manage all these aspects. Research question 7. How can the proposed system be developed and verified? 64

77 This research compared 7 map renovation approaches and suggests a combined usage of block by block approach and reconciliation methods for the Korean society. Those approaches are evaluated and examined by the quality report. (Appendix 8 and Chapter , ) To execute the map renovation, the most important issue is to get an approval from the government. To do this, it is recommended to make detailed strategies like institutional arrangement, presentation of the effect and impact of map renovation, and an approach on how to cover the financial problems. A first exploratory survey shows that most of the Koreans want cadastral resurvey. As explained in the introduction of chapter 1, the cadastral resurvey second plan, in year 2000, will cost about 3400 million Euros for the 10 years duration. Comparing the cadastral map digitization project which took 76 million Euros during 5 years, the map renovation project will take less than the digitization projects. Digitization work needed lots of processes like manual digitizing, scanning, connecting polygons, giving attributes and so on. It is related with finance too. Less time takes less finance. The digitization project has so many steps like scanning, digitizing, geometric formation, giving attribute, auditing and so on. As explained in chapter , the overall area increased due to several reasons. It is not always good if the whole area gets bigger. There is no one that intends to pay for that. So the compensation method affects the society as less as possible. In addition to chapter 6.3.4, for instance Google provides a map to link with other organization or websites like hotel finder, etc to find a nearest hotel and other purposes. It is obvious that a renovated cadastral map could support in providing more up-to-date maps and can cover some of the financial needs. The usability of digital cadastral map and digital field sketch gives the possibility for combinations with large scale topographic maps and aerial photo s easily. And the combination of those maps could be used as a base map for the South Korean government and NSDI (GII). The major concern of this approach is to improve the geometry. Attributes of parcels are compared already with the registered property at the time of developing PBLIS datasets, so there is consistency already from that perspective. Table 4 shows the number of cadastral maps separated by scales. Approximately 25% of cadastral map which is under scale 1:1000 does not need to be included in the renovation process. These maps are the result of land reform and land consolidation. Only the relation between control points and map needs to be revised. And about 3% of cadastral maps with discrepancy area have to undergo resurvey. (Chapter 3.2.1) A level of fitness has to be set up before starting a map renovation project. If the 1:6000 scale map fit the 1:1200 scale map, then the accuracy of the 1:6000 map will be improved. Comparing different scales of maps gives the lower scale map a quality improvement. 65

78 The tolerance tested in this research is 0.7 of q which is almost same as the current tolerance. If the area gets bigger then current tolerance tends to reduce the factor to make the tolerance smaller while the tolerance suggested in this research shows linear tendency. There is no need to reduce tolerance. The tolerance has linear tendency based on the area because the map renovation project is an overall map adjustment, and it is needed to know the balance between quality and actual implementation. Customers want more useful datasets, fit for use. For this purpose, institutional arrangement is an important issue for the introduction of effective workflows and combined usage of datasets. Later, SDI could provide essential tools and good co-operation within GI related organizations. In the SDI (GII) perspective, the e-government in South Korea is the most important project. Major concerns for this project include improved efficiency, convenience, and better accessibility for public services. In this research, most of the customers want to integrate GI related organization or their functions. For that reason, e-government comprises the GI related functions like cadastral renovated map, topographic map and registers. And the Korean government is preparing the new address system in The combined infrastructure of new address system and renovation map will cause a synergy. In technical terms, the security and the capacity of computer hardware are also important issues. For the security, electronic signature has an important role to protect the illegal usage. Korea has many certification authorities like KICA (Korea Information Certificate Authority INC), yessign digital certification center, SignKorea and registration authorities. To protect the illegal usage of documents, the document itself has its own copy protections. For computer capacity requirement, roughly when persons use the system simultaneously, it needs at least 100Mbps dedicated line and 200GB traffics Recommendations The recommendations for the implementation of the cadastral map renovation are the following: It is proposed that the Korean government pay attention to various methods to improve the cadastral map quality. The resurvey is one of the methods. If the other methods improve the quality of the map instead of the cadastral resurvey, it is proposed to explore those methods as long as the quality of the map is maintained continuously. <<<put this as first recommendation The map renovation gives homogeneous quality, national reference frame, relation to base-map, consistency with administration information. After map renovation, a qualified map has to be convincing to use it as a national base map. It is recommended to stop using plane tables in the field. 66

79 The preferred method is the combined usage of the block by block approach and the reconciliation method. This method can minimize the area difference between the registered area and the calculated area so that there will be fewer complaints than with the other methods. It is proposed that the map renovation approach is done in 3 phases. These are using current map as intact (about 25%), renovation approaches (about 72%), and resurvey approach (about 3%). This figure is just an estimate and needs further detail plans by municipality. That is, which area needs cadastral resurvey, which area does not need any improvement at all. It is recommended to implement a pilot project in order to find finer details which contain many different cases with the above prerequisite, and the purposed technical framework. Identifying the pilot area has to be circumspect to be more real. It needs a holistic approach for this project. Cadastral map renovation is within complex environment involving policy, legislation, institutional arrangements, the land market and economic development and social customs and norms. Hence, for the successful implementation of cadastral map renovation all the GI organizations concentrate on this. And it needs to cooperate with each other for the national SDI. System capacity, performance and security have to be carefully designed to avoid the user s inconvenience. The organizational and social impact is analysed before the cadastral map renovation project can commence. It is recommended that social impacts use the tolerance equation between registered area and calculated area properly. If the tolerance is less than the current tolerance then the quality of the map have improved while the parcel which is out of the tolerance, the area is increased as well. This map renovation gives Korean government a lot of technical experience which could be used to meet diverse quality improvement requirement from other countries. Korea has already lots of experiences with map digitization, GPS, surveying techniques, internet distributions, software development etc. Korea can go abroad for business based on those experiences. The map renovation project may causes lots of complains from the society. A proper complaint mitigation mechanism is also recommended to deal with complains. Hence, a committee with technical know how judges may be appointed for this purpose. A public campaign is a commendable move to minimise the opposition. Public campaign announces the benefits of this new system, so that it will minimize the inherent resistance to adoption. A seminar for the professional customers is a recommendable activity to adopt the map renovation project which needs consent from both the politicians and the public. A seminar may be organized to discuss the various aspects of the map renovation project. All the major stakeholders from the central government, state government, political representatives, NGOs, and others will be invited to participate. This does not only orient the stakeholders but promote coordination among 67

80 them. The success of this map renovation project depends on creating awareness amongst the citizen and involvement of the various stakeholders. In case of KCSC, the company almost use the latest technology with H/W applications. These components should match adequately with S/W application. On the other hand, the rate of usage of GIS in KCSC is too low and there is few skilled staff. Thus, the maintenance will be a problem in the future. This is the big deficiency in competence with other country or other organization. Another very important point is introduction and implementation of international standards. It is recommended that KCSC refers to the available standards (ISO, OpenGIS, etc). This is an important step towards the improvement and development of the organization. Choosing technology should involve manageable and sustainable DB driven and Web enabled technology utilized with all available standards. Dutch experience shows that human resource is important because map renovation needs good operators to make many decisions. Therefore experience of several years in cadastral survey work is recommended for joining in the operations of the project. As it was revealed in Dutch case and user requirement, utility companies want to use cadastral map in their work. They might pay for the cadastral map renovation without hesitation. Professional customers want fitness for use dataset. For this, relation between public and private organizations is an essential issue. So it is recommended that all GI related public and private organization make a consortium to improve efficiency between them. This research is very uncommon. Much of the researches done are on cadastral discrepancy area. For the project to succeed, it needs more relevant researches in terms of legal, technical, and social-economic aspects because most of the customers want cadastral resurvey. 68

