Index. ANC. See African National Congress apartheid, 6, 7, 150, , 202, 205 7, , 226, 229, 234

Transcription

1 Index A affordability, 62, 63, 68, 74, , 104, , 116, 124, 148, , 201, 224, 226, 266 affordable housing, 2, 16, 17, 34, 37, 42, 62, 76, 96 8, 102 3, 105, , 123, 127, 131, 134, 147 8, 152, 154, 163 5, 201, 226, 230 3, housing affordability, 32 Aff ordable and Comfortable Housing for Russian Citizens, 75 Aff ordable Housing Policy, 62, 245 Aff ordable Housing to Russian People, 62 African National Congress (ANC), 195, 197, 199 AHML. See State Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending ANC. See African National Congress apartheid, 6, 7, 150, , 202, 205 7, , 226, 229, 234 B backyard shacks, 190, Banco National de Habitacao, 45 bank finance, 62 Banking Companies Act, 124 banks, exposure to real estate, 107 below poverty line (BPL), 97 9, 101, 104 Blikkiesdorp, 194 BPL. See below poverty line Brazil, housing affordability, 32 housing pyramid, 53 land tenure system, 26 late transitional period, 23 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 P. Tiwari et al., Development Paradigms for Urban Housing in BRICS Countries, DOI /

2 252 Index Brazil (conti.) military takeover, 27 Ministry of Social Welfare, 48 National Housing Policy, 36 urban geography, 25 urbanization, 23 Brazilian Savings and Loan System, 36, 38 Breaking New Ground, 210 Bresser Plan, 46 C Caixa Economica Federal (CAIXA), 36, 46 capability approach capability/capabilities, 221 5, 234 8, 240 3, 249 functioning(s), 221 4, 233 7, 241, 243, 249 Caribbean, 1 CBOs. See community based organizations CCP. See Chinese Communist Party Census 2001, 102 central planning, 27 Central Public Works Department (CPWD), 121 China, Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 144, 229 citizen housing councils, 51 City Statute, 48, 50 Civil Code of Russian Federation, 69 civil unrest, 148, 156, 157, 166 income inequality, 158, 159 land disputes, 158, 159, 166 7, 173 coffee economy, 25 communal flats, 64 community based organizations (CBOs), 129 congested living environment, 92 congestion, 91 Constitution, 192 Bill of Rights, Section 26, 192 Bill of Rights, Section 25, 192 Bill of Rights, Section 27, 193 children s unqualified right to housing, 193 date of, 193 concurrent list, 132 economic and social planning, 132 constitutional right(s), 10, 11, 19, 48 9, 54, 79, 135 6, 193, 197, 223, 224, 227 8, 231 Constitutional Supervisory Committee, 73 cooperative housing, 70 corticos, 34 courts Constitutional Court, 194 Government of RSA v Grootboom, 193 CPWD. See Central Public Works Department credit information system, 37 Cruzado Plan, 46 Cultural Revolution, 145 D da Silva, Luis Inacio Lula, 48 danwei, 142, 145, 153, 155, 161, 170, 228, 231

3 Index 253 abolition, 146 conversion to commodity housing, 146 land sales, 153 tenure security, 170 work units, 142, 144, 160 decline in urban growth, 30 de-concentration of Sao Paulo, 30 Deepak Parekh Committee, 96 Department of Housing, 196 National Housing Forum (NHF), 196, 210 displacement, 148, 152, 154, 165 conflict resolution, and power, 172 Dmitry Medvedev, 66 E economic growth, 159 Economical and Suitable Housing Scheme, 150 economically weaker sections (EWS), 96 7, 100, 116, 126, 243 EIUS. See Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums EMI, 98 Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS), 125, 129 Estado Novo, 42 eviction, 202 EWS. See economically weaker sections FEDUP. See South African Federation of the Urban Poor Fernando Collor de Mello, 47 FGTS, 38 Five Year Plan, 122 Foreclosure Law, 39 Foreign Direct Investment, 113 formal housing finance, 35 Franco, Itamar, 47 FUNACOM-FUNAPS, 48 Fundacao da Casa Popular, 43 G Gandhi, Mahatma, 188 GEAR. See Growth Employment and Redistribution strategy GoI. See Government of India Gordimer, Nadine Burger s Daughter, 188 Government of India (GoI), 263 Government of Rajasthan, Great Leap Forward, 142 Green Paper on a National Urban Development Strategy, 200 Green Revolution, 27 The Group Areas Act, 188, 234 Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy, 211 growth machine, 149, 169 institutional issues, 172 F favela(s), 4, 22, 34, 36, 44, 55, 225, 227, 228, 240, 241, 242, 243 H harmonious society, 156, 157, 158 HDFC. See Housing Development Finance Corporation

