DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY

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Knowth Passage Grave, 2500 BC Boyne Valley source: ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com Treasury of Atreus, 1200BC http://sasgreekart.pbworks.

They came mostly in the form of earth materials stacked and corbelled to create heavy dome compression systems.

The arch was made possible by the advancment and use of the keystone.

However, the arch adds a level of sophistication to the building process. Formwork is required underneath the masonry prior to placing the keystone.

1 Knowth Passage Grave, 2500 BC Boyne Valley source: ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com Treasury of Atreus, 1200BC Earth Structures The Arch Some of the first rigid surface structures were erected around 3000 years BC. They came mostly in the form of earth materials stacked and corbelled to create heavy dome compression systems. The material qualities of dirt and stone required thick layers and bases in order to support itself. The arch was made possible by the advancment and use of the keystone. The keystone is the center piece of the arch which holds the entire system in compression on itself. However, the arch adds a level of sophistication to the building process. Formwork is required underneath the masonry prior to placing the keystone. Once the vital center stone is place, the formwork can be destructed, leaving the arch. Corbelling could also be carved away in order to create smooth, arch like spans. By nudging each layer of rocks or bricks slightly over the previous layer made it possible to create arched and domed shapes in the early stages of building. With corbelling, a large amount of material and general mass needed to be placed around the bricks in order for them to support the structure. Keystone Arch Formwork Corbelling RIGID PRIMITIVE SURFACE STRUCTURES INVESTIGATIONS University of Oregon

Standard Arch Standard arch extruded to create barrel vault, resulting with one of the first concrete rigid surface structures. Pantheon 126AD.

Source: www.nycerome.com Coffering With the desire to span farther and create more dynamic spaces, especially domes, the Roman s used the technique of coffering.

http://idiommag.com Creating Space Roman concrete was a structural ceramic which set hard, not from the action of heat, but from the chimical interaction of hydrated ingredients.

This cement element was made from a mixture of water, lime, and a crushed volcanic-ash deposit known as pozzolana.

Golden House of Nero 65AD. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com Source: www.studyblue.

The vaulting and domes varied in size and shape in order to serve the space it sheltered. Up to this point, all the vaults and arches were being constructed with stone and rock.

2 Standard Arch Standard arch extruded to create barrel vault, resulting with one of the first concrete rigid surface structures. Pantheon 126AD. By extruding the arch, a barrel (or tunnel) vault can be created, making an innovative occupiable space underneith. This module was used throughout Roman architecture in particular. Source: Coffering With the desire to span farther and create more dynamic spaces, especially domes, the Roman s used the technique of coffering. This was the idea of forming in recessed section in the formwork, therefore reducing the amount of concrete used in the dome, resulting in less weight and stress on the structure. Creating Space Roman concrete was a structural ceramic which set hard, not from the action of heat, but from the chimical interaction of hydrated ingredients. The concrete consisted of an aggregate mixed with a semi-liquid mortar of hydraulic cement. This cement element was made from a mixture of water, lime, and a crushed volcanic-ash deposit known as pozzolana. With the new found vaulting method of extruding the arch, new ideas of combining multiple barrel vaults were used to create groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. Golden House of Nero 65AD. Source: The Golden House of Nero was one of the first examples of designing a rigid surface structure with the intent of creating dynamic spaces within the building. The vaulting and domes varied in size and shape in order to serve the space it sheltered. Up to this point, all the vaults and arches were being constructed with stone and rock. With these standard earth materials not corresponding with the needs of advancing human civilization, a new material was in need to span farther with thinner membranes. Concrete became the product of choice when dealing with these parameters. The Romans were the first to establish construction techniques with concrete, which included complex formwork of braces and molds to hold up the concrete while it hardened. Advancing Concrete University of Oregon Material Innovations INVESTIGATIONS Taking the arch further... RIGID

Centennial Hall Max Berg Breslau, Germany (1912-1913) Experimental

Spain (1934) U niversity of Oregon Source: http://www.flickr.

structure marks the beginning of a new era of building with thin

The segmental sperical sphere dome was only 3 1/2 in thick!

It marks a significant leap forward towards the advancement of

com The octogonal dome, with a diameter of 156 ft, is supported by

3 Centennial Hall Max Berg Breslau, Germany ( ) Experimental Thin Shell Jena, Germany (1931) Market Hall Eduardo Torroja Algecira, Spain (1934) U niversity of Oregon Source: Designed by Max Berg, this structure marks the beginning of a new era of building with thin shell reinforced concrete. The dome spans 213 in diameter. The segmental sperical sphere dome was only 3 1/2 in thick! People stood on the structure to prove its strength. It marks a significant leap forward towards the advancement of thin-shell design. anengineersaspect.blogspot.com The octogonal dome, with a diameter of 156 ft, is supported by arches on each side that transport the load vertically into the eight columns below. The shell is only 3 1/2 in thick. R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

Madrid Race Track Eduardo Torroja Madrid, Spain (1935) Cement Hall Hans Leuzinger

de la Mora Monterrey, Mexico (1947) U niversity of Oregon Source: http://www.flickr.

edu Eduardo Torroja designed this famous cantelievered thin-shelled canopy.

thin shells. The width of the shell is 50.32 ft with a height of 38.

