Policy Issue Networks

Transcription

1 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 Policy Issue Networks Erik Stubkjær Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, DK A Theoretical Base for Cadastral Development KTH, Stockholm, 2004 Overview 1. The development of the Danish Building and Dwelling Register (BBR) A methodology for analyses of cadastral development The investigation by Volker Schneider 1988 Corresponding Danish research Lessons to be learnt from my work in Slovenia The background of BBR development The general and property registration history of Denmark in 5 lines Constitutional changes Absolutism 1660 Cadastre 1688 General suffrage 1838, 1849 Changes in property registration New cadastre 1844 Parliamentarism 1901 New taxation method Municipal reform 1970 New land registry law and file system 1926 Register of buildings and dwellings 1976 Interpretation of Danish history 1680s s Change of power balance among societal groups results in change of the incidence (distribution) of taxation. Information systems are developed for political reasons, or because of professional drive

2 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 The property registers and the ministeries concerned Danish actors from the 1970'ies The Inland Revenue Directorate (land tax) The National Statistics The Association of the Municipalities The Ministry of Finance, Dept. of Administration The Ministry of the Interior (Registration of persons) The Municipalities Computer Service: 'Kommunedata' Development actors during the 1980s The Cadastral Agency, Min of Agriculture The Ministry of Environment, and the 14 Counties The Ministry of Housing - BBR + Coordination of property registration - The National Survey and Cadastre (establ. 1989) Regional utility companies The development of the Building and Dwelling Register, BBR The incentives for establishing: Inflation making troubles for assessment of properties, Assessment every 4 years, Housing census (some extent 'same' data) every 5 years The methods applied: PERT vs. A4-list The problems encountered The outcome: Operating system by 1981 The methods applied Observations about 1973 regarding methods applied: Project Person Registration Property Registration Planning technique PERT (2 sq m) Shopping list (A4) Outcome SIP-system 2-3 years delayed BDR-system on time Implication: Development of national information systems is more than a rational process

3 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 Problems encountered!! Drop old census methodology? The naming of all habitated streets in Denmark Can municipal departments cooperate? Responsible governmental unit? Democratic legitimation? (Administrators, not politicians invented the idea) Identification of flats? The identification of dwellings A nominal and ordinal identification system, based on place names. On location you have plates (signs) with street name and number. Since ~17?? we have in Denmark the convention that numbers are allocated to houses along a road from city center outwards, and assigning odd numbers on left side of road, and equal numbers on right side of road. In the information system a coding of street names, and rules for identification of dwellings/flats: a formalization of practice The outcome It works, but many says, quality is not good (but better than before) After 20 years, number of people engaged with mass apprisal was drastically reduced Further development during 1990s: Making the post address a register object Experiences gained from the development of the Danish Building and Dwelling Register New practice was introduced without knowing relevant theory There are other ways of expressing location and spatial relations than through coordinate systems. There is theory available to explain interaction of organizational units PERT - tool for planning, but also for the recording of past events? Yesterday: PERT introduction Yesterday: PERT as planning tool for development of population NIS Today: PERT as tool for reconstruction of structure of past events

4 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 The development of German law on chemical substances Identify scope of study: The law making process Collect reports and other written material, to identify actors Perform preliminary interviews, to identify further actors, and locate places, where they meet: arenas ('Snowball method') Prepare and conduct essential interviews, Reconstruct sequence of events and interrelation of events (PERT) Establish mutual assessment of resources e.g. to identify type and amount of resources ('power') The concept of 'Actor' An Actor is a physical person, acting on behalf of an organisation(al unit) The actor is free as any human, e.g. to meet another person or not, but bound by the norms and articles of the organisation s/he represents. Examples of the concept of / Instances of the class of 'Arena' Parliament Permanent councils and committees Task forces and working groups Recurrent events (conferences, seminars) with strong themes Professional associations (e.g. of Notaries, or Geodetic Engineers) Application of V. Schneider's approach Schneider's sub-classes of actors (cf. Greece): Governmental bodies Political parties Organised interests (Industry, Trade Unions, 'Green' organizations) Scientific bodies International organisations

5 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 Application of V. Schneider's approach: Governmental bodies Management of chemical substances Min of Labour Min of Agriculture Min of Interior Min of Health Min of Commerce and Industry Min of Research Agency of Materials Testing Agency of Security at Work... Agency of Environment Governmental bodies" Cadastral development (examples) Cadastral Agency Courts (Land Registry) Property tax authorities National Statistics.. Local government Application of V. Schneider's approach: Political parties, etc. Management of chemical substances SPD, CDU, FDP Political parties Cadastral development (examples) MPs in relevant Parliamentary committees Organised interests (Industry, Trade Unions, 'Green's) Association for Chemical Industry Corporation for Chemistry, Paper and Ceramics German Chamber of Commerce... Big land owners Foreign, economic interests. Semi-public computer facility management. Computer and software companies. Consultants Application of V. Schneider's approach: Scientific bodies, etc. Scientific bodies Ass. of Chemical Engineers (BGChemie) German Research Corporation (DFG) Expert Committee on Environmental Issues International organisations EU OECD Europ. Ass. for Chemical Industry Association of Geodetic Surveyors;.. of Notaries; University departments OECD FIG CLGE

6 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 Knowledge: Schneider: 'Similarity of resources' Laboratories (staff and equipment) Expertise Organisational skills: Accomplishing timely decisions Making money Keeping contact with other decision centres Motivate high degree of membership Direct (govern) use of resources Access to news media: Reputation Ability in mobilising interest Power and resources - A Danish account (F. Valentin, 1980) Power is rooted in social relations Specific access to one type of resources may be traded against another types A typology of social relations: economic, organizational, ideological, and institutional (~legal) Example: Power and resources - A Danish account (2) A 'green' organization, has members united by shared ideology. If they are skillful in mobilizing social action (TV broadcast: "There are no healthy fish in the sea any more"), they can bring about institutional changes, e.g. new legislation. (Improved cleaning of waste water)

7 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 The V. Schneider methodology in Slovenia Slovenia had (1995+) no articulate interest groups Germany has a high level of bureaucratic maturity, articulated goals a national appreciation of rational approaches specific expertise is objectivised (big and competitive country) In small countries (DK, SLO,..), similar investigations may be difficult to perform, because physical persons (rather than competing bodies) control expert knowledge. The Slovenian lesson Social behavior is culturally bound (and methodologies should reflect that!) Concept set: actor, network, arena, resources,.. is still useful Use concept set to analyse 'next step' like playing Chess Other litterature with similar approach: Marsden, Peter V. & Nan Lin (publ.): Social structure and network analysis, Sage Focus Editions, nr. 5, PUBL. DATA. 2. Printing Sage, Beverly Hills, California, 1985

8 Stubkjær: Policy Issue Networks, of 8 If time is left Conclusion Volker Schneider's methodology as model for analyses of cadastral development? PhD study by Maria A Silva, Uni Lisboa, Portugal Similar research approach in Denmark and elsewhere Lessons learnt from Slovenia: Deviations can somehow be explaind est@land.auc.dk Stubkjær, ISP, AaU Cadastral Development: Policy Issue Networks February 2004