81 References 1. ByungMuk Kim, 2005, Finance arrangement methods for Cadastral resurvey plan in South Korea. 2. Cheng Nga-fong, Tang Hong-wai Conrad, (2002), An Analysis and Implementation of Cadastral Survey System in Hong Kong 3. Chul-Soo Yang, 2005, Updating and Re-establishment of cadastral Control Points in Korea by Using GPS Observations 4. Chun-Sung Chen & Ta-Kang Yeh, (2007), Performance improvement of network-based RTK- GPS positioning in North Taiwan 5. Todorovski, Dimo, (2006), FIG2006, Developments of the State Authority for Geodetic Works from IT perspective. 6. Erh-Sang Lu, Tian-Yuan Shih, (2002), Parcel boundary identification with computer assisted boundary overlay process for Taiwan. Computers, Environment and Urban systems September Eriksson Hans-Erik, Penker Magnus, Lyons Brian, Fado David, Wiley Publishing, INC., UML 2 Toolkit 8. Ernst Biesalski, (2003), Knowledge management and e-human Resource Management, Forschungszentrum Informatik (FZI) & DaimlerChrysler AG, Plant Worth D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ernst.biesalski@daimlerchrysler.com 9. Groenendijk, L., (2003), Planning and Management Tools; A reference book. The International Institute for Geo-Information Sciences and Earth Observations (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands. 10. INSAR, (1998). Strategic Planning. Annex 1: Glossary and Support Reference Materials. ISNAR. 11. ISO/DIS ISO/FDIS 19113: Jong Cheul Park, (2004), Designing System Architecture for Cadastral Information Dissemination using Internet 14. Juran, J.M., F.M.J. Gryna, and R.S. Bingham Quality Control Handbook McGraw-Hill, New York, KCSC, (2007), Creation of Blue Ocean in advance of global market, 16. KCSC, (2007.9), Final report of developing Survey Information Processing System. 17. Kumar Nirmalendu, ITC IFA (2006) Renovating Cadastral Map An Indian Perspective. 18. Lemmen, C.H.J., van Oosterom, P.J.M. (Eds.). (2006). Special issue on Cadastral systems of computers, Environment and Urban Systems. An International Journal, Lemmen., C., Core cadastral domain model, the Workshop Cadastral Data modelling(wcdm), ITC, Enschede, the Netherlands. 20. Meyer, Nancy von and Scruggs, Robert, Surveying and Land Information Systems, Vol. 51, No. 1, 1991, pp , Cadastral Survey Data Modeling for the Bureau of Land Management Land Information System 21. Meyer, Nancy von and Scruggs, Robert, Surveying and Land Information Systems, Vol. 51, No. 1, 1991, pp , Cadastral Survey Data Modeling for the Bureau of Land Management Land Information System 69

82 Oosterom, P. Van (1997). Maintaining consistent topology including historical data in a large spatial database. Proceeding Auto-Carto 13, Seattle WA., April Open Geospatial Consortium Inc, ( ), OGC , OGC reference model 24. Osch, G.M. van (1991). Cadastral LIS in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the OEEPEworkshop on data quality in land information systems. OEEPE official publication No.28, pp.71-90, IFAG, Frankfurt. 25. Rey-Jer You and Hwa-Wei Hwang, (2006), Coordinate transformation between Two Geodetic Datum s of Taiwan by Least Squares Collocation 26. Salzmann, Martin, (1997), JEC-GI 97, Quality Issues in Cadastral Map Renovation 27. Salzmann, M. A. (1996) On the modeling of geometric quality for large-scale mapping products. Surveying and Land information Systems, September. 28. Salzmann, M. A., Hoekstra, Auke and Schut, Ted (1997) Quality issues in cadastral map renovation. Cadastre and Public Registers Agency of the Netherlands. 29. Salzmann, M. A., Hoekstra, Auke and Schut, Ted (1998) Cadastral Map Renovation : A Dutch Perspective. Cadastre and Public Registers Agency of the Netherlands. 30. SangDeuk Han and HeungMuk Cho, (2001), Development of National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Korea 31. Sun Tae Kim, KALI Vol. 34, pp , (2005.9), Review and perspective of KLIS 32. Tang, Conrad, (2002), Cadastral Survey System Enhancement in HKSAR 33. Thomas A., (2007), Geo-information management (Module 6) 34. U-Korea fundamental plan, 2006, Ministry of information and communication republic of Korea 35. Y.H.Kim., (2007) Designing a delivery system for integrated cadastral information for mobile services 36. Young Ho Lee, (2005), Design of the Survey Record Management System(SRMS) to support LIS in South Korea 37. Young Ho Lee, (2006), FIG2006, The role of Cadastral Information for the Good Land Administration in South Korea

83 Web References 1. Coordinates system in Taiwan ( &idtype=cvips&gifs=yes) 2. DooSan Encyclopedia ( 3. ESRI ( 4. Free management library ( 5. ISO/TC 211 Geographic Information/ Geomatics ( 6. Land Survey Bureau in Taiwan ( 7. National Geographic Information Clearinghouse ( 8. National Geographic Information Institute ( 9. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc ( 10. Polytechnic University in Hong Kong (( 11. Re-survey scheme in Taiwan ( 12. What Constitutes a Good Practice? ( 71

84 Appendix 1. Least Suqeares Adjustment Formuale Type Formulae Explanation Mathematical model y = Ax +e + a y = (m) vector of observations; e = (m) vector of corrections; A = (m n) design matrix; x = (n) vector of unknowns; a = (m) vector of constants. Q y = (m x m) variance-covariance matrix; Stochastic model Q y = σ Q = P σ σ = a-priori variance-of-unit-weight; Q = (m x m) weight coefficient matrix; P = (m x m) weight matrix. e t Pe = minimum Least squares criterion The solution is: t x = ( A PA) s 2 t e Pe = m n 1 t A P( y a) ( A t PA) = N = (n n) normal matrix; 2 s = a-posteriori variance-of-unit-weight. The variance-covariance m atrix of the unknowns value s Q x = σ N 2 1 The least squares approach requires a set of l inear equations The solution for the vector of unknown x It is available after a series of iterative updat x = x 0 + d x es d x 0 of the approximate values x After each iteration, the new solution is compared with the previous one. If the difference between the two solut ions is negligible, the iteration process converges and is ended with the final values defined by the results of the last iteration. 72