4 Madrid Race Track Eduardo Torroja Madrid, Spain (1935) Cement Hall Hans Leuzinger and Robert Maillart Swiss National Exhibition, Zurich (1939) Church of Mary Enrique de la Mora Monterrey, Mexico (1947) U niversity of Oregon Source: home.manhattan.edu Eduardo Torroja designed this famous cantelievered thin-shelled canopy. This hall was designed and built by architect and engineer Hans Leuzinger and Robert Maillart, with Prader & Cie. The intention of the exhibition was to demonstrate the ability and potential of thin shells. The width of the shell is ft with a height of 38.4 ft at the crown. The shell is 2.36 in thick. Designed by Enrique de la Mora, this is an early representation for thin shelled structures in North America. R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

Cosmic Rays Research Laboratory Jorge Gonzales Reyna and Felix Candela

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1952-1955) Church of Our Lady Felix

bc.edu The shell was designed by architects and engineers Jorge Gonzales Reyna

It has a thickness of 3 1/2 in at the crown to allow cosmic rays to enter

This structure stands out as an impressive example of thin-shell architecture

5 Cosmic Rays Research Laboratory Jorge Gonzales Reyna and Felix Candela University of Mexico, Mexico City (1951) Kresge Auditorium Eero Saarinen Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( ) Church of Our Lady Felix Candela Narvarte, Mexico ( ) U niversity of Oregon gregcookland.com The shell was designed by architects and engineers Jorge Gonzales Reyna and Felix Candela. It has a thickness of 3 1/2 in at the crown to allow cosmic rays to enter without interference. This structure stands out as an impressive example of thin-shell architecture in the United States Candela modeled this church s form by manipulating his already developed umbrella design. He created bays out of the tilted and extended, hyperbolic paraboloid form. R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

This concrete roof designed by Felix Candela in cooperation with Joaquin and Fernando Alvarex Ordonez is an octogonal groined vault.

com The CNIT building s shell holds the record for largest span in terms of Designed by Felix Candela, Guillermo Rosell, and Manuel Larrosa, amount of square footage

He used his expertise in bridge design with a height of 72ft. and made a submission to and won the competition for the CNIT project.

6 This concrete roof designed by Felix Candela in cooperation with Joaquin and Fernando Alvarex Ordonez is an octogonal groined vault. Felix Candela Xochimilco, Mexico (1958) INVESTIGATIONS gregcookland.com The CNIT building s shell holds the record for largest span in terms of Designed by Felix Candela, Guillermo Rosell, and Manuel Larrosa, amount of square footage covered. Nicolas is mainly known for his this hyperbolic paraboloid shell is only 1 1/2 in thick and spans 102 ft work in bridge engineering. He used his expertise in bridge design with a height of 72ft. and made a submission to and won the competition for the CNIT project. The roof is made up of a re-inforced concrete double shell. There are three double curved half arches that meet eachother and they are all ribbed as a way to increase the rigidity of the overall structure. Felix Candela Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico ( ) Restaurant Nicolas Esquillan Puteaux, France ( ) Open Chapel University of Oregon CNIT Project RIGID

Church of San Jose Obrero Felix Candela Monterrey, Mexico (1960) TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport Eero Saarinen New

com Dramatic hyperbolic paraboloid shells form the structure here of one of the most famous buildings designed by

The total span is approximately 180 ft with each cantelievered part projecting approximately 90 ft. www.

org The design is inteded to mimic wings of flight This cantelievered concrete roof system consists of four

The overall space enclosed by the form is approximately 315 ft long.

7 Church of San Jose Obrero Felix Candela Monterrey, Mexico (1960) TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport Eero Saarinen New York (1962) St Mary s Cathedral Kenzo Tange Tokyo (1965) U niversity of Oregon unavidamoderna.tumblr.com Dramatic hyperbolic paraboloid shells form the structure here of one of the most famous buildings designed by Felix Candela. Two saddle-type hyperbolix paaboloids bearing on two supports are tilted and joined together. The total span is approximately 180 ft with each cantelievered part projecting approximately 90 ft. The design is inteded to mimic wings of flight This cantelievered concrete roof system consists of four interacting vaults in slightly different shapes. Only four piers support the entire shell system. The overall space enclosed by the form is approximately 315 ft long. Although this building is not really a thin shell in terms of its thickness, it has left an inspiring mark on the development of thin shells. en.wikipedia.org In this structure by Kenzo Tange eight hypar surfaces enclose this complex structure which is covered outside with aluminum sheeting. R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

Sydney Opera House Berlin Central Station University of Oregon Roof For B.P.

observations of hanging membrane models and how their inverse forms behaved in compression.

exceptionally well to compressive forces.

sculpture emplying architectural goals to support its rational.

