Summing up - Reflecting development

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1 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Summing up - Reflecting development Erik Stubkjær Aalborg University, Denmark A Theoretical Base for Cadastral Development KTH, Stockholm, 2006 Overview How to achieve secure tenure and other Western standards? a. EU accession criteria b. Max Weber, again Answering de Soto: How Denmark got property rights Modelling the ITsystem AND the problem domain The silent assumptions Course evaluation 1. Indicators of secure land tenure The EU's 'Copenhagen accession criteria' Chapter 4 includes: The legal system, including the regulation of property rights, is in place; laws and contracts can be enforced. Wednesday: Normative Structures, p 3/9 explains: 2. c Enforcement of Real Property Rights: The needed infrastructure (Police) Protection of privacy (e.g. removing squatters) Solving title and boundary disputes Performance of forced sales in case of mortgage default Maintenance of cadastral and land registry system Protection of boundary marks and other evidence Operating credit market

2 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Secular development according to Max Weber (Mon: p. 8/10) Max Weber on causes of 'Western' development A bureaucratic state is a precondition of rational capitalism. In China bureaucracy existed as a thin layer of civil servants on top of a local structure that remained patrimonial [i. e. serving the patron rather then the common good] Rome, originally one of such 'warrior-guild cities', became an empire Judaic prophetism [and monotheism. ESt] established hostility towards magic, an important context for maintaining barriers. The Christian making of proselytes extended this tradition, and moreover its Pentecostal spirit tended to remove ritual barriers between clans and tribes. Differently from the thesis of the early Weber on Protestant ethics ( ), he in Wirtschaft and Gesellschaft (1922) extend the causes of development to the Christian church in general (111; 1961: ). It educated clerks, supported universities and other educational institutions, and made through its bishoprics a base for the bureaucratic states of the West. The Protestant development of the notion of vocation (German: Beruf) implied an ascetic devotion to entrepreneurial and busy conduct. The Christian context demanded a 'non-dualistic ethics' of this devotion. Randall Collins: Max Weber. A skeleton key Sage. Inferences drawn from EU and Max Weber Indicators of secure tenure: (EU:) Laws and contracts can be enforced (Weber:) how easy and predictable? (Weber:) How dominating are double standards in economic behavior? or, as a surrogate: What is the index of perceived corruption (CPI)? Derived indicators (measures of bureaucratic maturity): To what degree do authorities have and exercise well defined (restricted) competencies? To what degree are civil servants well educated, and independent in their work? To what degree are inhabitants considered citizens with equal rights

3 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 2. The spread of formal ownership in Denmark 1600s Crown owned about half, nobility the other half (~2000 persons out of ) (6.4/p.2) 1800s Of the farms, about half were acquired by tenants as freeholds (6.5/p.3) detached houses and farm houses, owned by individuals (out of 5.3 mio) The rise of bureaucracy (accountability) in Denmark 1360 Coronation charter: King and nobles adopt law as guiding principle (4: 333f) (cf. Magna Charta, 1215) 1479 University of Copenhagen founded 1683 Christian V's Danske Lov: Standardized legislation.. "solid foundation for the stable bureaucratic absolutism of the 18th century" (6.4/p.4) Church a "means of indoctrinating the population with the Lutheran dogma of divinity of authority" (6.4/p.4) 1740 Fredric the Great of Prussia: Anti-Machiavel, a guide for a prince Preconditions of the Danish land reform The elite were concerned with the common (~= national) good General education = empowerment, for example: God, join hands with me and grant the generous Holy Spirit thrive my vocational work. Bless me, oh Lord, of your might! If only I today, and every day as well, in You and in my industry be satisfied! Kingo: Nu rinder solen op, 1674; Verse 5 The Danish land reform around 1800 From 1750s 'pilot projects' on leading nobles' estates: Increased productivity License for surveyors introduced 1776, 1810 (BB, 1988:2, 84) 1781 Order on lifting of joint cultivation (Frd 23. apr) A single tenant of the village is entitled to trigger the restructuring process All village tenants must pay costs for the restructuring plan No tenant is forced to leave cultivation community Restructuring plan: Maximum 3 lots By 1850 only 1% still in joint cultivation (BB, 1988:2, 115) Independent, self-sufficient farming class developed (6.5/ p.4)

