Index. B Ballot, 5, , 244, 245, Bonding, 153, 156, , 240 Bridging, 153, , 167

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1 Index A Accountability, 39, 117, 124 Administrative region, 10, 13, 20, 23 25, 28, 163 Administrative traditions, 33 35, 37, 47, 50, 65 ANMP, 15 21, 27 Archipelagos, 10, 11, 23 Austerity policies, 9, 28, 29, 40 Autonomous region, 10, 17, 20, 23 B Ballot, 5, , 244, 245, Bonding, 153, 156, , 240 Bridging, 153, , 167 C Capitalism, 49 Catholic Church, 13 CCDR, 19, 21, 23 25, 27 Central government, 2, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26, 33, 35, 38, 41, 45 47, 49, 56 66, 76 78, 84, 118, 120, 127, 138, 146, 147 Central-local partnerships, 15 Central-local relationships, 18 Centre-left governments, 61 Centre-rights governments, 57, 59, 61 Charter of Athens, 194 Cities, neighborhoods, municipalities, and other places Antwerp, 140, 141 Bari, 95 Belfast, 139 Berlin, 140 Bilbao, 141 Bologna, 95, 102 Bordeaux, 140 Bregenz, 4, 5, 233, 242, 245, 254 Bremen, 144 Brianza, 95 Brussels, 140 Cagliari, 95 Catania, 95 Copenhagen, 140 Dublin, 138, 139, 141 Florence, 95 Genoa, 95, 141 Lecce, , 177, Lisbon, 11, 17, 20 22, 26, 27, 97, 121 London, 102, 136, 138, 140 Los Angeles, 4, 5, 242, , 254, 255 Lyon, 102, 134, Madrid, 140 Messina, 95 Milan, 3, 4, 90, 93 97, , 173, Naples, 95 Novara, 96 Palermo, 95 Pécs, 149, 150, , 164, 166, 167 Piacenza, 96 Porto, 11, 22, 26, 27 Potenza, 4, 193, 195, 198, 199, 201 Riga, 213, 215, 217, , 224, 227 Roma, 95 Rotterdam, 118, 138, 140 Salamanca, 139 Swansea, 139 Taranto, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 188, 189 Toulouse, 140 Turin, 95, 102 Turku, 4, 150, , 163, 164, 167 Venice, 95, 140 Vienna, 4, 102, , 254 Citizen participation, 4, 117, 124, 211 Citizens engagement, 4, 195 City government, 118, 243, 246, 249 Communist party, 12, 24 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 C. Nunes Silva and J. Buček (eds.), Local Government and Urban Governance in Europe, The Urban Book Series, DOI /

2 262 Index Communist regime, 49, 60, 63, 64 Competitiveness, 15, 51, 103, 121, 123, 125, 150 Contracting out, 39 Council of Europe, 3, 5, 28, 51, 72, Countries Austria, 142, 147, 242, 243, 245 Belgium, 147 Croatia, 3, 5, 114, 115, 125, 126, 129 Czech Republic, 51 Finland, 4, 150, 154, 163, 164, 168 France, 137, 142, 145, 147 Germany, 34, 91, 142, 147 Greece, 135 Hungary, 3 5, 51, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 150, 154, 166, 168 Ireland, 39, 134, 142 Italy, 3 5, 34, 90 92, 94, 96, 101, 104, 105, 134, , 178, 190, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201 Latvia, 4, 210, 211, , 224, , 230 Poland, 51 Portugal, 2, 3, 5, 10 13, 18 20, 21, 24, 51, 135 Slovakia, 3, 5, 34 36, 43, 47 51, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66 Spain, 34, 135, 147 United Kingdom, 142 USA, 4, 91, 234 County, 73 76, 85, 126, 137, 164, 247 Crisis, 2, 3, 25, 28, 29, 34, 40, 43, 45, 50, 52, 54, 59, 63, 66, 73, 81, 104, 182, 187, 195 D Decentralization, 2, 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 29, 34, 36, 40, 41, 45, 54, 61, 66, 72, 116, 117, 123, 128 De-concentration, 23, 53, 57 De-industrialization, 134 Democratization, 25, 27, 39, 42, 49, 54, 66 Design, 94, 98, 100, 101, 105, 115, 116, 129, 137, 138, 144, 146, , 188, 190, 196, 199, , 235, 246, 248, 255 E Economic crisis, 34, 40, 45, 50, 54, 55, 59, 63, 73, 86, 195 Effectiveness, 76, 84, 85, 91, 96, 114, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123, 135, 146, 172 E-government, 39, 47, 50, 60 Elections, 4, 10, 43, 54, 72, 74, 81, 94, 96, 116, 125, 128, 210, 211, 213, , Electoral participation, 4, 210, 211 Electorate, 75, , 238, 240, 241, 247 Elite, 37, 41, 57, 65, 184 Empowerment, 195, 198 ERDF, , 140, 143, 146, 180 EU Commission, 20 EU financing, 15 EU policies, 3, 5, 124 European capitals of culture (ECOC), 4, , European Central Bank, 20 European charter of local autonomy, 20 European Charter of Local Self-Government, 51, 72, 86, 90 European Community, 15, 134 European funds, 128 Europeanization, 38, 114, 122, 128, 143, 145 European Parliament, 4, 74, 135, 210, 211, 213, , 230, 231 European Union (EU), 3 5, 15, 20, 34, 35, 38, 43, 47, 55, 60, 102, 114, 117, 121, 125, 129, 134, 142, 147, 168, 174, 215, 217 European Union initiatives, 3 F Financial autonomy, 2, 10, 17, 55, 86 Fiscal decentralization, 40, 45, 54, 58, 116, 123, 128 Fundamental law, 73 75, 78 80, 84, 86 G German-Austrian local government tradition, 50 Global trends, 35 Governance of cities, 1, 5 Great urban areas, 11 H Heritage, 117, 128, 174, 175, 177, 178, 196, 197, 201 Hierarchical public administration, 2 I Income tax, 46, 84, 85, , 227, 230 Inequality, 104, 182, 183, 211 Informed citizens, 236, 237, 239, , 246, 247, 248, 251 Innovations, 3, 36, 39, 51, 105, 181, 255 Inter-municipal cooperation, 11, 13, 22, 26, 27 Inter-municipal enterprises, 18

