INDEX. * Unless otherwise noted, all consulates, embassies, residences, and projects are U.S. properties (abroad).

Transcription

1 INDEX AAB. See Architectural Advisory Board (AAB) AAC. See Architectural Advisory Committee Aalto, Alvar, 71 AAP. See Architectural Advisory Panel Abd al-aziz Ibn Saud (king), 50 1 Abidjan (Ivory Coast), 254, 264, 287 Abramovitz, Max, 9, 60, 66. See also Harrison & Abramovitz Abu Dhabi (U.A.E.): Embassy, 238, 287 Abuja (Nigeria), 264, 287, fig. 161 Accra (Ghana),: current Embassy, 266, 275, 287, fig. 172; former Embassy, 45, 137, 161, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 177, 205, 213, 230, 237, 257, 264, 275, 283, 284, figs 58 60, fig. 125; USAID facilities, 266 Acheson, Dean, 53, 110, 184 Adams, John, 14, 193, 194, Adams, John Quincy, 14 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 101, 264, 272, 287 Advisory Panel on Overseas Security, 240, 303n7 Afghanistan. See Kabul Africa: Bolton and, 146; design motifs and, 165, 177, fig. 60; FBO operations in, 37, 40 1, 55, 129, 215, 220, 226, 227, 230 1, 232, 233, 249; SED and, 264; terrorist bombings in, x, 12, 236, 240, 260, 261; U.S. air base plans for, 38 9; wood exported from, 51. See also names of cities or countries AIA. See American Institute of Architects Akmola (Kazakhstan), 249 Albania. See Tirana (Albania) Albers, Josef, 81 Albright, Madeleine K., 261, 276 Aldrich, Chester Holmes. See Delano & Aldrich Aldrich, Nelson W. See Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty Aldrich, Winthrop W., 195 6, 201 Alexander, Robert, 140 1, 142, 174. See also Neutra & Alexander Algiers (Algeria): Embassy artworks in, 272; FBO property purchase in, 39, 50; projects in, 162, 230, 254, 282, 301n17; SED construction in, 266, 272, 287 Alhambra (Granada), 14, 169 Almaty (Kazakhstan), 249 Alsop, Joseph, 126 America House program, 43, 87, 94, 95, 96 8, 106, 110, fig. 46. See also U.S. Information Service (USIS) American Artists Abroad initiative, 272. See also ART in Embassies Program (AIEP) American Embassy Association (AEA), 16 American Institute of Architects (AIA): AAC and, , 120 1, 136, 141 2, 148, 158, 195, 197, 200; AAP and, 222; FBO work and, 115, 135, 213, 222, 238; honor awards from, 76, 213; lobbying efforts of, 19 20, 120, 222; OBO work and, 278 American International Contractors, Inc. (AICI), Amman (Jordan), 142, 169; Embassy, 244, 246, 284, figs ; Rudolph project, 136, 137, 147 8, 149, 150 4, 160, 165, 172, 174, 177, 181, 188, 208, 219, 282, fig. 50 Amoy (China), 15, 18; Consulate at, 22, 23, 284 Anderson, Beckwith & Haible: London project, 196, 197 8; Taipei project, 162, 196, 230, 233, 282 Anderson, Lawrence, , 221 2, 227, 228, 229, 230 1, 234, 283, fig. 116 Angola. See Luanda (Angola) Ankara (Turkey), 34, 36, 38, 45; Embassy, 50, 55, 56, 284, fig. 19; project for, 101, 254 Anselevicius, George, 230, 283 Antananarivo (Madagascar), 264, 266, 287 Antwerp (Belgium), 225; Consulate, 6, 50, 67, 68, 116, 117, 284 Apel, Otto: Frankfurt Consulate by, 285, figs ; German consulates and, 92, 284n2, 285, 294n.16; HICOG headquarters by, 85, 86; Stuttgart former Consulate by, 285, 286, fig.41 Apostolic Nunciature (Washington, D.C.), , 298n42, fig. 47 architects: as exclusive group, 136 8; foreign, 56, 80, 141, 142. See also American Institute of Architects (AIA); names of architects and architectural firms Architects Collaborative, The (TAC), 84, 250; Chancery annex and Residence Cairo, 245, 284; Embassy Athens, 162, figs. 61 2, fig. 74 Architectural Advisory Board (AAB), 123, 237 9, 250, 253, 294n21 * Unless otherwise noted, all consulates, embassies, residences, and projects are U.S. properties (abroad).

2 310 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY Architectural Advisory Committee (AAC): architect selection and, 139, 141, 143, , 161, 183; Belluschi policy statement, 122 3, 137, 140, 163, 164 5, 180, 258; Kenworthy guidelines and, 122, 139, 163; London competition and, 161, 195, 196 7, 199, 201 2; membership, , 120 1, , 283; mission of, 10 11, 112, , 122, 123, 140; as project review panel, , 150 7, 161 2, 187 9, Architectural Advisory Panel (AAP), 123, 162, 202, 213, 214, 221 3, 230, 262, 283, fig. 116 Architectural Consultants, 123, 294n21 Architectural Forum: Amman project, 153; Consulate Antwerp, 68; Embassy Athens, fig. 61; Embassy Dublin, fig. 115; Embassy Havana, 65; Embassy Jakarta, 145; Embassy London, 203; Embassy New Delhi, 171 2, 188 9, 190; Embassy Oslo, fig. 70; Embassy Stockholm, 76; FBO program, 6 7, 8, 112, 213; ; Saarinen Helsinki proposal, 8; SOM German commission, 8, 86, 94; Wurster in, 150; Wyatt Clinic, 35 Architectural Record, 55, 84, 136, 154, 178, 179, 190 Architectural Review, 75, 203 4, 225 Argentina. See Buenos Aires Armenia. See Yerevan (Armenia) Armstrong, Harris: Consulate Basra, 162, 165, 166, 170, 171, 282, 284 Arnold, Ernest W., 55 Arquitectonica: Embassy Lima, 244, 247, 285, fig. 141 ART in Embassies Program (AIEP), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan): Embassy, 249, 284 Astana (Kazakhstan): Embassy, 265, 267, 287, fig. 166 Asunción (Paraguay), 139, 149, 169; Embassy, 141, 146, 148, 171, 176, 282, 284, fig. 90; former Residence, 36; Residence, 282 Athens (Greece), 33, 34, 36, 169, 236; annex, 266, 289; Embassy, 38, 77, 84, 137, 162, 165, 166, 168, 171, 173, 175, 205, 208 9, 211, 276, 282, 284, figs. 61 2, fig. 66, fig. 74; Parthenon, 175; Rapson project, 77 8, 175 Atkinson, Fello, 194, Australia. See Canberra (Australia) Aydelott, Alfred L.: Embassy Manila, 161, 170 1, 282, 285, fig. 81 Azerbaijan. See Baku (Azerbaijan) Baghdad (Iraq): attack on USIS office, 42, 227; Embassy, 12, 263, 266, 268, 271, 287, fig. 182; FBO and, 45, 142, 147, 166; F.L. Wright s university plans for, 147; former Embassy, 127, 136, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 174, 177, 211, 213, 227, 254, 255, 282, 284, fig. 82; former Residence, 125; Inman project, 254; Legation, 25; public architecture in, 193; Sert proposal for Residence, 177, fig. 89 Bahrain. See Manama (Bahrain) Baker, James A., III, 248, 249 Baku (Azerbaijan): Embassy, 249 Baldwin, Ben, 71 Ball, George, Bamako (Mali): Embassy, 265, 272, 279, 287, fig. 167; USAID facilities, 266 Bangkok (Thailand), 15, 16, 33, 34, 36, 39, 101; Embassy, 244, 284, fig. 140; former Embassy, 50; staff housing, 142, 143; Warnecke project, 158, 162, 165, 176 7, 213, 228 9, fig. 55 Bangladesh. See Dhaka (Bangladesh) Bangui (Central African Republic), 249 Banham, Reyner, 203 Barlow, Joel, 14 Barnes, Edward Larrabee, 6, 181; Tabriz former Consulate, 158, 162, 177, 286, fig. 95; Tabriz former Residence, 177, 256 7, 286 Basra (Iraq): Consulate, 162, 165, 