85 Appendix 2. Metadata specifications Table 16 Summary of elements in Identification information category (Kumar, 2006) Category Identification information Sub Element Description category Citation Custodian / The organization responsible for the datasets originator Title The name of datasets Jurisdiction The state or country of the custodian Description Abstract Short description of dataset including intention of development Supplemental Descriptive information of dataset including information availability and type of format Search work(s) Key Words for non expert to look for the datasets Bounding Numerical value of map boundary coordinates Dataset credits Recognition of those who contributed to the dataset Native dataset environment Descriptions for producer s environment, including name of OS, S/W, data size etc Data Beginning date Earliest date of data in the dataset currency Ending date Last date of information in the dataset Dataset Progress The status of the process of the creation of dataset status Maintenance The frequency with which changes and additions are and update made to the dataset after the initial dataset is frequency completed Access Access constraint Restriction and prerequisites for accessing the dataset. Use constraint Restriction and prerequisites for using the dataset after access is granted. Table 17 Summary of elements in Data quality category Category Element Description Data quality information Attribute accuracy Logical consistency Completeness Positional accuracy Lineage A brief assessment of the reliability of values assigned to features in the dataset in relation to their real world values. A brief assessment of the logical relationship between items in the dataset. A brief assessment of the completeness of coverage. Classification and verification. A brief assessment of the closeness of the location of spatial objects in the dataset in relation to their true position on the earth. A brief history of the source and processing steps used to produce the dataset. Table 18 Summary of elements in spatial reference information category Category Sub category Element Description Spatial reference information (Horizontal coordinates Geographic Latitude resolution Longitude resolution Geographic The minimum difference between two adjacent latitude values expressed in geographic coordinate units of measure The minimum difference between two adjacent longitude values expressed in geographic coordinate units of measure Degree, minute, second 73

86 system definition) Planer Geodetic Model coordinate unit and Grid coordinate system Geographic coordinate unit and Grid coordinate system Zone number Horizontal datum Ellipsoid name Semi-major axis Flattening ratio UTM: a grid system based on Transverse Mercator projection, applied between latitude 84 degrees north and 80 degrees south on earth surface UTM zone number Horizontal datum name Ellipsoid name: identification given to established Representations of the earth s surface Radius of the equatorial axis of the ellipsoid Flattening ratio of chosen ellipsoid Table 19 Summary of elements in distribution information category Category Sub category Element Description Distribution Distributor Contact The name of the organization to which the contact type information organization applies Contact position The relevant position in the contact organization Address Postal address of contact position Telephone Telephone of contact position Fax Fax of contact position Website Website of distributor address of the contact of the contact position Hour of service Time duration when individuals can speak or contact to the organization or individual. Distribution liability Statement of the liability assumed by the distributor Table 20 Summary of elements in metadata reference information category Category Element Description Metadata reference information Metadata date Metadata constraint Additional metadata use The date on which the metadata created or last updated Restriction and legal prerequisites for using the metadata after access is granted Reference to other sites or systems, which contains further information about the dataset. 74

87 Appendix 3. Case studies 1. Hong Kong case 1.1. Introduction Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago, Hong Kong has adopted a general boundary with fairly low survey accuracy. The first and the only one comprehensive boundary survey Demarcation District Survey for the purpose of assessment, was carried out in the New Territories (NT) around The Survey provided evidences as to the most probable position of the boundary. Nevertheless, little improvement is done on the legal documents to correlate the boundary of land parcels in the NT. (Cheng Nga-fong, Tang Hong-wai Conrad, 2002) Hong Kong follows the deeds registration. The Hong Kong boundary system does not have a "fixed boundary because of a lack of adjudication law that ascertains the parcel boundary in the registration system. There is no simple adjudication process allowed under the Registration Ordinance. The cadastral system deals with land boundary surveys. Hong Kong had no land survey law until 1995, instead it had a land registration law intended to provide efficient transactions. The land boundary survey had long been a sole function of the government land administration until the 1980 s. The land sale plans (land grant plans) and the Land Boundary Plans are treated as documents registered under the Land Registration Ordinance, whereas boundary survey information is kept by the Survey and Mapping Office Cadastral Survey system There is a need expressed by Survey and Mapping Office for an overall boundary survey law to improve or verify the land boundary situation such that the government survey department could administer the legal definition of a new grant land parcel and the redefinition of an old land parcel, with appropriate technical accuracy acceptable to the general public. If there would be survey law, it could provide an opportunity to apply knowledge and modern technology in determining land boundary and act as the expert boundary arbitrator. Efficient and economical boundary systems is not so much a matter of registration mode, but rather it depends on whether a government is going to provide a secure land boundary system to her people. Boundaries in Hong Kong are described by the textual or graphical document of the land grant and in this way the registered document is the legal evidence of the boundary. The deeds registration system has an official record for all land boundary rights. A land parcel boundary is described in words and in an attached plan together with the deeds. It is weak in dealing with a land parcel boundary. Hong Kong has a Land Survey Ordinance (1995) that can be used to build up better land boundary records. The parcel boundary of many missing or dilapidated land records cannot be constructed from the deed itself. In situations like this, a judge may allow a land surveying expert to be a witness and give evidence in a court case. Wherever there is an ambiguity in a grant, Common law courts give an order of importance of evidence in redefining boundaries to ascertain the intent of the parties. The orders are Natural boundaries, Original monuments, Original possession, Measurements. 75

88 1.3. The boundary problems The deficiency of the boundary system is a deficiency in property description, as it creates uncertainty in land lease documents and in land boundary records. The most common property boundary problem is the discrepancy between the registered area and the actual site areas. It is not an obligation to keep the accurate description of property. Uncertainty in land lease records and inadequacy in using existing land boundary records are related to the land boundary problem. If the boundary is not clear, then the land lease also is not clear. People demand for more accurate boundary records but the court decided that no boundary could be known within 1 meter. After a land boundary survey is conducted, the land boundary should be accurate to within centimetres. This, however, is legally not the case. Government did not fulfil the land grant procedure. The land boundary is in an undetermined state. In fact, there is no law for proper land boundary sanction or record updating. Even though the land boundary survey is properly performed by a certified land surveyor, the survey result is not accepted as a real evidence for land boundary. In Hong Kong land survey is only seen as a profession. There is no way that a landowner is assured that a land boundary survey is legally acceptable. Users want certainties in land boundary rights Boundary rectification SMO tried to get the government approval for the whole-area rectification survey of the New Territories in the 1980s. But it was rejected. After that, the SMO sought government approval for individual boundary rectification. But it was also rejected in the early 1990s. Early in 2002, the Boundary Survey Advisory Committee was informed that there are no survey records for about 210,000 lots in the New Territories. In April 2002, President of HKIS decided to seek approval from the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong, SAR, for the funding of $HK 1.9 billion over the period of ten years. It finally handed the case to the Lands Bureau for further consideration. But, at least, because of the efforts of the land surveying profession, a good start in survey law has been made. The SMO has accumulated two decades of experience in the correlation exercise having been warned that correlated boundaries should not be interpreted as definitive. Boundary rectification in Hong Kong is very difficult for both the general public and the government properties Correlation Block Government Lease (Block Crown Lease) Since these leases were granted and registered in a block according to the DD number or DD name, the grant documents were called Block Crown Leases (BCL) as against leases for individual lots. Many of the BCLs were signed by the Governor Sir Nathan in 1905 while some BCLs were signed by Governor May in Each DD has its own Schedule Book with a copy of the DD Sheet attached. For those DD Sheets drawn on 1:3960 scale, the House Lots with respect to different villages were recorded in separate Schedule Books. The Schedule tabulates the leased lots information in sequential order of lot numbering: the information includes the leaseholder s name, use, area, status and crown rent payable etc of the lots. The Indenture stated the terms and conditions of lease: 75 years commencing from less the last 3 days and renewable for 24 years. It is a legal document setting out the terms and conditions of the lease registered in the DD Survey of New Territories from Nov 1899 to Apr It consists of 3 parts, the Indenture, the Schedule and the plan. The Indenture 76