3 Index 263 International Monetary Fund, 20 INTERREG, 146 Intra-municipal, 96 L Land use plan, 101 Land use planning, 19 Left Bloc, 12 Legality, 72, 74 76, 79, 85 Leipzig Charter, 102, 118 Local administration of the state, 2 Local autonomy, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 29, 36, 71, 74, 86 Local democracy, 12, 21, 25, 212, 213, 234, 247 Local direct democracy, 4, 243, 254 Local elections, 4, 12, 72, 116, 128, , 213, , , 243 Local finance system, 16, 28 Local governance, 4, 10, , , 129 Local government, 1 5, 9 22, 26, 28, 29, 39 40, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 89 92, 94 97, 105, 113, 114, 117, 118, , 133, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149, 171, 193, , , , 226, 227, 229, 230, 233, , 242, 243, 246, 247, Local government elections, 4 Local government reform-spatial planning, 90 Local public administration reforms, 33 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 56, 61, 63, 66 Local public debt, 41 Local self-government, 2 5, 9 11, 28, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 56, 59, 61 63, 65 67, 71 86, 90, 98, 115, 123, 128, 129 M Maastricht Treaty, 91, 145 Macroeconomic, 35, 37, 39, 40, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64, 65, 121, 135 Market economy, 49, 51 Mayor, 62, 74, 75, 79, 80, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 136, 137, 139, , 254 Mega-events, 4, , 153, 154, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), 3, 9, 15 21, 25, 28, 29 Merger reform, 11, 20, 21 Metropolitan areas, 20 22, 25 27, 93, 94, 96 98, 100, , 183 Metropolitan cities, 89, 90, 92 99, 102, 105 Metropolitan government, 11, 26, 27, 74, 76, 85, 92, 93 Modernization, 33 35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 60, 65, 66, 75 Multi-level governance, 42, 147, 177 Municipal associations, 26, 27 Municipal debt, 17, 18 Municipal enterprises, 18 Municipality, 4, 10, 13 15, 20, 22, 26, 76, 77, 84, 85, 92 94, 137, 166, 185, 186, 1953, , 212, 213, , 220, 221, , 243, 254 N National referendum, 24 NATO, 51, 178 Neo-liberal, 39, 49 Networks, 2, 4, 16, 46 48, , 103, 104, 122, 123, 127, 129, 142, 144, 145, , 176, 181, 183, 195 Neutrality, 233, 241, 244, 245 New public management, 39, 49, 114 NGO, 63, 65, 121 Non-communist, 34 Non-discrimination, 116, 123 NUT-II, 23, 24, 26 NUT-III, 26 O OECD, 35, 47, 50 53, 55, 64, 71, 102 Opinion polls, 252 Own revenues, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85 P Parish, 10 15, 17, 18, 19 22, 27, 28, 215, 216 Participatory democracy, 114, 127, 129 Partnership, 116, 118, 119, , 126, 128, 129, 138, , 150, 156, 163, , 171, 185, 189, 242 Personal income tax, 22, 84, 85, , 227, 228, 230 Planning regions, 23, 24, 213 Policy diffusion, 256 Political elites, 33, 65, 234 Political legacies, 35 Political participation, 211, 212, 230, 231 Political parties, 9, 22, 24, 28, 33, 35, 38, 40 42, 46, 56 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 123, 210 Polity, 122, 234 Popular party, 24, 25 Portugal 2020, 15, 18