166, 170, 171, 282, 284 Bassett, Charles, 283; Embassy Moscow, 242 3, fig. 130 Bassetti, Frederic: Embassy Lisbon, 238, 239, 285, fig. 126 Bauhaus, 6, 71, 86, 88, 98, 180, 209. See also modernism Bayard, Thomas F., Beatty, Robert F., 229, 230 1; Embassy Niamey, 176, 231, 285, fig. 117; Embassy Wellington, 231, 286, fig. 118 Beaux-Arts style, 16, 25, 26, 29, 56, 59, 92, 180, figs. 9 10, fig. 19 Becket, Welton D.: Embassy Warsaw, 162, 173, , 282, 286 Beeby, Thomas H., 253, 283 Beijing (China), 254; Embassy, 266, 269, 270 1, 272, 287, figs ; Inman project, 254. See also Peking (China) Beirut (Lebanon), 149, 254; Makdisi project, 122, 140, 142; McCue project, 140, 233; Rapson project, 140, 162, 165, fig. 57; terrorist attacks in, 12, 236, 239, 240, 243, 251, 258, 261 Belarus. See Minsk (Belarus) Belgium. See Antwerp; Brussels Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 34, 101; Embassy project, 287; Raymond & Rado project, 233, fig. 119; staff housing, 162, 282, 284 Belize. See Belmopan Belluschi, Pietro, 54; and AAC, 113, 121, 122 3, 137, , 142, 143, 148 9, 152, 156, 157, 159, 163, 164, 175, 178, 181, 188, 197, 283, 294n21; AAP and, ; architect selection memo, 148 9, 282 3; design policy statement, 122 3, 137, 140, 163, 164 5, 180, 258; Equitable Building, 73, 121; London competition and, 197, 199, 201; at MIT, 113, 121, 158, 180; on modernism in architecture, 106, 136, 180, 181 Belmopan (Belize), 266, 267, 287, figs

3 Bennett, Richard M., 157, 159, 175, 181, 202, 216, 217, 219, 283 Bentley, Alvin M., 219 Bentzinger, W. E., 162 Berlin (Germany), 15, 27, 34, 36, 87, 223; America House in, 87, 96; Bluecher Palace, 21, 22, 34; design competition for, 247, 253 4, 269, 270; Embassy in, 12, 252 3, 262, 266, , 273, 284, 287, figs ; Sovietstyle architecture, 8, 97 Berlin Blockade ( ), 39, 85 Bertoia, Harry: sculpture by, 90, fig. 44 Biddle, Anthony, 69 Birkerts, Gunnar, 234; Embassy Caracas, 244, 284 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan): Embassy, 249, 250, 284, fig. 151 Bishop, James K., Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), 230 B.L. Harbert International, Black, Shirley Temple, 173 Bloom, Sol, ix, 21, 27 9, 30, 31, 32, 33 4, 47, Bogotá (Colombia), 33; Embassy, 244, 245, 246, 266, 284, 287, fig. 143; former Embassy, 284 Bohlen, Charles, 108 Bohlin, Peter, 283 Bohlin Cywinnski Jackson, 253, 254 Bolton, Frances, ix, 37, 133, 146, 203 Bonn (Germany): FBO office in, 37, 92; HICOG headquarters, 85, 86, 94; political significance of, 87 Bourgeois, Louise, 272 Bow, Frank T., 70, 116, 119, 129, 132 Bow Report, , 119 Bowles, Chester, Brasilia (Brazil), 166; Embassy, 233, 234, 284, fig. 122 Brazil, 13, 127; modern architecture of, 61, 62 3, 159. See also Brasilia; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo Brazzaville (Congo): Embassy, 264, 266, 287. See also Kinshasa (Congo) Bremen (Germany): Consulate, 8, 87 8, 89, 90, 93 4, 284; staff apartments, 95 6, 284 Breuer, Marcel: AAC and, 147, 149, 162, 181, 208, ; De Bijenkorf store in Rotterdam, 209, 210; Embassy The Hague, 11, 77 8, 91, 162, 166, 167, 205, , 255, 275, 282, 286, figs. 71 2, figs ; at GSD, 6, 55, 81, 150, 209; modernist philosophy and, , , 181; star status of, 68, 147, 157, 205, 212; UNESCO building in Paris, 209 Brooke, Frederick, 24 5 Brooks, Jack, 242 Brussels (Belgium), 38, 65; Embassy, 55, 56 7, 65, 66 7, 91, 116, 118, 168, 237, 284, fig. 75, fig. 123; Residence, 46, 56 7; Truman Hall, 276; World s Fair of 1958 in, 190 Budapest (Hungary), 236; project, 238; staff housing, 284 INDEX 311 Buenos Aires (Argentina), 22, 27, 32, 34, 176; Embassy, 148, 229, 284; Residence/Palacio Bosch, 22, 23, 276 Buffalo, Harvey A., Jr., 282 Buffinga, A., 212 Building Automation System (BAS), Bujumbura (Burundi), 277, 287 Bulgaria. See Sofia (Bulgaria) Bull, Henrik, 24; Residence Oslo/Villa Otium, 24, 276, fig. 3 Bullitt, William C., 25 Bunker, Ellsworth, 189 Bunshaft, Gordon, 58, 98, 115, 157, 182, 258; America House design, 96, fig.46; Consulates in Germany, 58, 86 7, 89, 90, 91 2, 93 4, 254, 294n16, fig. 38; Lever House, 58, 85 6, 87, 91 2, 147, 196. See also Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) Burchard, John Ely, 55, 293n23 Burkina Faso. See Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) Burma. See Rangoon (Burma) Burundi. See Bujumbura (Burundi) Busbey, Fred, 5 Bush, George W., 262, 270, 271 Byrnes, James F., 31 Caddell Construction Company, 263, 278 Cai Guo-Qiang, 271 Cairo (Egypt), 39, 107; construction scandals in, 12, 142, 241 2; Chancery, 238, 245, 284; Embassy annex and Residence, 245, 284, 303n3; Giza Residence project, 241 2, 285, fig Calder, Alexander, stabile by, 90, 294n21 Callister, Charles W., 229 Cambodia. See Phnom Penh (Cambodia) Cameroon, 40. See also Yaounde (Cameroon) Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, 233 Campbell, J.E., 17, 285 Campbell, Robert, viii ix, 253 Campbell & Aldrich, 162 Canberra (Australia): Embassy and annexes, 55 6, 130, 158, 284, 302n29, fig. 17; Residence, 55, 284 Cape Town (South Africa): Consulate, 265, 287, fig. 165 Capital Security Cost Sharing program (CSCSP), 263, 266 Caracas (Venezuela): Avila Hotel, 60; Embassy, 244, 284; former Embassy, 154, 162, 282, 284 Carlhian, Jean Paul, 148, 180 Carpenter, Isaac W., Jr., 126, 127, 128, 158, 159, 188, 296n9 Carr, Wilbur J., 23 Catalano, Eduardo, 229; Embassy Buenos Aires, 148, 229, 284; Embassy Pretoria, 244, 286 Caudill, Rowlett, Scott, 286. See also CRS-Sirrine Caudill, William, 230, 238, 283 Central African Republic. See Bangui (Central African Republic)

4 312 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 42, 66, 240 Chalgrin, Jean François, 46 Chamoun, Camille, 43 Chapman, John, 267. See also KCCT (Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey) Chatelain, Leon, Jr., 213 Chermayeff, Ivan, 179 Chicago Exposition (1893). See World s Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893) Childs, David: Embassy Ottawa, 251, 252, 303n3, figs Chile. See Santiago (Chile) China: Cold War politics and, 44, 183; Embassy in D.C. of, 270 1; post WWII credits in, 50; U.S. consulates in, 15, 16 18, 19, See also Amoy; Beijing; Guangzhou; Hong Kong; Peking; Shanghai Chisinau (Moldova): Embassy, 249, fig. 150 Christ-Janer, Victor, 162 Church, Frank, 203 Church, Thomas D., 63, 64 Churchill, Winston S., 3, 39 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d Architecture Moderne), Ciampi, Mario, 162 Ciudad Trujillo (Dominican Republic), 33; Embassy, 161, 162; Residence, 36, 284 Clark, Joan, 253 Clark & Beuttler, Consulate Fukuoka, 162, figs Cleveland, Grover, 15 Clevenger, Cliff, 116 Close, Chuck, 273 CMSS Architects, 277 8, 287, 