89 was signed by Governor which states the terms and conditions of lease. The Schedule tabulates the private lots information. The plan is normally called a DD Sheet. ( Demarcation District Sheet (DD Sheet) It is a cadastral map showing all lots registered in the schedule of Block Crown Lease (now called Block Government Lease). After the leasing of the New Territories and New Kowloon, a comprehensive survey of occupation was carried out from Nov to May 1903 for identifying land ownership and assessing Crown rents. The whole New Territories and New Kowloon were divided into 477 Demarcation Districts (DD) and New Kowloon into Survey Districts (SD) with an area of about 200 acres for each district. The scales of DD maps were in 16 inches to one mile or 32 inches to one mile (1:3960 or 1:1980). Initial Control Surveys, although not comprehensive, were adequate for the task in hand as the survey methods employed were simply by plane table. There were 85 DD/SD Sheets plotted at 1:3960 scale and 471 Sheets at 1:1980. ( Field Area Statement (FAS) In conjunction with the DD sheet preparation, surveyors also prepared the Field Area Statement (FAS) to calculate the area of the lots. The area of the lots were scaled from the DD sheet to nearest 0.01 acre which corresponded to the smallest amount of the Crown Rent assessable, i.e. 1 cent. The FAS served as a calculation check sheet., and a record of the land use (for the derivation of rent). Afterward, the information was transcribed to become the registered area and rent in the Schedule. ( Correlation This is effectively a compilation exercise of identifying details of the survey sheet to correspond with the boundaries, shown on the DD Sheet. Owing to the inaccuracies of the DD Sheets, correlation does not mean a simple transfer of boundaries by superimposing one sheet on another. Much graphical analysis and mapping reasoning have to be applied in the exercise. As a result, a DD boundary needs to be locally adjusted in position. The overriding consideration is that the original DD boundaries were in fact lines following ground features. Whilst their planimetric positions may not be reliable, their "Occupation-dependent" nature must hold true. It therefore follows that details shown on the current survey sheet which appear to be features surviving over the years and resembling the DD boundaries must be adopted for correlation to be put into effect. ( Correlating Enlarged DD and Survey Sheet Correlation will be carried out on Quarter Sheet transparencies in accordance with Drawing Office Instruction. Reference must always be made to district control sheets, records of previous correlation, plans attached to New Grant Register, Memorials etc. All discrepancies found during correlation will be completed and attached to the relevant Quarter Sheet dyeline copy. When the Quarter Sheet transparencies have been prepared, they will be passed to the Land staff together with 2 dyeline copies and the Lot Record sheets for action (i.e. Field investigation). 77

90 PROCEDURE OF CORRELATION 1. Check BCL; Government land will not be correlated 2. Digitize DD sheet 3. Area of lots computed 4. Plot DD boundaries to 1: Overlay DD boundaries to survey sheet 6. Correlate lot boundaries as guided 7. Calculate correlated lot area 8. Compare area 9. Solve problem by field survey GUIDE LINES OF CORRELATION 1. Start with the best fit lot 2. Trace lot boundary with four kinds of line style: 3. Blue solid line show boundaries followed by occupation. It is reliable. 4. Blue pecked line show boundaries followed by occupation. It is unreliable 5. Red solid line show boundaries but do not follow occupation. It is reliable. 6. Red pecked line show boundaries but do not follow occupation. It is unreliable. 7. "Reliable" is determined by the lot area difference before and after correlation: used is limited to10 square meter. 8. Follow fences or roads alignment 9. If the lot boundary fits the existing feature within 2mm, then the existing features are treated as lot boundaries 11. New grant lots on DD is unreliable. 12. Boundaries shape and area are more important than orientation 13. Each lot is individually treated but not the whole area 14. Common sense: No lot boundaries run through a permanent structure 15. No whole lot found in swamp, pond, etc. 16. No lot boundary to occupy a part of road 1.6. Effects of correlated land records In the daily practice of land administration, the correlated land records are use by the government and gradually become a de-facto land boundary record. The use of such record should be limited to the identification of property, but not for precise definition of the lot boundary. Technically speaking, the dimensional and positional uncertainty should normally be in the range of 2 meters. Still, the scaled area, from the correlated land records, is accepted as more reliable than the text record in the Schedule or land register. (Conrad, 2002) Should there be any land boundary disputes, the colonial administration would first mediate the dispute. If this failed then the case would go to court to be settled under contract law or land title issues. Boundary disputes must have happened but no court judgments about boundary disputes in Hong Kong before the Second World War have been found yet. 78

91 1.7. Summary of the Hong Kong renovation practice Hong Kong administrates 10 districts and has 10 survey offices. They use a digital spatial DB based on 1:1000 scale maps for cadastral management which was started about 10 years ago using the field survey and aerial photos. When people sell their land, the Survey and Mapping office or a private institution survey the land and the Land office confirms the boundary. If it is surveyed then it would be registered in the database as a different layer with tolerance accuracy. The important issue on the Hong Kong registration system is that it registers land with fixed points every time it a survey is conducted. They are gradually making new fixed boundary maps. The Survey and Mapping Office has a responsibility in preparing maps, survey plans, identify boundaries, subdivision, setting out, etc. But there are no (efficient) laws and legal influence that backs the office, even though they are responsible for all kinds of cadastral related matters to manage land boundary records. In Hong Kong case, technically speaking, they already have very accurate survey methods with an accuracy of 10 ppm. Consequently, an efficient law to support the improvement of map quality is important in this case. 2. Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan 2.1. Introduction The existing cadastral maps were duplicates of the originals made during Japanese administration period and after Taiwan s retrocession. Those paper maps have been used for a long time. So the storage conditions of paper maps were poor and indistinct over a whole map sheet. And the scales of maps were too small to meet the need of the users. All these influence had them call for reestablishing cadastres to proceed cadastral resurvey for producing new maps so as to clarify cadastre and establish precise cadastral information and management Reasons for cadastral resurvey The cadastral maps were produced during Japan s ruling. Only the duplicates and the second duplicates were left after the 2 nd World War. Because of financial limitation and manpower shortage, the government could not re-survey and produce new cadastral maps. The duplicates were used as the only dependable data with expedience for general registration of land. These cadastral maps had been used for a long time and were damaged or distorted all over, so as some cadastral maps were not suitable for continued uses. In addition, the land value continually increases. Land revision and subdivision happened more frequently. The boundaries on the area were often shifted and unstable causing inconsistency among map. Scales were too small to avoid errors and mistakes. The precision of the originals was limited by the technology and the equipment used at that time. These cadastral problems often led to the difficulty of imposition work. 79