8 Sydney Opera House Berlin Central Station University of Oregon Roof For B.P. Gas Station Isler was one of the first to develop his thin shell designs based off his observations of hanging membrane models and how their inverse forms behaved in compression. He realized that if he was to make the structure s form out of concrete, they would react exceptionally well to compressive forces. Extremely impressive for its grandiose scale, the Sydney Opera House stands as a gigantic sculpture emplying architectural goals to support its rational. The Central Rail Station in Berlin contains a curved glass roof with a surface area of about 279 ft by 390 ft. This steel and glass gridshell system also contains photovoltaic cells integrated into the glass panels. RIGID Jorn Utzon Sydney, Australia ( ) Architects: Gerkan, Marg, and Partners. Berlin, Germany (2006) INVESTIGATIONS Heinz Isler Deitingen, Switzerland (1968)

Roof structure echoes the space in the building. This wooden gridshell canopy is constructed from four layers of alternating lathe and encased with glass panels.

The geometric properties of these two shapes create a very dynamic canopy when combined.

The Centre Pompidou - Metz is an art museum located in Metz, France.

The gridshell roof structure is composed of glue laminated timbers that intersect to form hexagonal wooden units resembling the cane-work pattern of a Chinese hat.

Louvre, Jean Nouvel (2013-expected completion 2015) This museum combines a mixture of Arabic cultural traditions and modern design.

9 Roof structure echoes the space in the building. This wooden gridshell canopy is constructed from four layers of alternating lathe and encased with glass panels. The unique aspect of this gridshell system is that the wooden grids create rhombus shapes, while the glass panels that are layered on top of this grid are triangular shape. The geometric properties of these two shapes create a very dynamic canopy when combined. It also allows the glass pieces to remain more planer as the roof curves, which is necessary due to the material properties of glass. The Centre Pompidou - Metz is an art museum located in Metz, France. It is a branch of Pompidou arts centre of Paris, and is the largest temporary exhibition space outside Paris in France (54,000 sq ft). The gridshell roof structure is composed of glue laminated timbers that intersect to form hexagonal wooden units resembling the cane-work pattern of a Chinese hat. The 300 foot wide hexagonal roof shape echoes the buildings floor plan, which includes 3 galleries, a theatre, and an auditorium. Louvre, Jean Nouvel (2013-expected completion 2015) This museum combines a mixture of Arabic cultural traditions and modern design. One of the key focuses for this project was the creation of the interior atmosphere. The roof shell form is perforated by small geometric openings that are created by a series of intersecting lines, integrated within the structure. By doing this, Nouvel has imitated the cool and calm atmosphere that is present in the shade of interlaced palm leaves. Sherigu Ban and Jean De Gastines Metz, France (2010) Abu Dhabi INVESTIGATIONS Peter Hulbert & Happold Buro (2007) Centre Pompidou-Metz RIGID Chiddingstone Orangery University of Oregon

10 University of Oregon KEY FIGURES Pier Luigi Nervi ( ) source: Nervi s Grand Solone B of the Turin Exposition Hall, Built 1948 source: static.monolithic.com Nervi first worked with conventional reinforced concrete, and stressed the role of intuition in building with these materials. This process led to the development of Ferro-Cement. This new cement was thin, flexible, and elastic. It was composed of several layers of fine steel mesh that was ductile, resulting in a very strong material in a thin application. This new product revolutionized the advancement in form making and the prefabrication parts. Placing Ferro-Cement on movable scaffolding made speedy accurate construction possible. Curved ribs and Section of Nervi s Grand Solone B of the Turin Exposition Hall Nervi s UNESCO Headquarters, Paris undulating slabs now became a possibility. source: static.monolithic.com source: static.monolithic.com Nervi s Fiat Factory in Turin. Completed INVESTIGATIONS Nervi s Tobacco Factory in Bologna. Completed 1952 source: static.monolithic.com RIGID source: static.monolithic.com

Eduardo Torroja (1891-1961) KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon Torroja was yet another

In 1934, Torroja and José Maria Aguirre founded an experimental institute to develop new

He, like his family, was a master at engineering and mathmatics and he applied this