288 Cochran, Alexander Smith, 162, 282 Cochran, Stephenson & Wing: Consulate Nagoya, 170, 285 Coe, Robert D., 76 Cohen, Bonnie, 276 Cold War: diplomatic architecture and, x, 8, 9 10, 40, 55, 191, 249, 258, 275; Luce publications and, 7; security concerns and, 103; U.S. foreign policy and, 3, 9, 37 41, 183 4, 191 Cole, Cyrenus, 28 Collins, Patrick, 264, 295n31 Colombia. See Bogotá (Colombia) Colombo (Sri Lanka): Embassy, 227, 228, 233 4, 236, 284, fig. 120 Conakry (Guinea): Embassy, 265, 287, fig. 168 Congo. See Brazzaville; Leopoldville Consulates. See diplomatic and consular services, U.S.; names of cities Coon, Sam, 70, 116 Cooper, John Sherman, 189 Copenhagen (Denmark): Embassy, 6, 50, 59, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75 7, 88, 101, 284, figs Cossutta, Araldo, 238 Costa, Lucio, 62 Costa Rica. See San José (Costa Rica) Cotonou (Dahomey), 233, 254 Cret, Paul, 56, 186 Croatia. See Zagreb (Croatia) Crockett, William, 130, 131 3, 134, 161, 220, 221 2, 228, 229, 230, 283 Crowe, William J., Crowe Report, CRS-Sirrine: Embassy Riyadh, 244, 286, 292n22; Embassy San Salvador, 244, 286; Embassy Sanaa, 244, fig See also Caudill, Rowlett, Scott Cuba. See Havana (Cuba) Cultural Heritage Program, Cummings, George B., 197 Curtis, Thomas B., Curtis & Davis: former Embassy Saigon, 161, 170, 233, 286 Cutler, Sally, Cyprus. See Nicosia (Cyprus) Czech Republic. See Prague (Czech Republic) Dahomey. See Cotonou; Porto Novo Dailey, Gardiner A., 142, 143, 282 Dakar (Senegal), 38, 50, 78; Consulate, 40, 149, 282, 284; Embassy, 39, 148, 149, 234, 284, fig. 121; projects, Daly, Leo A., 244, 285n2, 303n3 Damascus (Syria), 254; Gehry project, 238, 239 Dar es Salaam (Tanzania): attack on former Embassy in, x, 12, 260 1, 269; Embassy, 265, 288 Davidson, Leroy, 5 Davis, Stuart, 5 de Blois, Natalie, 86 De Mars, Vernon, 149, 282 Dearborn, Eustis, 147 Delano, William Adams, 29 Delano and Aldrich, 150; Embassy Paris, 25, 27, 28, 29 30, 33, 52, 286, figs Denmark. See Copenhagen (Denmark) Dertadian, Richard, 273, 282 design policies, of FBO: Belluschi and, 122 3, 137, 140, 163, 164 5, 180, 258; critics of, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 32, 45, 54, 55 6, 61, 66 7, 68, 83 4, 94, 95, 96, 98, 105, 106, , 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126, 157, 203, 205, 211, 212, 219, 226, 227 8, 233, 242, 244, 257; Inman standards and, 12, 240 1, 243 7, 248, 251, 252, 257; Kenworthy and, 11, , , , 122, 137, 139, 163, 223, 254 5; King and, 9, 35, 36, 57 8, 60 1, 86, 97, 106 7, 112, 114, 118, 123; traditionalism and, 9, 24 5, 32 3, 36, 37, 55 6, 57, 66, 74, 91, 112, 118, 119, 158, 159, 195 6, 248; U.S. image abroad and, x, 6 9, 45, 98, 106 7, , 137, 164, 165, 177 8, 190, 212, 254, 258. See also Architectural Advisory

5 Committee (AAC); Bow Report; furniture designs; Overseas Buildings Operations, Bureau of (OBO) Dhahran (Saudi Arabia), 39, 45, 50; Consulate, 51 2, 101, 284 Dhaka (Bangladesh): Embassy, 236, 240, 257, 284, fig. 128 di Renzi, Mario, 56, 285 Diegert & Yerkes: Mogadishu project, 162 DiGiacomo, Sal, 56, 286 Dili (East Timor), 264 diplomatic and consular services, U.S.: beginnings of, 9, 13 15; duties of, 14; Far East needs for, 15, 17 19; in post WWII Germany, 9, 10, 59, 85 99, 254, figs ; in post WWII Japan, 9, 18, 22, 24, 59, 146, 162, 170, 282, 286, figs. 78 9; professionalization of, 15 16; property ownership and, See also embassies, U.S.; Foreign Service, U.S.; names of cities Djibouti, 254, 287 Dodd, Thomas J., 146 Doha (Qatar), 274; Embassy, 288; projects, 238, 254 Dominican Republic. See Ciudad Trujillo (Dominican Republic) Donaldson, Alan C, 108 Dondero, George, 6, 34 Donovan, Patrick, 268 Dubai (U. A. E.): Embassy, 264, 287 Dublin (Ireland): Embassy, vii, 162, 166, 168, 224 6, 284, 301n12, fig. 76, figs ; Embassy controversies, 11, 129, 173, , 223 4; FBO and, 45, 50, 101, 132, 142, 166, 225; Johansen proposals, , fig. 109; Merrion Square chancery, 166, ; prior Consulate, Duke, Angier Biddle, 69 Dulles, Allen, 42 Dulles, John Foster: ACC and, 121 2, 145; CIA and, 42; FBO and, 74, 104 5, 106, 107, 108, 111; foreign policy and, 184; Foreign Service and, 105, 108, Dushanbe (Tajikistan), 249; Embassy, 250, 265, 268, 288 Düsseldorf (Germany): Consulate, 87 8, 89, 90, 285, fig. 38 Eames, Charles, 71, 149, 204 East Timor. See Dili (East Timor) Economic Cooperation Administration, 4 Ecuador. See Quito (Ecuador) Eggers & Higgins, 158; Embassy Ankara, 50, 55, 56, 284, fig. 19 Egypt. See Cairo; Giza Ehrenkrantz, Ezra, 238 Einhorn Yaffee Prescott (EYP), 278 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 53, 194; FBO and, 58, 104, 115, 116, 124, 126, 220; foreign policy and, 38, 43, 44, 104, 184; London statue of, INDEX , 204 Eisenman, Peter, 269 El Salvador. See San Salvador (El Salvador) embassies, U.S.: as diplomatic assets, vii, xi, 3 4, 38, 49, 54, 76 7, 235, 237, 250, 252, 253, 258, ; functions of, 25, 28, 43 4, 55, 56, 69, 74, 166 7, 191; historic preservation of, ix, 54, 275 7; living conditions in, 9, 18, 24, 33, 125, 130 1, 143, 156 7, 167, 226, 244, 256 7, 266, fig. 38; symbolic motifs of, 167 8, 224, figs 73 4, fig. 76. See also design policies, of FBO.; names of architects; names of cities; security concerns England. See Great Britain; London (England) Esherick, Joseph: Embassy La Paz, 230, 236, 238, 244, 283, 285, 303n3 Esherick, Homsey, Dodge & Davis, 285 Estonia. See Tallin (Estonia) Ethiopia. See Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) FBO. See Foreign Buildings Operations, Office of (FBO) Feiss, Carl, 149 Finland: Embassy of, Washington, D.C., vii. See also Helsinki (Finland) Finley, David, 113 First Kuwait Trading Company, 268 Food for Peace program, , 301n4 Foote, Lucius, 14 Forbes, W. Cameron, 27 Foreign Affairs Committee. See House Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S.; House Committee on International Relations, U.S.; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Foreign Buildings Operations (FBO): autonomy of, 7, 10, 46 7, 58, 105, 114; Buy American policy and, 130; Cold War impetus for, 3, 9 10, 37 45; congressional conflicts and, 3, 124 5, 126, 134, 151, 195, , 228; criticism of, 7, 10, 54, 66, 68, 94, 105, 107, 111, 113, , 118, 124, 126, 134, 159, 195, 227 8, 242, 244; landmark projects of, 11, ; peak years of, 3, 11, ; post WWII projects, 4 5, 79 99; program cuts, 107 8, 111, 134, 226 7, 233 4; reports on, , See also Architectural Advisory Committee (AAC); design policies, of FBO; embassies, U.S.; funding, for building programs; names of architects and cities; security concerns Foreign Service, U.S.: and AAC, 116, 121, 160 1, 283; Confidential Funds, 131, 132; congressional relations with, 53, 95, 109, 231 2; FBO and, 52, 79, 114, 125, 132 3, 148, 257, 258; living conditions, 82 4, 95, 110, 156 7, 256 7; McCarthy investigations and, 104 5, 108, 110, 125; personnel, 4, 10, 15, 41, 47, 82, 110, 125 6, 136, 227; professionalization of, 15 16, 19; U.S. isolationism and, See also Foreign Buildings Office (FBO); names of