92 2.3. Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan Taiwan made special laws called "parcel survey caution items" and "registration method by parcel resurvey" in order to renew cadastral map and protect property right of citizens. The cadastral resurvey projects primarily aim at the areas where the cadastres were seriously damaged, ruined, scale changed, and other significant causes to reproduce new ones. The first step of this process is to investigate all boundary points of individual land parcels, mutually acknowledged by the landowners of the adjacent parcels. Those determined points were marked and set up with stakes on the spot and then surveyed with new technical instruments. Each parcel area is calculated for land registration and land description to ensure people s legal property right and to set up the bases of financial administration on tax revenue and corrects the cadastre. The result is used for the cadastral management and for all national economic construction projects. Taiwanese do not settle accounts according to the area disparity. In case of obscure boundary, 1. Confirm the boundary by assistance procedure 2. Register by boundary and area 2.4. Resurvey Schemes The first resurvey scheme is contained in 3 phases from 1976 to At the beginning of the scheme, they used a graphical method (resolution method). And they used a digital method to perform resurvey since It was very successful. It was extended and developed gradually year by year. The government drew up a follow-up scheme from 1990 to 2005 with the priority of the urban areas and suburban areas. The LSB tried to commit cadastral renovation work with a private organization from 1997 to They did not get much outcome on account of the below listed reasons: 1. Lack of investment. 2. Small scale private organization 3. Poor manpower 4. High rate of occupation change 5. Lack of survey experience 6. Etc Table 21 Statistics of Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan Scheme Fiscal year Area(hectares) Parcels Total 3,558,000 11,800,000 Pilot Plan 1973~ , ,043 Resurvey Scheme 1976~ ,861 2,323, Project , ,163 Follow-up Scheme 1990~ ,451 2,983,771 Finish 368,403 5,681,415 Rate 10% 48% 80

93 2.5. Technical issue Coordinate Transformation between Two Geodetic Datum s of Taiwan by Least-Squares Collocation Recently, the new Taiwan geodetic datum 1997 (TWD97) based on the Global Positioning System measurements has been established. Compared to the old geodetic datum, namely the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum, the TWD97 datum is more precisely defined. Since the TWD97 datum is a three-dimensional geocentric datum, while the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum is a locally defined horizontal datum with its triangulation points found deficient in the precise ellipsoidal height information, a three-dimensional coordinate transformation between both datum is therefore inappropriate. Moreover, there are perceptible systematic errors in the triangulation networks in the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum. It is difficult to handle the systematic errors by ordinary datum transformation methods. In the paper, the technique of least-squares collocation is applied to the two-dimensional transformation from the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum to the TWD97 datum. Using the present method, the systematic errors are predicted, and the coordinates of common points of both datum remain unchanged after the transformation. Results show that better transformation accuracy can be achieved by the least-squares collocation. (Rey-Jer You and Hwa-Wei Hwang, 2006) Technical approach Taiwan used a numerical survey method to solve the boundary problem. Aerial survey method was used for pilot project but it is not executed on further project. The project starts in urban areas and proceeds to the rural area. GPS is used to establish all control points, comprising supplementary control points, all over the country. And then network adjustment is made in the field using total station with computer. The result was announced to the public for inspection. Resurvey results must be announced for landowners to view their properties within 30 days according to the law. An inquiry system by internet commenced since 1999 for landowners to check the graphics, boundary length, and area to check the difference before and after the resurvey of the parcel. 81

94 2.6. Procedures of Cadastral Resurvey It can be classified into 14 categories of steps. (See the following flow chart) 1. Planning and Preparation 2. Parcel Investigation 3. Urban Planning Stakes Survey and Implement 4. Control Survey th Order Control 4-2 Traverse Survey 2.1 Assistance to Boundary Stake Setup 5. Parcel Survey 6. Area Calculation 7. Results Inspection 8. Changes Process & List Printing 9. Announcement Cadastres Plotting 10. Announcement Notes Mailing 11. Objections Process 12. Land Description Changes Registration 13. Cadastral Map Production 14. Results Statistics and Report Completion Figure 16 Flow Chart of Cadastral Resurvey Operation in Taiwan 82

95 2.7. Precautions for the landowners During the cadastral investigation, if the landowner comes to the site but has difficulty in defining the borders, he/she should ask the surveyor to define the borders and border points, which should be deemed as the definition of the land once agreed by the landowner; or he/she can apply for boundary identification at competent Land Office with charge so as to define the boundary of land as the basis of cadastral investigation and surveying. Disputes between the neighboring landowners on the inconformity of the boundary definition should first be coordinated at the Land Office, if the dispute is not solved, it should be reported to the Committee on Property Dispute Conciliation. Any party who refuses to abide by the terms of the conciliation shall, within 15 days on receipt of the notice of the said terms, bring the case before the judicial authorities for settlement. If he fails to bring the case before the judicial authorities within the said time limit, the terms of the conciliation shall be carried out accordingly. According to Article 46-2 of the Land Act, when carrying out resurvey of cadastre, the landowners should establish their respective boundary marks and come to the site for definition of the boundary within the period notified by the land administration authority. In case they fail to establish the boundary marks or come to the site for definition of the boundary, the cadastral survey shall be carried out according to the following order of precedence: Boundaries of adjacent land; Boundaries identified by current users; Boundaries with references to old cadastral maps; Local custom. According to Article 46-3 of the Land Act, if the landowners failed to set up border marks or to identify land borders according to the Land Act article 46-2, they may not apply for a re-survey. Therefore, in order to ensure ownership rights, the landowner must come to the site to identify the borders on the designated date. During the resurvey, if the landowners have questions about the resurvey, they come to the local county government, Land Office or surveying workstation of the cadastral resurveying area for consultation or contact relevant personnel by phone. The undertaking personnel will provide the landowner with detailed explanation. (Land Survey Bereau in Taiwan, Summary of the Taiwanese renovation practice The effects and benefits of Cadastral Resurvey is renewal of boundaries of people s property and clarify cadastral information. It solves latent boundary disputes to reach sound Cadastral Management. There was an overall digitization during Resurvey to promote precision and establishment of Land Basic Information for multi-purposes applications. After resurvey, digital cadastral data can be integrated and overlaid with other digital topographic data, air photos, and satellite images for national land planning, engineering, land management, land use investigation, building checking, fire disaster rescue, and commercial investigation on multipurposes uses to reach the goal of information sharing. During the resurvey project, Connection with Urban Planning Stakes was checked simultaneously, implemented, and surveyed under the same coordinate system. Unregistered parcels were found for convenience of Public Land Use Cadastral survey not only provides the bases of land planning and economic construction but the prime business of cadastre clarification to ensure people s property. In Taiwan, activities of cadastral resurvey are cooperatively performed by the central and local governments and have smoothly been completed. Hopefully, prosperous development and creativeness will succeed in the future to march toward the goal of e-taiwan. 83