4 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Operating factors of land reform Increased productivity, higher prices on products (6.5/ p.1) Landowners interested in selling land, to invest in overseas trading (6.5/ p.1) Initially mostly (hereditary) copyhold, gradually freehold State reward for outlying farm buildings (HJ,I: 109; BB 1988:2, 98n28). (Marginal) loans from state (6.5/p.3; HJ,I: 155) Legal protection of remaining tenant farmers (6.5/ p.3), education, care for elderly The spread of accountability 1814 Educational act introduces compulsory schooling for everyone. Illiteracy eradicated by General entitlement of creating associations (Constitution 85; MN: 91). Supported debate and innovation, without hurting the weak 1857 Abolition of guild system 1870s Co-operation movement: Associations to process agricultural products, or to provide mortgage loans 1970 Municipal reform: From 1386 to 275 units, accounting for 44% of public expenditure (DS SE 2001: 14) Grundtvig and economic co-operatives Grundtvig ( ) priest, poet (1/3 of Danish psalms), spiritual animator In opposition to English economists.., market logic.., few persons exploiting many.. National self-consciousness, love, joint understanding of tasks and means Dignity by being economically self-supporting, spread of real property rights Education, basic education, education for youngsters (Folk High Schools) O.Williamson's levels again with more examples Levels of social analysis L1..L4 Frequency (Years) L1: Informal institutions: Traditions, norms; religion 10 2 to 10 3 L2: The institutional environment: The formal rules of the game L3: Governance: Play of the game L4: Resource allocation and employment 10 to to 10 Continuous Examples Roman church; Universities Absolutist bureaucracy + "God, lay hand in hand with me.."; cf Mayo, 1933 General education Constitutions New tax systems Creation of Danish BBR, and German law on chemical substances Purchase of house; Subdivision

5 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 The world view of the course fits with economic research Societal Values and Resources (L1 and L2) condition Organisational interactions on Development (L3) of cadastral systems comprising of Owners & Property Rights Government & Rules Transactions (L4) Terrain Objects Databases Stubkjær, Some advices on addressing unsolved problems Needs Problem domain: How people behave regarding.. and how they might change.. Features Software requirements Solution domain: How some ITsystem would improve the situation Country1 Country2 CountryN ICSystem1 ICSystem2... ICSystemN Modeling on behalf of whom? because every model is biased Customers (who pay) Users of the ICSystem Stakeholders of modeling effort Sponsors of development Owners, holders of rights in land Asset holders (mortgagees, foreign investors,..) Government (taxation,..),? Utilities (fees) Cadastre, Land Registry Financial institutions (banks, mortgage banks) Professions (Legal advisers, REA, geo.surveyors) Developers, Construction companies Academia (Knowledge eng., cadastral law, economics) [Sponsors] [Users] EU Commission, SIDA National mapping/cadastral agencies Software industry Functional requirements of a model Cadastral System Property units are identified and located, and physical attributes are recorded Rights in property units are classified and recorded The recording of rights depends on check of the powers of the signer of contract, the priority of liabilities, and further rule compliances Involved agencies and professions offer compensation in case of occasional errors