6 314 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY officers; State, U.S. Department of Foreign Service Buildings Act (1926), 19, 21, 121; amendments, 92, 100 Foreign Service Buildings Commission (FSBC), 13, 20, 21, 48, 193, 226 Foreign Service Buildings Office (FSBO), 20, 22, 31, 35, 121 Foundation for Art and Preservation in Embassies (FAPE), Framaco, 264 France. See Le Havre; Paris Frankfurt (Germany): America House project, 87,96, fig. 46; Consulate, 87 91, 93,133, 236, 285, figs ; FBO office in, 55; HICOG housing in, 85 Franklin, Benjamin, 14 Franzen, Ulrich, 229 Freetown (Sierra Leone), 266, 288 FSBO. See Foreign Service Buildings Office (FSBO) Fukuoka (Japan): Consulate and apartments, 146, 148, 162, 170, 282, 285, figs Fulbright, William J., 135, 203, 226 Fulbright Program, 3, 43 funding, for building programs: appropriations, 9, 11, 23, 32, 46, 101, 104, 109, 116, 129, 261, 262; authorization of, 19, 23, 25, 28, 31 2, 33, 46, 49, 102, 104, 109, 134, 214, 215; crisis of in, 40 1, 116, 124, 135, 147, 162, 163, 214, 220, 225, 226 7, 233; Food for Peace, 214, 215, 301n4; foreign credits, 4, 9, 11, 37, 48 9, 50, 52, 58, 83, 100, 102, 109, 124, 129, ; property sales, 48, 102, 214, 225, 252, 261, 269; re-allocation of, 33, 226; security initiatives and, 240, 247, 249, 260, 261, 262; special legislation, 233; two-year authorization limit, See also Porter Act (1926) furniture designs: modern, 57, 63, 66, 67, 74, 90, 91, 116, 204, fig. 29, fig. 33, figs , fig. 106; foreign credits and, 102 3; Japanese, 83, 102, fig. 37. See also Eames, Charles; Knoll, Hans; Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Gabriel, Jacques-Ange, 29, 46 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 185, 191 Gallman, Waldemar J., 125, 283 Garrigues & Middlehurst: Embassy Madrid, 6, 9, 39, 50, 59, 67, 68 70, 71, 101, 106, 116, 117, 140, 221, 285, fig. 23, fig. 123 Geddes, Brecher, Qualls & Cunningham: Embassy Islamabad, 229, 285 Geddes, Norman Bel, 81 Gehron, William: Hague project, 147, 162, 205, 208, 211 Gehry, Frank: Damascus project, 238, 239; DZ Bank, 269 Geneva (Switzerland), 254, 285 Georgetown (Guyana): Embassy, 238, 244, 246, 255, 285, 303n3, fig. 144 Georgia. See Tbilisi (Georgia) Georgian-style architecture: in Dublin, 215, 218, 225; FBO and, , 55 6, 114, 115, 118, 158, fig. 17; FSBC and, 16, 23, 24 5; in London, 120, 194, 200, 201, 203, 204, 276. See also traditional architecture Germany: post WWII U.S. building program in, 10, 85 99, 254, figs See also America House program; Berlin; Bonn; Bremen; Düsseldorf; Frankfurt; Munich; Stuttgart; U.S. High Commissioner to Germany, Office of (HICOG) Ghana. See Accra (Ghana) Giambologna (Giovanni Bologna): Venus, 45 Giedion, Sigfried, 81, 136 Gilbert, Cass, 26; former Embassy Ottawa, 22, 275, 285, fig. 2 Giza (Egypt): Residence project, 142, 241, 242, 285, fig See also Cairo (Egypt) Goff, Bruce, 106 Goodhue, Bertram, 60 Goodman, Charles: Reykjavik project, 57, 282, 292n31 Goodman, Percival, 159 Goodwin, Philip, 187 Graduate School of Design (GSD), Harvard University, 6, 81, 84, 136, 157, 179, 209, 216 Grams, Rod, 261 Great Britain: Embassy in Washington D.C., 30 1, 193, 196, fig. 11; first U.S. diplomats in, 13, 14 15, 193, 194, 205. See also London (England) Greece. See Athens (Greece) Green, Theodore Francis, 103, 105 Green Building Council, U.S., 277 Grew House (Tokyo), 84 Grigg, Milton: Embassy Canberra annexes, 56, 158, 284, fig. 17 Gropius, Walter, 68, 157, 174; AAC and, 147, 149, 175, 181, 208; Bauhaus and, 88, 98, 180; Embassy Athens, 77, 78, 137, 162, 168, 173, 175 6, 208 9, 211, 276, 282, 284, fig. 61 2, fig. 74; at GSD, 6, 55, 81, 136, 150, 179, 181, 209; modernism and, 169, 175 6, Grosvenor, Gerald Cavendish, 194 Grosvenor Estate, 195, 200, 204 Grosvenor Square. See under London (England) Gruen Associates, 234, 284, 286 GSD. See Graduate School of Design (GSD), Harvard University Guangzhou (China), 254, 287 Guatemala: CIA coup in, 42 Guatemala City (Guatemala), 21; Embassy, 231, 236, 285 Guinea. See Conakry (Guinea) Guinea-Bissau. See Bissau (Guinea Bissau) Gutheim, Frederick, 115 Guyana. See Georgetown (Guyana)

7 Guymard, Barnabe, 46 Hague, The (Netherlands), 50, 169, 205 6; Embassy, 11, 77 8, 91, 166, 167, 205, 209, , 255, 275, 282, 286, figs. 71 2, figs 104 7; FBO office in, 37, 55, 59, 73, 76, 142; future Embassy, 273, 275, 277; Gehron project, 147, 162, 205, 208, 211; Rapson project, 70 2, 77, 101, 205, 206 7, fig. 24; security measures in, 237, 247 Hai Bo, 271 Haiti. See Port-au-Prince (Haiti) Halsband, Frances, 274, 283 Hamburg (Germany), 85; America House in, 87, 96; Consulate annex, 87, 285 Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson, 158 Hare, Michael M.: Residence Tegucigalpa, 137 8, 149, 150, 154 6, 157, 282, 286, fig. 51 Hare, Raymond A., 160, 175, 283 Hare & Hatch, 149, 154 Harlan, Robert, 92, 93 Harris, Harwell: Helsinki project, 162 Harris, Townsend, 83 Harris House (Tokyo staff housing), 79, 81, 82 4, 286 Harrison, Frank, 108 Harrison, Wallace K., 59 60, 61, 67, 98, 182 Harrison & Abramovitz, 60, 72, 86, 106, 200; Consulate/former Embassy Rio, 9, 58, 59, 60 2, 63, 67, 71, 106, 196, 286, fig. 20; Embassy Havana, 9, 58, 59, 63 7, 69, 71, 106, 196, 285, figs. 21 2; United Nations buildings, NYC, 58, 60, 67, 86, 106 Hart, Parker, 50 2, 292n21 Hartley, Marsden, 5 Hartman, Craig: Embassy Beijing, 266, 269, 270 1, 272, 287, figs Hartman, George, 230, 238 Hartman-Cox: Embassy Kuala Lumpur, 230, 236, 238, 239, 240, 285, 303n3, fig. 127 Harvard University: Fogg Art Museum, 6; Loeb Drama Center, 171, 255. See also Graduate School of Design (GSD), Harvard University Hatch, Donald E., 154; Embassy Caracas, 154, 162, 282, 284; former Embassy Port-au-Prince, 147, 154, 171, 172, 174, 282, 286, fig. 85. See also Hare & Hatch Havana (Cuba), 17, 21, 24, 33, 34, 63 4, 70, 102; art exhibit in, 5; Embassy, 6, 9, 57, 58, 59, 63 7, 68, 69, 71, 91, 101, 102, 106, 116, 118, 140, 145, 196, 285, figs. 21 2; Residence, 33, 36, 285 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 14 Hays, Wayne: design opinions, 54, 203, , 221, 226; downfall of, 125, 231, 235; FBO relations with, 11, 54, 124 5, 129, 130, 131, 132 4, 135, 214, 220, 221 2, 226 7, 228, 229, 231, 232 3, 235, 244; as Foreign Affairs Committee member, 27, 40, 129, 133, 