96 3. Dutch case study 3.1. Introduction The cadastral map of the Netherlands is improved by map renovation stages, which included map digitization, from 1980 to The focus of the map renovation was to improve cadastral update process internally and promote flexibility of combined usage of different map-series externally. Finally, the graphical presentation has changed on consistency with accuracy attributes related to boundaries. The question was How do we make the best picture? and they were mostly concerned about Where is my parcel? then What is my exact boundary? since this is good enough for the public and citizens. Government policy states that all the geo-information should be in one organization and has to be integrated. Reconciliation of cadastral geometry with topographic geometry is the major challenge in the Dutch cases. This means cadastral map boundary had to coincide with topography as a base map Overview The overall procedure is shown below. The main activity is reconciliation between maps. The purpose of this action varies. Build-up of a national seamless cartographic DB is the one of main purposes. To do this, Dutch focused on the standards geometric quality and consistency between cadastral map and registration. Figure 17 Overview of the map renovation project in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and Ted Schut, 1998) 3.3. Procedures Homogeneous parts of the map could be selected for map renovation. This kind of procedure always begins with a transformation which allows elimination of gross errors. Well defined points in the maps were selected to calculate approximate parameters by Helmert-transformation. 84

97 In some cases after the transformation, least squares connection adjustment is done for error detection and determination of the quality of the map. This needs a stochastic model of the connecting points, if possible one can use acquisition and identification precision. In the Netherlands the Cadastre currently uses a least-squares interpolation technique which was originally developed for the interpolation of control network. This interpolation method is based on all connection points and its covariance function is modelled as a linear function of distance of the free point to the connection points. This method is not efficient computationally, but it works very well for homogeneous point fields. Numerous other interpolation methods exist (see, e.g., Wiens(1986)), but have not been extensively used in the Netherlands. In order to improve the local relationship within the map one can use additional information such as surveying measures and geometric relationship to improve the quality of the map locally. Building is a 1st priority in matching Topographic map and cadastral map. They develop a routine for reconciliation based on the least squares adjustment and weighting condition. Reconciliation is a digital operation in both maps: cadastral map and topographic map. It has been decided that surveying information should be used sparsely. Only in difficult cases, measurements derived or taken from the field sheet are used. Here, one has to decide which boundary coincides with a topographic element in the base map. Generally speaking, it is indispensable to use of the cadastral field sheet. Finally the topology and the attributes of the map are checked. The procedure of map renovation is shown below. Figure 18 Major steps in map renovation in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and Ted Schut, 1997) 3.4. Why did they use the large-scale topographic map as a base-map? The topographic map has a homogeneous quality while cadastral map has an inhomogeneous quality. The common object between two maps is the main-buildings. And both maps are managed by one organization. Precision requirements required in a cadastral map are met. And this could be almost done in the office and not in the field. This means that the map renovation in Netherlands was much cheaper and faster than the other countries which used methods like resurveying Quality objectives Usually Positional accuracy depends on the relative precision. Therefore to describe quality and to describe quality requirement based on the relative precision is logical. The relative precision standard 85

98 for building is 40 2cm in rural areas and 20 2cm in built-up areas. If the relative precision is better than the standards, the boundary is adjusted according to the clues like field sketch and topographic maps. The relative precision of points is a function of acquisition precision and identification precision. Acquisition precision depends on the data capture and data processing technique and quality of source materials. Identification precision is a precision which can be modelled as a mathematical quantity. For instance, the corner of a building can be pointed out more precisely than the middle of the ditch. Table 22 gives characteristic values of the identification precision for objects. Table 22 Value of the idealization precision as used in the Netherlands Type of object Interval idealization precision [cm] Standard deviation of idealization [cm] Marker, building Fence Hedge Ditch Completeness, consistency with topology and up-to-dateness is also checked while attention to the aspects of geometric quality, completeness and attribute accuracy is never missed Geometric map improvement Quality can be quantified using a model to avoid ambiguity. And metadata to describe specification of quality plays an important role for standardization. Geometric map improvement has diverse conditions depending on the situations. Therefore map renovation S/W has to provide a number of tools instead of the fixed procedure. By the way, there are limiting conditions applied to the map renovation activities. The geometric of the base map is left unchanged. After geometric improvement the buildings of the base map are also considered as the reference for the cadastral map and are therefore made an element of the cadastral map The (geometric) quality of the cadastral map should be correctly described after map renovation. (M.A. Salzmann 1998) In practice the map renovation process consists of a number of steps. Firstly corresponding points or objects are selected (mostly points of buildings). Based on these connection points the cadastral map is locally fitted into the base map. Secondly the buildings of the base map are copied into the cadastral map. Thirdly the cadastral boundaries are compared with topographic objects in the base map. This is reconciliation step. At this stage it is decided if the boundary and topographic object do coincide or not. (Martin Salzmann, 1997) 3.7. Human resources In the Netherlands, the Kadaster IT people have gradually increased due to the needs and importance of IT. Nowadays, about 450 people are working in the IT department for an office with about 2000 employees. This means IT is a very important part of all work processes. 86

99 3.8. Implementation of the model The quality model was implemented by using a diagonal covariance matrix. The acquisition precision had been used as parameters. Dutch cadastral information system stores the acquisition precision and identification precision separately for each point. This makes it easy to derive relative precision between any two points Summary of the Dutch renovation practice In the Netherlands, cadastral map renovation was implemented by reconciling the cadastral map with the topographic map. During implementation, one of their major concerns is the lack of knowledge of quality description. Before and after the map renovation, the whole descriptions of geometric quality need to be stored. Dutch case study shows that good operators is needed to make many subjective decisions. Dutch Kadaster is preparing for next map renovation. It would include national boundary and entrance of the building and so on. To do this, advanced modelling of map renovation processes is recommended. 87

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101 Appendix 4. SWOT analysis Business Case O (Opportunity) T (Thread) KCSC goes abroad to get new business. Map renovation will be the one of the services to provide to new international market. Independent institution for cadastral survey supported by MOGAHA The cadastre is an essential role of government. Users want to pay if cadastral map quality would improve Users demands for diverse and quality The relation with North Korea has become better. Map renovation also has to be used in that area. The survey equipments and technologies are progressing The internet environment is the best in the world Now we can get 1m level satellite images in South Korea Government want to establish 3D system MOGAHA has a inherent role for managing cadastral map Possibility to recover loss cost as a government institution Trainings, education of the staff, capacity building Chance to get Merging, joint or strategic alliances Users require more reliable cadastral information Survey market is opening by cadastral laws to the private. A new competitor in your home market A competitor has a new, innovative product or service and investments in data access and provision KCSC doesn't have a authority to improve cadastral map quality Most of the government organization wants to stick their original roles Almost tie-up market only for cadastral survey Digital data's are easy to copy without security illegally Cadastral law is not adoptable for map renovation Needs for the satisfaction of the users Price is introduced on your product or service by government. S (Strength) SO Strategy ST Strategy MOGAHA has about 2000 employees to manage cadastral map database. KCSC has about 3500 skilled employees for the cadastral survey Fluent experience in cadastre and survey The annual budget of IT department is increasing KCSC is a very strict hierarchical organization All information s about land are provided by KLIS Unique basic map ready to add value on them Potential energy for development of new/innovative products and services Flexible and active usage of employees Make the channel to get customer's requirements Put government's support to cadastral map renovation Introducing satellite image in cadastral map renovation Corporate with the WFMS to improve efficiency in work develop an application S/W to control map renovation Make a project of cadastral map renovation nationwide Take a chance to get map renovation to have a experience in map renovation Cooperate with public sector on a agreement/contract Staff education for image processing and new technology Advertisement of map renovation To get needs for user's requirement Upgrade a sub department to expand business Explore new market of map renovation Do not outsource major and critical part To secure data Develop marketing mechanism Suggest amending laws to improve cadastral map quality Collaborate with private sectors and public sector W (Weakness) WO Strategy WT Strategy Most of them are surveyors. Lack of marketing expertise. only few persons are good for cadastral map quality and 3D Cadastre, Topographic and Land registration are separated by law Employees don't want to take risk works Geometric quality of cadastral map is not good Too many origin points have to be integrated Lack of experience in mapping and GIS Management of the resources is in immature phase No willingness to cooperate between different departments old and outdated working procedures, pricing policy All working activity has to be probed by MOGAHA Undifferentiated products and services Introduce a special education program for GIS and image analysis, 3D Contract with related organization to share data's and to improve efficiency Develop business strategies to increase competence with perspective of new products and services based on map renovation quality Education program for mapping and GIS to integrate origin points Introduce HRM Using HRM to fine out best fit person to map renovation Use government to re-align and re-make efficient governance Introduce quality process and procedure in WFMS Prepare for mid and long term business strategies based on customer's perspectives Simplify and connect processes to reduce response time Educate staffs to renovate maps Increasing expertise and human capacity in marketing, renovation and 3D develop a SDI project to communicate organizations Upgrading HRM and WFMS re-align working procedure Increasing computerization department Differentiate products and services on the basis of renovated maps 89