4 254 Index higher income group (HIG), 16, 17, 34, 36, 95, 97, 99, 103, 106, 123, 126, 130, 246, 247 homeless, 87 homelessness, 91 homeownership, 141 2, 150 floating population, 142, 161 rate, 103 household savings, 110 housing backlog, 193, 195 bubble, 151 commodity housing, 143, 144 density, 206 emergency, 194 homeownership, 195, 211 housing, stimulating construction, 144 housing markets, 143, 145 housing privatization, 143 inadequate, 21 overcrowding, 143 prices, 146 8, 151, 163 regulation, self-built, 191, 205, 211 shortage, 22, 142 tenure rights, 144, 161, 170 use rights, 143 usufructuary rights, 143 waiting, 210 waiting list, 194, 207 Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), housing as a bundle of amenities, 101 housing boards, 121 Housing Code, 69 71, 74 5, 79, 228 Housing code of the Russian Federation No 188-FZ, 70 Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), 125, 126 Housing for All, 107 Housing in , 75 housing markets, overheating, 146 8, 151 Housing Norms and Standards, 201 Housing Provident Fund, 145 housing shortage, 33, Housing White Paper, HUDCO. See Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited hukou, 5, 156, 160 1, 163, 176, 233 I immigrant laborers, 25 import licensing, 43 inadequacy of space, 94 inclusionary zoning policy, 201 Independent Development Trust, 191, 195, 196, 234 India, affordability, 95, 98, 99, 104 below poverty line, 98 economically weaker sections, 96 framework, 104 household savings, 110 housing framework, 134 housing shortage, Land Acquisition Act, 109 lower income groups, 96

5 Index 255 monthly per capita consumption expenditure, 92 population, 85, 86 urbanization, 85 Industrial Licensing Act, 124 inequality, 158 informal housing markets, 34 Inquilinato Law, 42 institutions, 145, 149, , 208 colonial legacy, 209 formal, 145, 169 informal, 145, 169 social conflict view, 172 internal passport system, 58 J Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), 115, 131 Jodhpur Development Authority, 246 Judith Stone When She Was White, 187 Jung Chang, 145 Juscelino Kubitscheck de Oliveira, 43 K Kenya, 1 L Land Acquisition Act, 109 land pooling (Gujarat, India), 243 Town Planning Scheme, 243 land reforms, 143 land-leasing, 143, 145 land tenure system, 26 Latin America, 1 Law on Appeals, 73 Law on the Fundamentals of Federal Housing Policy, 67 Less Formal Township Establishment Act (LEFTEA), 200 LIG. See lower income group local government, 148 regulatory responsibility, 150 revenues from housing, 148, 149, 154, 159 loteamentos, 34 Low Income Group Housing Scheme, 123 lower income group (LIG), 96 7, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106, 245 M Magarpatta Township (Pune, India), 238 Magarpatta Township Development and Construction Company Limited (MTDCCL), 238 Mandela, Nelson, 189 Mao Zedong, 142 Mathabane, Mark Kaffi r Boy, McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), 2 MGI. See McKinsey Global Institute MHUPA. See Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation middle income group (MIG), 16, 17, 37, 97, 98, 103, 119, 245 migrants, 150, 162 rural-urban, 163, 164