146, INDEX , 232 3, 235, fig. 116; U.S. Embassy Dublin and, 11, 180, 215, 216, 219, 220, 221, Hazzard, Elliott, 23, 284 Heikkinen, Mikko, vii Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK): Embassy Moscow redesign, 243; Embassy San Salvador, 227, 286. See also HOK Hellmuth, Yamasaki & Leinweber: former Consulate Kobe, 148, 285, fig. 84; former Easter Airlines terminal, Logan Airport, viii ix, 164, fig. 54; St. Louis airport, 148. See also Yamasaki, Minoru Helsinki (Finland): Embassy/former Legation, 25, 46, 285, fig. 4; Harris project, 162; Notter project, 238; Saarinen project, 8, 101, 106, 107, 119, , 191, 295n37; Soviet Embassy in, 8 Henderson, Loy: and AAC/AAP, 157 8, 159, 160, 188, 197, 220; as ambassador to India, 127, 185, 188; as ambassador to Iran, 56, 125, 127; early diplomatic career of, 126 7; and FBO, 126 7, 128 9, 132, 188, 213, 214, 219, 220 Henderson High. See Tehran (Iran), former Embassy Henningson, Durham & Richardson: Embassy Brasilia, 122, 233, 234, 284 Herrick, Myron, 17 Herter, Christian, 213, 214 Hicks, Thomas, 274 HICOG. See U.S. High Commissioner to Germany, Office of (HICOG) Hill, Henry, 149, 282, 286 Hirata, Hideo, 80 Hitler, Adolf, 34, 253 Hoffman, Josef, 204 HOK: Embassy Abu Dhabi, 287; Embassy Belmopan, 287; Embassy Dar es Salaam, 288; Embassy Moscow redesign, 243; Embassy Nairobi, 288; Embassy San Salvador, 227, 286; Embassy Tashkent, 288; Embassy Tbilisi, 288; Embassy Zagreb, 288. Holabird, Root & Burgee, 208 Holabird & Root, 149, 282 Homsey, Samuel, 162 Homsey, Victorine, 146, 162 Homsey & Homsey: former Residence Tehran, 286 Honduras. See Tegucigalpa (Honduras) Hong Kong (China), 19, 55; Consulate, 122, 136, 139, 144, 146, 149, 207, 230, 283, 285, fig. 49 Hood, Raymond, 60 Hoover, Herbert, 19, 32 Hôtel Pontalba/Hotel Rothschild (Paris), 46, 52 4, 117, , 276 Hôtel Talleyrand (Paris), 29, 46, 276 House Appropriations Committee, U.S., See also Rooney, John J. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S., 37,

8 316 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY 302n49; FBO and, 102, 134 5, 214, 228, 231; FSBC and, 20 2, 27 9, 30 2, 33 4, 193. See also Bloom, Sol; Bolton, Frances; Hays, Wayne; Porter, Stephen G.; Porter Act (1926); Public Law 586 (1928) House Committee on International Relations, U.S., 32, 232, 302n49 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 40. See also McCarthy, Joseph R. Housing and Urban Development (HUD), U.S. Department of, 238 Howe, George, 56, 121, 157, 285 Howe, Jay, 130 Hudnut, Joseph, 113, 136 Hughes, David, 86, 294n21 Hughes, William: and AAC/AAP, 143, 147, 153, 157 8, 159, 160, 181, 182, 188, 201, 202, 208, 217, 218, , 223; as FBO director, 54, 123, 126, 127 8, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 140, 154 5, 157, 172, 197, 211, , 257 8, 282 Hull, Cordell, 121 Hull, Morton D., 28 Humelsine, Carlisle, 69, 100, 102, 105, 107 Hungary. See Budapest (Hungary) Hutchins, Robert, 149, 282. See also Moore & Hutchins Hutton, Barbara, 120 Ibn Saud, Abd al-aziz (king), 50 1 Iceland. See Reykjavik (Iceland) India, U.S. relations with, 11, 38, 39, 41, See also New Delhi (India); Taj Mahal (Agra) Indonesia. See Jakarta (Indonesia) Inman, Bobby R., 240 Inman standards, 12, 240 1, 243 7, 248, 251, 252, 254, 257 Inspector General, Office of (OIG), 266, 267, 268, 273 Integrus Architects: Embassy Algiers, 287; Embassy Bamako, 287; Embassy Bogotá, 244, 245 6, 284, fig. 143; Embassy Conacry, 287; Embassy Freetown, 288 Inter-American Affairs, Office of, 60 International style, 81, 113, 175, 179; criticism of, 10, 11, 56, 68, 70, 106, 113, 159, ; political overtones of, 67, 78, 106, 135, 145. See also modernism Iran. See Tabriz; Tehran Iraq. See Baghdad; Basra Ireland. See Dublin (Ireland) Irving, Washington, 14 Ishibashi Shojiro, Tokyo residence of, 80 Islamabad (Pakistan), 166, 233, 236, 301n4; Embassy compound, 167, 229, 285; NEC project, 268, 287. See also Karachi (Pakistan) Istanbul (Turkey), 16; Consulate, 265, 288, fig. 164; project, 254 Italy. See Naples; Palermo; Rome Ivory Coast. See Abidjan (Ivory Coast) Jackson, Huson, 196 Jacobs, Alan B., 53, 56 7, 66, 71, 77, 115, 186; Embassy Brussels, 284, fig.75; Embassy Madrid, 68 70, fig. 23 Jacobsen, Hugh Newell, 46 Jacobus, John, 174 Jakarta (Indonesia), 169; Embassy, 100, 119, 141, 142, 144 5, 168, 171, 174, 285, fig. 48; security concerns in, 237, fig. 124; staff housing, 285 Jamaica. See Kingston (Jamaica) Japan: Embassy in D.C. of, 29; ambassador to Peru taken hostage, 247; modern architecture in, 25, 80 1, 84, 293n5; U.S. relations with, 9 10, 16, 18, 19, 37, 59, 79, 80. See also Fukuoka; Kobe; Osaka; Tokyo; Yokohama Jaquet, Paul Franz: Embassy Canberra, 55 6, 284, fig. 17; Residence Asunción, 36; Residence Canberra, 55, 284; Residence Lima, 36, 285, fig. 13; Residences elsewhere, 36, 285, 286 Jay, John, 14 Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 14 Jiddah (Saudi Arabia), 45, 50 1; Consulate, 50, 51 2, 285, 292n22 Johannesburg (South Africa): Consulate, 264, 266, 288 Johansen, John, 6, 148, 216; Embassy Dublin, vii, 11, 162, 166, 168, 224 6, 284, 301n12, fig. 76, figs ; Embassy Dublin proposals, 129, 173, , 218, , fig. 109; JFK and, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Washington, D.C.), 172, 190 Johnson, Lyndon B., 132, 233 Johnson, Philip, 149, 159, 182 Johnstone, James R., 46, 114, 132 3, 134, 220, 221, 222, 223 4, 225, 229, 230, 231, 233, 282 Jones, Roger, 222 Jones & Emmons: former Embassy Singapore, 162, 165, 171, 172, 286 Jordan. See Amman (Jordan) Jordan, R. Furneaux, 203, 225 Jova, John, 69 Kabul (Afghanistan): Embassy, 265, 288; Embassy proposal, 219; former Embassy, 162, 228, 282, 285. See also Islamabad (Pakistan) Kahn, Louis, 234; Luanda project, 149, 165, 239, 255, 257 8, 282, fig. 56 Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles, 229 Kallman, McKinnell & Wood: Embassy Athens, 287; Embassy Bangkok, 244, 284, fig. 140; in Embassy Berlin competition, 253; Embassy Dhaka, 240, 284, fig.128 Kallman & McKinnell, 234 Kampala (Uganda): Embassy as SED prototype, 264, 288, fig. 156; Marine Security Guard Headquarters, 264; USAID facilities, 264, 265 Karachi (Pakistan), 39, 142, 169; consular com-