102 IT Case O (Opportunity) T (Thread) Growing new market needed to be equipped with system development Growing power of internet access and wireless access Growing demands for diverse of services and products Standards (UML, GML, OpenGIS etc) Collaboration with other organization IT department based on public or private partnership New knowledge came from business experience overseas Data s are stored in municipality. Global Integration problem Data has to be secure No specific legal framework for data sharing Do not outsource in critical part (develop S/W ourselves) Define copyright problem S/W Technology is changing rapidly S (Strength) SO Strategy ST Strategy Developing 3D cadastral system On-line retrieval of cadastral information Continuous upgrading of IT infrastructure and H/W Good internet and computer environment All documents and data's are stored in databases accurate observation data's are accumulated in database Potential energy to provide new products or services KCSC developed SIPS Use standards for creation of efficient integrated system Collaborate with other organization IT dept Connect with DB of other organization for sharing data Develop application S/W to control map renovation Connect to WFMS combined with wireless technique Optimize production and service system Upgrade IT dept and skilled staff with HRM Develop a Data warehouse to contain all local data's and integrate them with security Continuous growing and training of IT people Develop web based application to communicate with private and public sectors Define specific legal framework for data sharing Using SIPS to map renovation stage Cooperate with private and other governmental IT sector W (Weakness) WO Strategy WT Strategy Geometric quality of cadastral map is not good to provide Needs for variety of education items Needs for variety of business items usage of human capacity and work process is not optimal Risk and security management is needed Growing needs for IT resources Ubiquitous working environment Needs of data models Data exchange with security Lack of skilled GIS staff Weak human capacity in programming Poor quality goods and services Develop mid and long term Planning for education and IT business Use HRM, gathering IT expertise person to IT dept Design of new working model Continuous growing and training of IT people Make a new department to support and develop S/W by oneself Pilot project for geometric quality improvement Education for data security and legal framework Explore New business combined with IT Educate skilled IT employees separately (legal, programming, management etc) Education for copyright, privacy, liability etc Differentiate quality goods and services 90

103 Appendix 5. Cadastral map renovation process 91

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105 Appendix 6. Cadastral map maintenance process Customer KCSC Municipality NGII Court Request survey Receive request Send survey plan Inquire Control points & Topographic & Aerial photos Prepare inspection document Receive the announcement Announce to the customer Prepare survey Send relevant dataset Send cadastral dataset Link with register infromation Participate to the field survey Field survey & Mapping Send cadastral fablic Inspect Cadastral fablic No Yes Updating the information Generate new records Create Survey result Deliver the result Receive & examine the result Examine & confirm the records Yes Update new information by survey result No Yes Updating the records No Send Confirmation Receive Confirm Send Confirm Send confirmation Customize the result Receive result Send result 93

106 Appendix 7. Special law for Cadastral map renovation Chapter I General rules Article 1 (Aim) This law is enacted to execute the cadastral map renovation. Unless provided in this law, other relevant laws are applied. Article 2 (Definition of terms) 1. The term cadastral map renovation as used in this Law means renovation of cadastral map that is to improve the quality of cadastral map in order to use as a national base map 2. The term cadastral fabric as used in this Law means Article 3 (Cadastral map renovation) 1. Government should newly record all cadastral boundaries by inspecting all cadastral parcels of area and geometry 2. The scope of this map renovation is limited in geometry and area correction. 3. The purpose and object in this map renovation is to improve the geometric quality of cadastral map by determine new boundary coordinates. Article 4 (organization) GI-related organizations should organize renovation authority to carry out and supervise these activities. This renovation authority can have two hierarchical structures. One is management level in the central government and the other is operational level in the local government. This authority should comprise GI-related organizations. Article 5 (rectification authority) 1. This map renovation only can be carries out by cadastral surveyors. 2. Renovation authority has an authority to rectify cadastral boundary. This authority is enacted only in map renovation procedure. Article 6 (applications and educations) 1. Renovation authority can develop systems to enforce the activity of map renovation. Cadastral map renovation software should comprise structural editing tools and standards code. 2. Applications for this renovation have to get approval from MOGAHA. 2. Renovation authority should prepare for proper education to implement map renovation. Article 7 (Cooperation) GI-related organizations should cooperate mutually in terms of working areas, coordinate system, datasets, on-line link, mutual agreements etc Article 8 (Commission) 1. The landowners shall organize the independent Commission for improving land use and broaden arrangements of renovation area Readjustment. 2. The Readjustment Commission should get the agreement of more than one half of landowners who hold more than one half of lands in the readjustment area, and get the approval from the Renovation authority. 94

107 Article 9 (Announcement) 1. The Renovation authorities should announce publicly and notify the owner or landlord to in the readjustment area during thirty days. The competent authority should mediate the opposition opposed by private landowners in the readjustment area during the course of the public announcement mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 2. The Renovation authority should announce publicly the result of redistribution of land readjustment. The course of the public announcement in the preceding paragraph is thirty days. Article 10 (opposition) The landowners should oppose their opinions in writing to the Renovation authority during the course of public announcement. If not, the result of redistribution should be confirmed after the course of public announcement. The refuse of not taking over shall be referred as been taken over. Article 11 (mediation procedure) the Renovation authority takes over the mediation. The landowner should raise an opposition on the spot, if they are not satisfied about the mediation. The competent authority should apply to the higher authority for ruling the opposition within ten days. Chapter 2 detail work Article 12 (work flow) cadastral map renovation procedure is as follows: 1. planning 2. Preparation 3. Coordinates transformation Article 13 (Coordinate system) 1. The coordinate system which will integrate all local coordinate system in this map renovation use same coordinates system in topographic map. 2. All the maps have to convert to one national coordinates system. Article 14 (reference datasets) this cadastral map renovation should take a operation by referencing datasets like Aerial photos, Topographic map and so on. Article 15 (Cadastral fabrics) there are two types of cadastral fabrics. One is based on the cadastral boundary which is called cadastral fabric in this law, the other is based on the survey records which is called survey record fabric. Article 16 (Copy of map) renovation authority reserves the all original maps to be used in map renovation process. This course should be performed after map renovation confirmation. Cadastral law article 15 have to be used for the usage of digital cadastral map. Article 17 (least squares adjustment) Amending cadastral fabric has to use least squares adjustment. Article 18 (Region selection) region selections follows public agreements 95