4 264 Index Post-communist reforms, 36 Post-socialist, 34, 40, 42, 43, 51, 61, 62 Privatization, 18, 22, 39, 49, 55 Provinces, 89, 92, 94 97, 99, 102, 105, 173, 177 Post-industrial, 182 Public debt, 17, 40, 41, 50, 54, 55, 64 Public deficit, 29 Public finance consolidation, 40, 46, Public procurement, 39, 49 Public services, 10, 18, 19, 21, 34, 39, 71, 73, 77, 79, 84, 86, 98, 103, 117, 120, 124, 152, 187, 195, 253 Public-private partnerships, 39, 49, 125 R Referendum, 10, 20, 24, 93, 101, 106, 125, 128, 238, , 253 Region, 1, 3, 9, 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23 28, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 62, 90 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 103, 104, 106, 114, , 126, , 146, 152, 153, 156, 163, 164, 167, 168, 173, 183, 189, 209, , 217, 220, , 226, 227, 230, 231 Regions, provinces, islands, continents, areas Azores, 10 12, 16, 23, 24 Balkans, 156, 177 Baltic sea region, 163 Basilicata, 4, 178, 193, 198, 201 California, 238, 242, , 252, 253 Central and Eastern Europe, 2, 3, 38, 41 Emilia Romagna, 96 Europe, 1 5, 21, 28, 51, 65, 72, 97, 102, , 121, 133, 135, 145, 147, 163, 164, 172, 178, 195, 212, 231 Lombardy, 92, 95, 99, 101, 104, 187 Madeira, 10 12, 16, 23, 24 Piedmont, 96 Pieriga, 213, 217, 220, , 226, 227, 230 Reggio Calabria, 95 Salento, 173, 175 Southern Europe, 1 3 Vidzeme, 213, 215, 224, 226 Zemgale Latgale, 213, 215, 224 Regional planning, 3, 23, 25, 90, 94, 98, 101, 105, 172 Regional tier, 23 S Segregation, 183 Self-building, 195 Serpentone Reload, 192, 201, 204, 205 Single Act, 133, 145 Single market, 134 Slogans, 60, 156, 239, 253 Social capital, 4, 151, 153 Social chart, 15 Social inclusion, 15, 121, 122, 176, 205 Social isolation, 236 Social networks, 151, 152, 154, 162, 167 Social Democratic Party, 24, 59 Socialist Party, 12, 24, 25 Soviet-type council systems, 72 Stakeholder, 2, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127, 138, 151, 153, 155, 161, 195, 233 State subsidies, 71, 73, 84, 85 Strategic plan, 93, 98, , 106, 114, 123, Structural funds, 128, 133, 141, 142, 146, 147 Sub-national, 9 11, , 120, 126 Sub-national tiers, 9, 10 Subsidiarity, 10, 51, 91, 116, 123, 124, , 195 Suburb regeneration, 193 Suburbs, 93, 174, 176, 182, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 201 Sustainability, 114, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 149, 151, 153, 162, 163, 167, 172, 177 T Tax revenues, 220, 221 Taxpayer, 183, 236, 238 Third sector, 62 Trade unions, 62 Transition to democracy, 1 3, 10 Transparency, 39, 49, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 128 Treaty of Lisbon, 97 Trust, 153, 205, 210, 227, 254 Twinning, 51, 123, 128 U Unemployment, 40, 53, 59, 64, 136, 144, 174, 175, UPP, , 146 URBACT, 120, URBAN, 138, , 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 189 Urban acquis, 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125 Urban agenda, 3 Urban Agenda Europe, 102 Urban communities, 11, 198 Urban design, 94, 98, 100, 101, 196 Urban governance, 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 29, 34, 67, 71, 73, 89, 90, 105, 113, 114, 129, 133,

5 Index , 147, 150, 166, , 188, 189, 191, 195, 204, 205, 211, 231, 254 Urban initiative, 3, 4, 134, 146, 171, 174, 189 Urban planning, 90, 98, 99, 100, 117, 122, 182, 190, , 204, 205 Urban regeneration, 4, 151, , 177, 179, 191, 195, 196, 204 Urban space, 101, , 205 V Velvet Revolution, 34 Voter information, 5, 233, 235, 236, , 245, 246, , Z ZMOS, 60, 62, 66 Zoning, 194