6 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Methodology of European research project ESF/COST G9 Comparing activities (behavior), not legal texts No field studies, but procedures as they are taught or interviews Prototype for one country copied in 2-5 other countries 1. UML UseCases (Sumrada, SLO, spring 2001), 2. Procedures, Muncipal preemption rights, Ontology of topographical datasets (Uitermark, NL, autumn 2002) 4. Estimates of transaction costs (Vitikainen, FIN, 2002; ongoing 2004) 5. Domain terminology (Auzins, 2003) Common objectives of processes (Institutional functions) Reorganize rights in land according to wishes of owners without compromising the rights of other parties in compliance with spatial, environmental, agricultural,.. legislation maintaining clarity and efficiency of registration systematically identified plots allocation of easements to new and old parcels Non-functional requirements of a model Cadastral System The CS shall grow more correct (mirror principle), consistent, cost effective transparent and understandable to the customer (end-user) The following procedures shall be completed within a few months: Purchase of a property unit Mortgage Subdivision and other cadastral cases Compulsory sale in case of defect Assumptions regarding the operation of Cadastral SystemN In country N: People commit themselves in writing Behavior (dispositions of assets, political decisions) is reflected in economic terms Opportunism is moderated by law and order (CPI ~European level) Professionals with vocational attitude are available Government and professions improve CS where economically justified

7 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Summary on approaching unsolved problems: When ITsystems are developed for more than one organisation agency, the boundaries of the system becomes blurred The 'system' that we are all referring to is most likely the information system of the solution domain. We need to be concerned with terminology and practises of the problem domain [e.g. ask people in a provincial town]. Summary You have been provided with concepts, which may explain cadastral development and non-development The concepts are developed in Germany/ North Europe, and possibly not universally applicable Using concepts for analyses is necessary, but definitively not sufficient for achieving change While waiting for the opportunity of implementing change, do describe the property-related practice of reasonable persons You are welcomed to mail me at est@land.aau.dk Thank you, and good luck in your studies Stubkjær, ISP, AaU Cadastral Development: Summing up - Reflecting development March 2006 Erik Stubkjær (2003): My 'library' Bishr, Yaser A, Pundt H, Kuhn W & Radwan M (1999) Probing the concept of information communities - A first step toward semantic interoperability. Pp in: Goodchild et al (1999) Interoperating Geographic Information Systems. Kluwer, Boston. 509 p. Bromley, Daniel W (1989) Economic Interests and Institutions - The conceptual foundation of public policy. New York, Blackwell. 274 p. Bruce, J (1993) Review of tenure terminology. Land Tenure Center Report. University of Wisconsin. Quoted in Hendrix, 1995, available as Tenure Brief 1, 1998 from Campbell, Heather (1991) Organizational issues in managing geographic information. in: Masser, Ian & Blakemore, Michael (Eds): Handling geographical information - Methodology and potential applictions. Longman, Harlow, UK. Pp Chrismann, N (1997) Exploring geographic information systems. Wiley. 298 p. Collins, Randall (1986) Max Weber - A Sceleton Key. Sage Publicationss, London; Max Weber - Personen og forfatterskabet. Reitzel, København, 2000, 183 p. Dale, Peter & John McLaughlin (1988) Land Information Management. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. Dale, Peter & John McLaughlin (1999) Land Administration. Oxford University Press. Davis, Ernest (1990) Representations of commonsense knowledge. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, USA. 515 p. de Soto, Hernando (1993) The missing ingredient - What poor countries will need to make their markets work. The Economist 11.Sept. 1993, pp 10, 13, 14 within the article: The future surveyed. de Soto, Hernando (2000) The Mystery of Capital - Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. Bantam Press, London. 243 p. Eason, Ken D. (1988) Information Technology and Organisational Change. Taylor and Francis, London. ETeMII (2001) Reference Data White Paper (Chapter 1). FIG (1995) The FIG Statement on the Cadastre. FIG publication no 11. Available at

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9 Stubkjær: Summing up - Reflecting development, of 9 Weber, Max (1947) The theory of social and economic organization. Free Press, New York. 436 p. Zevenbergen, J (2002) Systems of land registration - Aspects and effects. Dr. Thesis. Publications on Geodesy, nr 51. Delft, Netherlands Ziman, John (1984/1992) An introduction to science studies - The philosophical and social aspects of science and technology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 203 p. Erik Stubkjær, est@land.aau.dk,