108 Article 19 (Overlap) All maps should overlap to give them interoperability to rectify cadastral boundaries. Article 20 (decision of map coordinates) 1. Decision of map coordinates should be decided by renovation authority. 2. Renovation authority should inspect all possible evidences. These inspections have to be used as a base evidence to improve quality of cadastral map. Article 21 (boundary rectification rules) 1. Cadastral map has to be amended according to the evidence of other materials. 2. Followings are procedures a. survey record fabrics have to integrated into control points. b. cadastral section which is a group of assembled parcels can move along to topographic section in case the topographic scale is larger than the cadastral map scale. And also cadastral section can be magnified by using best fit scale. c. if the topographic map scale is smaller than the cadastral map scale then topographic map has a reference role to amend. d. cadastral boundary can be amended by existing evidence of survey record or larger scale topographic map and aerial photos. e. area comparison should compulsory executed to each parcel. If the area difference is more or less than tolerance, adjacent parcels can help to find to minimize the difference. 2. Cadastral fabrics have to adopt at the latest. 3. In case of uncertainty, followings are suggested: a. large scale map have a priority than small scale map. b. survey record fabric is prior than topographic map Article 22 (Use of public lands) The land for original roadway, pond, ditch, or other land for public use in the readjustment area shall be modified or eliminated for helping to implement land readjustment. Article 23 (Area comparison) Renovation authority should investigate the location and area every lot, and compare the land area before and after readjustment. If the area is not within the tolerance, renovation authority appraises the fact and judges it. Article 24 (product of continuous cadastral map) Cadastral parcel have to represent by one closed polygon in cadastral map. Neighbour parcel should have a relation between parcels. These topological rules have to be defined by renovation authority. Article 25 (Public inspection) The government and renovation committee audit the result of map renovation. The procedure and items of auditing can be defined by MOGAHA. Chapter 3 miscellaneous Article 26 (reservation of original geometry) The Renovation authority should keep the geometric change until finishing map renovation. 96

109 Article 27 (authority of map) The redistributed land after land readjustment is deemed as original land since the day of redistribution confirmed. Article 28 (Use of map renovation product) The Renovation authority should publish a final report and provide the data s in accordance with the proceeding agreement with other organization. The map has to be used for public purpose. This renovated map can be used as a base map for NSDI and combined usage of topographic map. Article 29 (Finance) The government could raise the surveying fees in accordance with the land value and put extra costs on the computerized transaction activities. Article 30 (Enforcement) The Enforcement Rules of this law is formulated and promulgated by the Central Competent Authority. Article 31 (implementation) This law is implemented from the day of promulgation. 97

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111 Appendix 8. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation approaches Methods Cadastral Editor Block by block Sheet by sheet Resurvey Point by point Reconciliation methods Correlation methods Suggestion 1 Suggestion 2 Focus on Parcel maintenance Overall adjustment Original data source Cadastral fabric Cadastral map Field records Topographic map Cadastral map Aerial photos Field records Sheet connection adjustment Topographic map Cadastral map Renew all parcels Adopt highest accuracy Reconciliation Correlation Field records Topographic map Cadastral map Aerial photos Field records Topographic map Cadastral map Field records Cadastral map Aerial photos Field records Overall adjustment (Block by block + Reconciliation) Topographic map Cadastral map Aerial photos Field records Procedures Automatic Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Almost automatic Manual Semi-Automatic Semi-automatic Semi-automatic Automatic Technical methods Over tolerance parcel count / (Sum of over tolerance) Least squares adjustment Helmert transformation Edge matching Updating parcel information Point to point matching Least squares adjustment 6 / (72.6) 7 / (155.6) 8 / (202.6) 7 / (72.8) 11 / (82.2) Over Tolerance count (q=0.5) 10 / (86.0) 10 / (168.8) 14 / (219.5) 10 / (86.7) 14 / (99.7) Over Tolerance count (q=0.7) 6 / (67.9) 7 / (150.1) 8 / (195.7) 6 / (67.6) 11 / (74.7) The gap between registered area and calculated area (current) The gap between registered area and calculated area (After) Maintenance Using cadastral fabric Using transformation Expected working period (at the same condition of 500 person) Advantage Parcel maintenance Disadvantage Opinion Needs software Difficulty in overlapping other maps Difficulty in cooperating with topographic map Difficulty in getting cadastral fabrics ,000 sheets / (2~4 sheet per a person a day * 260 * 500) = 1.5 ~ 3 years Usage of government property Reduced area gaps High resolution Airborne scanning and large scale topographic map is needed for this operation It is applicable if this operation could integrate GI Using comparison manually 760,000 sheets / (3~6 sheet per a person a day * 260 * 500) = 1 ~ 2 years Fast operation Increased area gaps After this operation, the problems of geometric quality would still remain Using resurveyed dataset Less than 0.5 sheet per 1 team a day * about 260 working day * 500 team = 65,000 sheet 760,000 / 65,000 = * 3 person per a team = More than 35 years Renew all cadastral information Increased area differences Takes too long time It will take too much time and according to that complains from public will increase Using field sketch 760,000 sheets / (2~4 sheet per a person a day * 260 * 500) = 1.5 ~ 3 years Reduced area gaps Not homogeneous accuracy There are problems if there is no reference map which is more accurate information than current cadastral map Using topographic map and field sketch 760,000 sheets / (2~4 sheet per a person a day * 260 * 500) = 1.5 ~ 3 years Integrate with topographic map The number of over tolerance parcel is high large scale topographic map is needed for this operation Updating parcel information with latest information Using field sketch It can maintain current cadastral workflow Difficulty in managing cadastral maps Difficulty in cooperating with topographic map It would take long time Helmert transformation (Block) Least squares adjustment (Dutch) Using topographic map and field sketch 760,000 sheets / (2~4 sheet per a person a day * 260 * 500) = 1.5 ~ 3 years Reducing area gaps, minimise the difference with topographic map large scale topographic map is needed Overall adjustment from block by block approach and least square for internal adjustment Parcel maintenance (develop software) Cadastral map Field records Least squares adjustment Using cadastral fabric Daily work Parcel maintenance Needs software which can manage GI After map renovation, using least squares adjustment for daily working 99

112 Appendix 9. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes Prototype Cadastral Editor Block by block Sheet by sheet Resurvey Point by point Reconciliation methods Correlation methods Procedures Managing jobs Prototype testing Prototype testing Prototype testing Prototype testing Prototype testing Making a parcel fabric Sample Pictures Modify individual parcel 100