9 pound, 264, 287; former Embassy, 41 2, 137, 140 1, 142, 165, 171, 174, 177, 208, 233, 282, 285, figs. 91 3; original Embassy, 39, 41 Kathmandu (Nepal), 266, 288 Katz, Alex, 273 Kawasaki, Morinosuke: Tokyo residence of, 80 Kazakhstan. See Akmola; Almaty; Astana KCCT (Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey), 267, 287, 288 Keck, George F., 149 Kellogg, Frank, 19, 22 Kelly, Edna F., 146, 216, 224, fig. 116 Kelly, Ellsworth, 272 Kennan, George F., 85, 101, 105, 108 Kennedy, John F., 11, 131, 215, 216, 220, 223, 271 Kennedy, Robert F., Kennedy Airport (NYC): former TWA terminal at, 203 Kennedy Center. See John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Washington, D.C.) Kennedy Onassis, Jacqueline B., 185 Kenworthy, Nelson, 62, 64, 66, 111, 127, 186, 282, 295n37; and AAC, 120 3, , 163; and AAP, 161; design policies, , , , 122, 137, 139, 163, 223 Kenya. See Nairobi (Kenya) Kerrigan, Edward, 61 2 Kerry, John, 278 Ketchum, Gina & Sharp, 162, 286 Ketchum, Morris, 149; Embassy Rabat, 162, 177 8, 211, 282 Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, 253 Keyes & Lethbridge: former Embassy Lima, 162, 166, 247, 285, fig. 63, fig. 145 Keyes-Elliott Bill (1930), 20 Khartoum (Sudan): Embassy, 264, 266, 272, 288; project, 254; terrorist assault in, 236 KieranTimberlake: London Embassy competition proposal, xi, 274, fig. 189 Kiev (Ukraine): Embassy, 264; former Embassy/ Legation, 248 Kigali (Rwanda): Embassy, 264, 266, 288 Kilham, Walter, Jr., 149, 282 Kilham & O Connor: former Embassy Kabul, 162, 285 King, Leland W.: and FBO management, 47, 60 1, 81, 100 1, 105, 107, , 114, 115, 282; FBO projects and, 35 6, 39, 51 2, 55, 56, 68, 70, 76, 81, 82 3, 86, 97, 106, 146, 186, 191; foreign credit funding and, 49, 52, 58, 83, 100, 102, 109; modernism and, 9, 35, 36, 57 8, 61, 86, 97, 106 7, 112, 114, 118, 123; political harassment of FBO and, 10, , 146; retirement, 10, 98, 106, 114, 115, 191; training, 54 5 Kingston (Jamaica), 254; Embassy, 266, 267, 288, fig. 175 INDEX 317 Kinshasa (Congo): Consulate/Embassy and housing, 40, 120, 139, 142 3, 149, 150, 170, 176, 283, 285, fig. 83. See also Brazzaville (Congo) Kling, Vincent: former Embassy Quito, 166, 168, 171, 173, 286, fig. 88 Knoll, Hans, 57, 63, 66, 70, 186; furniture, 57, 63, 66 7, 74, 90, 91, 118, 204, fig. 29, figs Knoop, Stuart E., 243. See also Oudens + Knoop Kobe (Japan), 19, 169; Dunlop Rubber Factory in, 80; former Consulate and housing, 139, 146, 148, 166, 167, 170, 175, 250, 283, 285, fig. 84 Koch, Carl, 149; Belgrade staff housing, 162, 282, 284 Koch, Gaetano, 45 Kohn, Pedersen & Fox: Embassy Nicosia, 244, 285 Komonen, Markku, vii Koons, Jeff: Tulips sculpture, 271, fig. 188 Korea. See Seoul (Korea) Korean War, 44, 78, 184 Krinsky, Carol H., 86 Krys, Sheldon J., 257 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): Embassy, 230, 236, 238, 239, 240, 285, 303n3, fig. 127 Kullman Industries: Dushanbe project, 250, 265, 268, 288; Embassy Bishkek, 249, 250, 284, fig. 151 Kump, Ernest J., Jr., 149; London competition entry, 196, 198, 199; Seoul staff housing, 282, 286 Kuwait: in D.C. chancery enclave, 227; Embassy, 244, 255, 285, fig. 138 Kyrgyzstan. See Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) La Paz (Bolivia), 22, 148, 220; attack on former Embassy, 236; Embassy, 230, 238, 244, 285, 303n3 Ladd, Thornton P.: Niagara Falls project, Lagos (Nigeria), 50; Consulate and housing, 40, 139, 146, 149, 150, 176, 283, 285 Laird, Anita Moeller, 91 Laloux, Victor, 29 Langan Engineering, 278 Langlais, Felix, 52 Lansing, Robert, 18 Lantaff, William C., 103 Larkin, Frederick A. ( Fritz ): allies of, 32, 47, 105, 109, 114, 129; autonomy of, 46 7, 48, 55, 58, 105, 125; enemies of, 105, 114; as FBO head, 4, 10, 31, 35, 52, 70, 81, 85, 86, 100, 125, 282, 291n47; and foreign credits funding, 4, 48 50, 129; and FSBC, 9, 31, 32 3, 48; property deals and, 31, 45 6, 47, 48 9, 50 1, 52, 53, 54, 59, 60, 63 4, 195; retirement of, 32, 58, 85, 100, 114, 129 Larkin, Lawrence, 86 Larson, Roy F., 159, 221, 227, 228, 229, 234, 283, fig. 116

10 318 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY Latvia. See Riga (Latvia) Le Corbusier (Charles Édouard Jeanneret), 62, 63, 71, 73, 77, 80, 88, 92, 169, 179, 234 Le Havre (France), 45; Consulate and housing, 50, 77, 101, 107, 285 Leao, Carlos, 62 Lebanon. See Beirut (Lebanon) LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), Leffler, Melvyn, 39 Leipziger-Pearce, Hugo, 98 Leonard Parker Associates, The: Embassy Santiago, 244, 245, 286, 303n3, figs. 142a 142b Léopoldville (Congo). See Brazzaville (Congo); Kinshasa (Congo) Lethbridge, Francis D., 283. See also Keyes & Lethbridge Lever House (NYC), 58, 85 6, 87, 91 2, 147, 196 LeWitt, Sol: mural by, 273, fig. 186 Liberia. See Monrovia (LIberia) Lichtenstein, Roy, 273 Life magazine, 7, 112, 135, 213 Lima (Peru), 22, 24, 33, 50, 107; Embassy, 244, 245, 247, 285, fig. 141; former Embassy, 33, 162, 166, 247, 285, fig. 63, fig. 145; Residence, 34, 36, 285, fig. 13 Lin, Maya, 271 Lindeberg, Harrie T., 159; Embassy Helsinki, 25, 285, fig. 4 Linthicum, J. Charles, 21 2, 29, 30 Lisbon (Portugal): Embassy, 238, 239, 240, 285, 303n3, fig.126 Lithuania. See Vilnius (Lithuania) Locraft, Thomas H., 159 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 103 Loebl, Schlossman & Bennett, 157. See also Bennett, Richard M. Lomé (Togo): Embassy, 288, fig. 176 London (England), 169; ambassadorial expenses in, 131; CIA in, 42; early U.S. diplomats in, 13, 14, 15, 193, 194; Embassy, 11, 54, 136, 137, 157 8, 162, 166, 167, 168, 187, 192, 273, fig. 77, figs ; Embassy 1956 competition, 161, 195, figs. 97 8; Embassy 2010 competition winner, xi, 274 5, fig. 189; FBO office in, 38, 55, 108, 142, 193; former Embassy, 193 4, fig. 96; former Legation, 193; former Residences, 17, 22, 120, 193; Grosvenor Square, 100 1, 193, 194 5; Residence, 120; USIS in, 43, 194 Longworth, Nicholas, 15 Louchheim, Aline, 5 Lourie, Donold B., 107, 111, 113 Lowden, Frank O., 16, 17 Lowden Act (1911), 17 Luanda (Angola): Consulate project, 149, 165, 255, 257 8, 282, fig. 56; Embassy, 261, 267, 288 Luce, Clare Boothe, Luce, Henry R., 7 Luckman, Charles, 86 Lundy, Victor: Embassy Colombo, 227, 234, 236, 284, fig.120 Lusaka (Zambia), 264, 287 Lutyens, Edwin L.: British Embassy in Washington D.C., 30 1, 193, 196, fig. 11 M. F. Malone Co., 250 MacArthur, Douglas, 79 80, 84 Mackintosh, Charles Rennie, 204 Madagascar. See Antananarivo (Madagascar) Madison, Robert: Embassy Dakar, 148, 234, 284, fig. 121 Madras (India), 228, 285 Madrid (Spain): Embassy, 6, 9, 39, 50, 59, 67, 68 70, 71, 101, 106, 116, 117, 140, 221, 285, fig. 23, fig. 123; Residence, 69 70, 117 Magonigle, H. Van Buren, 25 6, 195, 290n28. See also Raymond & Magonigle Makdisi, Bahige (Lebanese architect), 140, 142 Malaysia. See Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) Mali, 232, 272. See also Bamako (Mali) Managua (Nicaragua), 22; Embassy, 266, 288, fig. 177; former Embassy, 50, 101, 285; Legation project, 33; Residence project, 36; USAID facilities, 266 Manama (Bahrain): Embassy, 244, 285, 303n3; Rockrise project, 238 Manchester, William, 80 Manila (Philippines), 39, 125; Embassy, 161, 165, 166, 170, 282, 285, fig. 81; old Chancery in, 50, 276; project, 229; staff housing in, 142, 143 4, 282, 285 Markelius, Sven, 73, 76 Marquis, Robert: San José project, 238 Marshall, George C., 6, 39 Marshall Plan, 39, 85 Martin, Whitmell, 18 Matsumoto, George, 148, 282 McBride, Harry A., 121, 151 3, 160 1, 188, 208, 283, 294n21 McCarthy, Joseph R., 10, 44, 104, 108, 110, 115, 125 McCloy, John, 96 7 McCue, Boone & Tomsick: Beirut project, 140, 233 McKim, Mead & White, 59, 158 McLaughlin, Robert T., 200 McLaughlin, Robert W., Jr., 195, 197, 200 McLeod, Robert W. S. ( Scott ), 108, 216 McReynolds, Samuel D., 34 Meier, Richard: London project, 274; Santiago project, 238 Mellon, Andrew, 19