He experimented with concrete shell structurses by testing the limits of what they could

What he strived to accomplish with this (and ultimately was successful at), was the

11 Eduardo Torroja ( ) KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon Torroja was yet another pioneer in the development of thin shell structures. In 1934, Torroja and José Maria Aguirre founded an experimental institute to develop new uses and theories for reinforced concrete. He, like his family, was a master at engineering and mathmatics and he applied this knowledge to the benefit of architectural design. He experimented with concrete shell structurses by testing the limits of what they could withstand. What he strived to accomplish with this (and ultimately was successful at), was the creation of elegant and stable forms that were also efficiently practical. Zarzuela racecourse grandstand Madrid, Spain (1935) Market Hall Algeciras, Spain (1934) Las Corts Stadium Grandstand Barcelona, Spain (1943) Frontón Recoletos Madrid, Spain (1935) R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

Church of San Jose Obrero Monterrey, Mexico (1960) Church of Our Ladyof The Miraculous Medal Narvarte, Mexico

in 1950, he founded his company Cubiertas Ala or Wing Roofs.

garnered him international recognition, including the 1961 Auguste Perret Award from the International Union of

edu) Candela expresses part of his design philosophy, it s about attaining an expressive interior space, a surrounding

12 Church of San Jose Obrero Monterrey, Mexico (1960) Church of Our Ladyof The Miraculous Medal Narvarte, Mexico ( ) Restaurant Xochimilco, Mexico (1958) During the Spanish Civil War, Candela sought refuge in Mexico, where in 1950, he founded his company Cubiertas Ala or Wing Roofs. A year later he designed the Cosmic Rays Pavilion, which was his first structure utilizing his signature hyperbolic paraboloid geometry. The building began a decade of experimentation with thin-shell construction and the hyperbolic paraboloid form that garnered him international recognition, including the 1961 Auguste Perret Award from the International Union of Architects and a 1961 Gold Medal from the Institute of Structural Engineers. ( Candela expresses part of his design philosophy, it s about attaining an expressive interior space, a surrounding sculpture that one admires from the inside. But this sculpture cannot be capricious and arbitrary, since one has to respond to the external laws of structural equilibrium. Planta Embotelladora Bacardi, Tultitlán, Estado de México ( ) RIGID Felix Candela INVESTIGATIONS University of Oregon KEY FIGURES

Heinz Isler 1926-2009 KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon

based off his observations of hanging membrane models and

He realized that if he was to make the shells inverse form

(1965) Laboratory and research facility Gips Union, SA

13 Heinz Isler KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon Isler was one of the first to develop his thin shell designs based off his observations of hanging membrane models and how their inverse forms behaved in compression. He realized that if he was to make the shells inverse form out of concrete, it would react exceptionally well to compressive forces. Dome Roof, Kilcher in Recherswil Solothurn, Switzerland (1965) Laboratory and research facility Gips Union, SA (1968) Roof For B.P. Gas Station Deitingen, Switzerland (1968) Garden Centre Zuchnil Switzerland (1962) R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

Jean Nouvel (1945-Present) KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon Nouvel s designs are both unique to their

The Doha tower in Qatar, was the first structure to use a dia-grid reinforced concrete shell over the

The lace-like layered skin recalls shanasheel screens which are a common traditional design used in the

Both the Museum of the Arab World and the Louvre Abu Dhabi evoke the atmosphere of each culture throught

By carefully placing layres of these forms on the skins, Nouvel is able to control the light that pierces

14 Jean Nouvel (1945-Present) KEY FIGURES U niversity of Oregon Nouvel s designs are both unique to their surrounding context and experimental in the employ of new materials or existing materials in a new way. The Doha tower in Qatar, was the first structure to use a dia-grid reinforced concrete shell over the entirety of the building. The lace-like layered skin recalls shanasheel screens which are a common traditional design used in the region. Both the Museum of the Arab World and the Louvre Abu Dhabi evoke the atmosphere of each culture throught the use of geometric forms on the skins of the buildings. By carefully placing layres of these forms on the skins, Nouvel is able to control the light that pierces each building. This play of light re-creates the atmosphere of the traditional architecture that is unique to each culture. Louvre, Abu Dhabi (2013-expected completion 2015) Museum of the Arab World Paris, France (Opened 1987) Burj Doha Doha, Qatar ( ) Culture and Congress Centre Lucerne, Switzerland (1998) R I G I D I N V E S T I G A T I O N S

The Italian Experience from the 2nd Century to W. Max Lucas University of Kansas

-.......- Session #2306.. Innovations in Teaching Upper Level Structural Design: The Italian Experience from the 2nd Century to 1979 W. Max Lucas University of Kansas Abstract Upper level students with