6 256 Index MIIF. See Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework military coup, 43 Minha Casa, Minha Vida, 49 Ministry of Cities, 36, 48 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), 96 Ministry of Human Settlements, 201 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 124 monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE), 92 6, 102, 104, 113, 114 mortgage loans, 77 mortgage penetration, 37 movement of homeless workers, 51 MPCE. See monthly per capita consumption expenditure MTDCCL. See Magarpatta Township Development and Construction Company Limited municipal finances, 120 Municipal Infrastructure Investment Framework (MIIF), 199 My House, My Life, 49, 52, 228, 231 N N2 Gateway project, 194 nail household, 149 National Building Organization (NBO), 121 national government legitimacy, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 166 sensitivity to civil unrest, National Housing Bank (NHB), 39, 45, 126 National Housing Policy, 36 national housing system, 45 The National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform, 51 National Market Housing System, 37 national minimum salary, 22 National Party, 185, 191 National Party Department of Housing, 196, 229 National Slum Development Program (NSDP), 129 National Social Housing System, 37 National Urban Development Policy, 36 Native (Urban Areas) Bill of 1923, 184 Native Laws Amendment Act No. 54 of 1952, 186 Pass Act, 186 pass system, 187 NBO. See National Building Organization neo-liberal, NGOs. See non-government organizations NHB. See National Housing Bank Night Shelter Scheme for Pavement Dwellers, 130 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, 129 non-government organizations (NGOs), 2, 36, 37, 59, 129 Northern Europe, 231 NSDP. See National Slum Development Program

7 Index 257 O obsolescence, 91 Olga Tellis, 132 P People s Housing Process (PHP), 212 perestroika, 64 peri-urban areas, 85 peri-urban police, 187 PHP. See People s Housing Process Plano Real, 40 power, de facto power, Principles of Civil Legislation, 69 Principles of Housing Legislation, 69 privacy, 92 property registration system, 37 propiska, 70 Q quality of houses, 63 R Rajasthan Land Development Act, 247 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), 131 Reconstruction and Development Programme, 198 9, 202 Red Guard, 145 REIT, 114 rent control law, 45 restitution of rights, 67 right adequate standard of living, 49 City, 49 housing, 19, 36, 48, 49, 71, 80, 227, 231 occupation, rents and utility, 57 property and contract, 67 Rio Sao Paulo axis, 25 RSFSR, 69 of 1991, No , 75 rule of law, 169 ruralisation, 118 Russia affordability, 62 framework, 78 inequalities, 66 registration, 64 tenure, 60 Russian Constitution, Article 40, 68 Russian Federation No 26-FZ, 70 S scheduled commercial banks (SCBs), 127 SDI. See Shack/Slum Dwellers International self-construction, 34 semi-permanent houses, 91 74th Constitutional Amendment, 128 Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI), 201 Siddha Infra Projects, 247 Sistema Financeiro de Habitacao, 45 Sites and Services Schemes, 125 slavery, 25 Slum Housing Model, 246 Social Action Plan for the Recovery of Deteriorated Buildings for Housing and Mixed Uses, 241

8 258 Index social housing, 61 social housing national fund, 48 social welfare, 1, 3, 10, 18, 48, 117, 146, 221 welfare good, 10, 84, 117 South African Federation of the Urban Poor (FEDUP), 201 spatial segregation Group Areas Act No. 41 of 1950, 185, 188 spatial shift, 30 State Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending (AHML), 76 state-owned enterprise, 142 Sub-Saharan Africa, 1 SUDENE, 27 Summer Plan, 47 system of indexing wages and debts, 39 T TDR. See transferable development rights tenure, 60 toilet towns, 192 Town and Country Planning Organization, 121 transferable development rights (TDR), 247 2MHP. See Two Million Housing Program Two Million Housing Program (2MHP), 130 U UBSP. See Urban Basic Services for the Poor ubuntu, 194 UIT. See Urban Improvement Trust ULBs. See urban local bodies ULCRA. See Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 57 Universal Declaration of Housing Rights, 49 Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP), 129 Urban Development Framework, 200 urban form, suburban development, 152, 153, 154, 155, 164, 165, Urban Foundation, 195 Urban Improvement Trust (UIT), 246 Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act (ULCRA), 131 urban local bodies (ULBs), 120, 128, 129, 131, urban planning, 160 urban villages, 155, 160, 161, 162 urbanization bottom-up, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167 defensive urbanism, 207 influx control, 188 low density, 202 occupation, 193

9 Index 259 pre-reform, 142 sprawl, 188 top-down, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167 townships, 189 urban expansion, 188, 191 urban form, 191, 202, 206, 209 USSR, 1, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 75, 80, 227, 228 V Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY), VAMBAY. See Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana Vladimir Putin, 66 W wage commitment plan, 39 wage equalization plan, 39 wage system, 25 wage variation compensation fund, 39 Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China, 145 Workers Severance Fund, 36, 37 Z The Zone of Special Social Interest (ZEIS), 51, 230 zones of special interest, 50