11 Meloy, Francis, 236 Mence & Moore: Consulate Port of Spain, 120, 142, 143, 286 Merchant, Livingston, 197 Merrill, Keith, 20 1, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31 Messersmith, George S., 33 4 Metcalf, William: Embassy Cairo, 238, 245, 284; Residence Giza project, 142, 241 2, 285, fig. 129 Mexico, 13, 16; U.S. consulates in, 107, 231, 287; U.S. projects in, 287 Mexico City (Mexico), 17, 110, 133; Consulate, 33; Embassy, 49, 162, 165, 166, 173, 217, 231, 285, fig.67; former Embassy, 17, 285 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 71, 149, 179, 229, 234; Barcelona chair by, 66, 74, 90, fig. 29; Barcelona pavilion, 96; São Paulo project, 158, 162, fig. 52 Miller, William E., 95, 115 Miner, William, Minsk (Belarus): Embassy, 248 9, fig. 149 modernism: in Brazil, 61, 62 3, 159; criticisms of, 6, 107, , 135 6, 151 2, , 221, 254; current interest in, 275; in Denmark, 76; design vocabulary of, 63, 165, 169; in England, 205; FBO and, 35 6, 55, 57, 58, 59 99; and GSD group, 6, 81, 84, 136, 157, 179, 209, 216; historical references in, 174 5, 176, 204 5, 254 5; in Japan, 25, 80 1, 84, 293n5; in The Netherlands, 206, 275; political symbolism of, x, 3, 5, 7 9, 10 11, 67, 98, 99, 106 7, 135, 205; regionalism and, 11, 164 5, 175 9, 205, 255. See also Bauhaus; International style Mogadishu (Somalia): Diegert & Yerkes project, 162; former Embassy by Oudens & Knoop, 227 8, 243 4, 249, 285, figs ; older Embassy compound, 167, 233, 236 Moholy-Nagy, László, 71 Moldova. See Chisnau (Moldova) Monrovia (LIberia), 22, 32, 38, 39, 264, 285, 287 Montevideo (Uruguay), 22; Embassy, 156, 228, 234, 285; Legation project, 33; Residence, 36, 285 Montreal (Canada): projects, 107, 229 Moore, Charles W., 283 Moore & Hutchins, 150, 284. See also Hutchins, Robert Moore Ruble Yudell (MRY): Embassy Berlin, 253, 254, 269, 284, 287, figs See also Moore, Charles W.; Ruble, John Morgan, J. Pierpont: former London residence of, 17, 120, 193 Morgan, Jay, 286 Morgan, Sherley Wagner, 195 Morocco. See Rabat; Tangier Morphosis Architects, 274 Moscow (Russia): Embassy, 242 3, 247, 247, 248, 285, fig. 130; former Embassy, 127; post INDEX 319 WWII conditions in, 101, 125; security concerns in, 12, 101, 236, 241, Mosley, Leonard, 42, 108 Mumford, Lewis, 136 Munich (Germany): America House in, 87, 96; Consulate, 87 8, 89, 90, 91, 92 3, 237, 285, fig Muniz, Lydia, Murphy, Frederick V., 159; Apostolic Nunciature by, 112, fig. 47 Muscat (Oman): Embassy, 238, 244, 285, 303n3, fig. 139 Museum of Modern Art (NYC), 6, 157, 187 MYR. See Moore Ruble Yudell (MYR) Nagoya (Japan), 19, 146, 169; Consulate, 162, 170, 171, 282, 285 Nairobi (Kenya): bombing of former embassy in, x, 12, 260 1, 269, fig. 155; Embassy, 265, 288, fig. 163; former embassy, 285; USAID facilities, 265 Nakajima, Ken, 166 Namm, Adam, 277, 282 Naples (Italy): Consulate/housing, 55, 56, 61, 68, 101, 285 National Building Museum (Washington, D.C.), 238, 289n5 National Commission of Fine Arts (NCFA), 113, 116, 121 National Research Council (NRC): FBO study by, NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 249 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 38, 183, 184, 185, 189 Nepal. See Kathmandu (Nepal) Nervi, Pier Luigi, 209 Netherlands. See Rotterdam; The Hague Neutra, Richard, 68, 137, 140, 147, 149, 157, 174, 179, 181, 282 Neutra & Alexander: former Embassy Karachi, 140 1, 142, 174, 177, 208, 285, figs New Delhi (India), 39, 142, 147, 166, 169, 184, 185, 207; Embassy, 11, 38, 58, 106, 141, 149, 150, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171 2, 174 5, 183, 185, 186, , 191, 205, 208, 211, 213, , 256, 258, 276, 283, 285, fig. 53, fig. 73, fig. 80, fig. 87, figs. 64 5; prior Embassy, 41, 127, 185 New Independent States (NIS) of former Soviet Union, 12, See also names of states New York World s Fair (1939): Brazilian Pavilion, 62; Trylon and Perisphere, 59 Newsom, David D., 41, 43 Niamey (Niger): Embassy, 176, 231, 285, fig. 117 Nicaragua. See Managua (Nicaragua) Nicosia (Cyprus): Embassy, 244, 285 Niemeyer, Oscar, 62 Niger, 40. See also Niamey (Niger)

12 320 ARCHITECTURE OF DIPLOMACY Nigeria. See Abuja; Lagos NIS. See New Independent States Nitze, Paul H., 44 Nixon, Richard M., 231, 242 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 39, 77 Norway. See Oslo (Norway) Notter, George: Helsinki project, 238 Noyes, Eliot: Phnom Penh project, 233 OBO. See Overseas Building Operations, Bureau of Office of Inspector General (OIG), Department of State, 266, 267, 268, 273 Office of the Supervising Architect, Department of the Treasury (SAT), ix, 17, 19 20, 21, 22 3, 31, 33, 35, 36, 56, 284 Okura, Tatsuya, 84; Consulate Osaka, 84, 250, 285, fig. 152 Oman. See Muscat (Oman) OPAP. See Overseas Presence Advisory Panel (OPAP) report Osaka (Japan): Consulate, 84, 250, 285, fig. 152 Oslo (Norway), 17, 59, 169; Embassy, 77, 136, 157 8, 166, 167, 168, 191 2, 210, 211, 230, 237, 247, 275, 285, figs , fig. 146; Rapson project, 70, 77, 78, 101, 191, fig. 35; Residence/Villa Otium, 24, 276, fig. 3 Ottawa (Canada): Embassy, 247, 251 2, 262, 269, 273, 286, figs 153 4; former Embassy, 22 3, 275, 285, fig. 2; Spitznagel project, 162; Thompson project, 238, 251, 303n3 Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), 264, 266, 272, 288 Oudens + Knoop: former Embassy Mogadishu, 227 8, 243 4, 249, 285, figs ; Residence Seoul, 286 Overseas Building Operations, Bureau of (OBO), 12, 262 3, 264, 265 6, 267, 268, 273, 274, See also ART in Embassies Program (AIEP); Standard Embassy Design (SED) Overseas Presence Advisory Panel (OPAP) report, Packard, Frank L., 17, 286 Page, Walter Hines, 193 Pakistan. See Islamabad; Karachi Palacio Bosch (Buenos Aires), 22, 23, 276 Palazzo Margherita (Rome), 45, 49, 243, 276, fig. 14 Palermo (Italy): projects for, 56, 162 Palmer, Ronald, 124 Panama, 21, 22, 24, 60; Canal Zone, 16, 60 Panama City (Panama), 17, 33, 34, 36; El Panama Hotel, 187; Embassy, 266, 278, 288, fig. 178 Papua New Guinea. See Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea) Paraguay. See Asunción (Paraguay) Paris (France): Consulate/Hôtel Talleyrand, 46, 49, 276; Embassy, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29 30, 33, 286, figs. 9 10; FBO in, 37, 45, 53 4, 55, 56, 68, 77, 100, 115, 130, 225, 285n4; former Residence, 17, 22; Inman standards and, 243; Rapson project, 77, fig. 34; Residence/Hôtel Pontalba-Rothschild, 46, 52 4, 117, , 276, figs ; staff apartments, 50, 77, 101, 284; UNESCO building in, 209; U.S. art exhibit in, 5; U.S. diplomatic representation in, 13, 15 Parker, Leonard: Embassy Santiago, 244, 245, 286, 303n3, figs. 142a b Parthenon (Athens), 175 Passonneau, Joseph R., 159, 229, 230, 234 5, 283 Pei, I. M., 6, 149, 181 2; and Embassy Montevideo, 156, 234, 285 Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, 274 Peking (China): Legation, 16 17, 284. See also Beijing (China) Pelli, Cesar: Embassy Tokyo, 234, 286 Pepper, Claude, 49 Perring & White: Montevideo project, 33 Perry, Dean, Rogers & Partners: Embassy Amman, 244, 284, figs Perry, Matthew, 82 Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, 120 Perry, William, 120 Perry House (Tokyo staff housing), 79, 82 4, 286, figs Peru. See Lima (Peru) Philippines. See Manila (Philippines) Phillips, John, 53, 103 Phillips, Robert J., 22 Phnom Penh (Cambodia): Embassy, 265, 266, 268, 288, fig. 181; Noyes project for, 233 Point Four program, 41, 184. See also Truman Doctrine Poland. See Warsaw (Poland) Polshek, James Stewart: Embassy Muscat, 238, 244, 285, fig. 139 Pope, John Russell, 56 Pope, Thomas, 234, 295n31 Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea): project, 238 Port of Spain (Trinidad & Tobago): Consulate, 38, 107, 120, 122, 142, 143, 286 Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 5, 169; Embassy in, 266, 267, 279, 288, fig. 179; former Embassy, 147, 154, 172, 174, 282, 286, fig. 85; projects, 33, 36, 238 Porter, Stephen G., 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 193 Porter Act (1926), 9, 19 Portman, John, 199 Porto Novo (Dahomey), 233 Portugal. See Lisbon (Portugal) Powell, Colin, 262, 264 Prague (Czech Republic), 5; Embassy/Schoenborn Palace in, 24, 276; Raymond and Rado in, 26, 81; Residence/Villa Petschek in, 45, 273, 276 Preston, Prince H., Jr., 41, 70, 109, 116 Pretoria (South Africa): Embassy, 244, 286

13 Progressive Architecture, 64, 65, 115, figs Public Buildings Act (1926), Public Law 586 (1928), 20 Purves, Edmund R., 115 Qatar. See Doha (Qatar) Qatari Diar Real Estate Development Co., 274 Quito (Ecuador), 169; Embassy, 266, 288, fig. 180; former Embassy, 166, 168, 171, 173, 286, fig. 88 Rabat (Morocco): Embassy, 162, 166, 177 8, 211, 282, 286 Rado, Ladislav, See also Raymond & Rado Ralston, Orlan Clemmer, 133, 231, 235, 282 Rand, Ayn, 138 Rangoon (Burma), 23, 39, 254; Embassy, 264, 266, 288 Rapson, Ralph, 70 1; Athens project, 77 8, 175; Beirut project, 140, 162, 165, fig. 57; Eastgate apartments by, 70; Embassy Copenhagen, 6, 50, 59, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75 7, 88, 101, 284, figs. 31 3; Embassy Stockholm, 6, 50, 59, 68, 70, 71, 72 3, 74 7, 101, 286, figs ; Embassy Stockholm proposals, 73 4, figs. 25 6; Hague Embassy project, 70 71, 72, 77 8, 101, 162, 206 7, fig. 24; ; Le Havre Consulate and staff housing,, 77, 101, 284; Oslo project, 70, 77, 78, 101, 191, fig. 35; Paris Embassy project, 77, fig. 34; Paris staff housing, 77, 101, 284; as van der Meulen partner, 9, 58, 71 3, 75, 77, 78 Rauschenberg, Robert, 271 Raymond, Antonin, 25 6, 27, 80, 81 4, 293n5, fig. 5; in India, 81; pre-wwii work in Japan, 80 Raymond & Magonigle, 25 6; former Embassy Tokyo, 25, 26 7, 80, 234, 286, figs. 5 6; Residence Tokyo, 25, 26, 80, figs. 6 8 Raymond & Rado, 80 4; Belgrade project, 233, fig. 119; Embassy Jakarta, 100, , 141, 142, 144 5, 285, fig. 48; Guam project, 82; Reader s Digest Building in Tokyo, 80 1, 84; Tokyo staff housing, 10, 67, 79, 81, 82 4, 286, figs Ream, James: Port Moresby project, 238 regionalism, in modern architecture, 11, 164 5, 174 9, 204 5, 255 Register of Culturally Significant Properties, 276 Reid, John Lyon, 150, 162, 230, 234, 282, 283, 301n17 Reidy, Alfonso, 62 Reinsch, Paul S., Reykjavik (Iceland), 65; Goodman project, 38, 57, 282 Rich, Lorimer, 149 Riddleberger, James, 95 6, 97 Riehlman, R. Walter, 108 Rietveld, Gerrit, 88 Riga (Latvia): Embassy, 248, fig. 148; future Embassy compound, 287; Legation, 127 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 22, 39, 70, 233; INDEX 321 Consulate/ former Embassy, 6, 9, 38, 58, 59, 60, 61 2, 63, 67, 68, 71, 72, 101, 102, 106, 116, 118, 140, fig. 20; early office building, 17, 24; FBO office in, 37, 55; Ministry of Education and Health, 62; Residence, 24, 33; World s Fair of 1924 in, 17 Riyadh (Saudi Arabia): Embassy compound, 244, 292n22; former Embassy, 230, 238, 286, 303n3 Robert A. M. Stern Architects, 253 Robin, Ron, 177 Roche-Dinkeloo. See Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates Rockefeller, Nelson, 60, 61 Rockefeller Center (NYC), 59, 60, 111, 186 Rockrise, George T.: Consulate Fukuoka, 148, 162, 170, 282, 285, figs. 78 9; Manama project, 238 Rogers Act (1924), 19 Rolland, Peter, 274, 283 ROMA Design Group: Embassy Manama, 244, 285 Rome (Italy): as ambassadorial post, 15, 131, 142; American Academy in, 158; and classical architecture, 8; Embassy/Palazzo Margherita, 45, 49, 243, 276, fig. 14; FSBC plans for, 27, 33, 36; Residence/Villa Taverna, 45, 130 1, 273, 276; security concerns in, 243, 247 Rooney, John J., fig. 108; architectural tastes of, 158; Confidential Funds and, 131 2; Crockett and, 130 1, 132, 220; and FBO, ix, 68, 108 9, 116, 128 9; Hays rivalry with, 124 5, , 132, 133, 225; Hôtel Pontalba and, 53; as Larkin ally, 32, 47, 109, 114, 129; retirement s Roosevelt, Franklin D., 35, 50, 60; London statue of, 194, 204 Roosevelt, Theodore, 15, 16 Root, Elihu, 15 Root, John, 121. See also Holabird, Root & Burgee; Holabird & Root Roszak, Theodore: eagle sculpture by, 202 3, fig. 77 Rothschild residence (Paris). See Hôtel Pontalba/ Hôtel Rothschild (Paris) Rotterdam (Netherlands): Christ-Janer project, 162; De Bijenkorf store, 209, 210 RTKL: Embassy Kampala, 264, 288, fig. 156; Embassy Kuwait, 244, 255, 285, fig. 138 Ruble, John, 269. See also Moore Ruble Yudell (MRY) Rudolph, Paul, 6, 106, 135 6, 149, 181; Amman project, 136, 137, 147 8, 149, 150 3, 154, 172, 174, 177, 181, 208, 282, fig. 50 Ruf, Sep, 92 3, 285. See also Munich (Germany), Consulate Rusk, Dean, 131, 222, 223, 228, fig. 116 Russek, Marcos, 231 Russia. See Moscow (Russia) Rwanda. See Kigali (Rwanda)