NEW MEDIA ART: WHAT KIND OF REVOLUTION?

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1 APPENDIX 279

2 DISCUS~;ION GROUP ON THE VIRT JAL S~LF DONATELLA BIGONI, MARGHERITA CA!TERA, PIERO GILARDI, PIER LUIGI GREGORI, B'<UNA PIRAS, FEDERICA RUSSO, ELISABETTA TOLOSANO NEW MEDIA ART: WHAT KIND OF REVOLUTION? THE IDEOLOGICAL TENDENCIES OF NEW MEDIA ART According to Andrew Ross' one can consider the production of new media art as referring essentially to three politico-cultural positions which are active at a global level: radical neo-humanism, radical technologism and radical ecologism. The first position corresponds to the more intense new-age cultures and contains the hypothesis that one must use new technology, from communicative to physiologicalgenetic, to strengthen the human being, to invert the enthropic process of modernday society and to accomplish the "quantum leap" of utopic humanism. The second position has a pragmatic character and is based on the alternative or antagonistic use of technology, and includes the movement oftoday's cyberculture, incorporating hackers. The third position corresponds to the part of the ecological movement that considers the role of techno-culture in the dynamics of society and that therefore links artificial intelligence with the network of intelligence of the ecosphere. REVOLUTIONARY VALENCES OF NEW MEDIA ART To locate these valences, one must carry out an analysis oft he changes that are trying to redefine theory and praxis of the social revolution in post-industrial society. Obviously it is thought that the revolutionary strategy introduced in the XX Century, in its European, Asian and Latin American variations, is obsolete as it is founded on the reversal of economic and state powers connected to that which Pierre Levy considers the anthropologic space of the territory'. Today's theoretical trends identify as a central dimension in the revolutionary dynamic the field of knowledge, and thus information and communication, alongside the anthropologic dynamic of goods and the cultural transformations they induce. This is because capitalist production is no longer fundamentally the manufacture of consumer goods, but the manufacture of sense, that is, implementation, co-ordination and innovation of social interaction. The consequence of this change, at a semiological level, is the weakening of the relationship between meanings and meaningfuls, which, like the relationship between 280

3 individuals and social systems, finds itself in an environment of statistical relationships. Within this environment new effective relationships of society's power are realised; as a consequence, the exercise of political power is also subordinated to the logic of information flows which control socio-economic transactions at a global level. "Information engineering" of the social connection is not explained by the size ofthe macro-systems alone, but at the same time by the "microphysics of power"' Our individual lives are in fact modelled on information technologies through micro-structural scannings of bytes, genes and quantums. Thus revolutionary action must find expression both at a macro-structural level, developing, as lotman says', the dialogical interaction between different social cultures and between different spheres of knowledge, and at a micro-structural level, through the processing of a new ontho-dialogical individual subjectivity. This individual appears as a subject who, on one hand, lives his own desire in the micro-structural dimension of the quantums 5 of human subjectivity, and on the other hand takes a new multiple and fractional Self, interconnected to the technological network of global communications and at the same time taken into a recurring logic. The identity of this subject would no longer reside in the emblematic collectiveness and autonomy of his person, but would be proposed as a psycho-dynamic, dialogic and evolutive function, in the polar tension (in the difference) between quantum energy and the fractional structure. This dynamic function would therefore start dialectic between the freed potential of the Es and the dialogical awareness of the fractional Self, interconnected with the system of distributed intelligence and knowledge; the quantums of subjectivity would abscond from the binary-type structures and would express themselves in the potential and actions of each individual. Beyond strategies, commensurate to the historical-social conditions underway, the fundamental objective of the "quantum revolution" is the emergence of a new type of semantic individual who is both creative and at the same time aware of his fractionality. This subject realises that the real and the virtual are entwined in a "game" without solution of continuity; the genetic code, neuro-physiologic circuits, pulsing flows, the imaginary and systems of interaction with the environment may constitute a series of "Chinese boxes" in which each level is, at the same time, contained and a container, in which the Self experiments itself in a dimension of borderlines, of limits, between it own conscience and those of others'. How is the practice of art tied to this revolutionary hypothesis? Marcus' thesis', which saw the revolutionary valence of art in its intrinsic features of uncensored expression of pulsations and profound needs, appears correct but insufficient. More adequate would appear the positions held by Deleuze and Guattari, who assign the function of a break in the over-determination of technological society, and thus re-singularisation, to "new aesthetic paradigm" in the context of "chaosmotic" social interactions. The new media artist no longer manages his breaking role in the sense of a prometeic battle of the self-sufficient and solitary subject against the perverse over-determination of society, but instead alternatively relates to that same informational hyper- 281

4 DISCUSSION GROU P ON THE VIRTUAL SELF system which authority instrumentally uses, that is, by enhancing the chaosmotic potential of individual subjectivity in the context of a continuous and open interaction with the other and with the universe of widespread intelligence, including artificial intelligence. An example of this rather proven practice may be found in a series of works that play on the so-called process of inversion of the human-machine relationship: we refer in particular to World, Membrane of the Dismembered Body by Seiko Minami, Digital Therapy by Seisuke Oki and Terrain o/2 by Ulrike Gabriel. Specifically, the latter work presents a stratification of metaphors belonging to the theme of inversion: the photo-sensitive robots at the centre of the installation move fluidly when the two participants, equipped with electrocefalographs, doze off, renouncing thought. The machine, subjectivity and language, faithfully reproduce a part of ourselves and allow us to experiment new forms of relationship, beginning with a mental state which is less constrained by the over-determination of rationality and logos. New Media Artists thus work in a symbiotic relationship with virtual and connective technologies, but with the objective of crossing them to recover the quantum energy of our unrepresentable subjectivity, thus placing ourselves with respect to a more existential and profound, osmotically communicative identity. This act of re-singularisation can be considered coherent with the objectives of the "quantum revolution", but in order to actually be so on an operational level, the corollary of several specific methodological formalities is required: the open and co-variant form of the works, the visibility and legibility ofthe technological processes implied and the use of nondiscriminate codes at a socio-cultural level. This qualitatively revolutionary quantum-fractional creativity is related with the historically determined complexity of existing social relationships. In some cases, it favours the emergence of elements of critical knowledge with respect to the dominant management of the media; in other cases with respect to the narcissism of the self; in yet other cases with respect to the economic globalisation and the geo-political consequences. Based on this document, a study was developed and put to a selected group of artists. Among the answers received so far, we extracted those three artists whose positions are extremely different. QUESTIONNAIRE WHAT SOCIAL SCENARIO IN THE SOCIETY OF HYPERTECHNOLOGY AND NEW MEDIA? How do you see the current balance of forces between the strong politicoeconomic powers and the movements that use hyper-technology, in an antagonistic and liberational sense, in the name of society as a whole? How do you see the problem of growing unemployment determined by automation technology? 282

5 What solution for the problem of geopolitical unbalance between the technological powers and the so-ca ll ed third world? What chances do individuals have of satisfying their human needs and of improving their conditions of existence through the new media and biotechnology? WHAT FUNCTION CAN ART HAVE IN THE NEW MEDIA IN THE POLITICAL SCENARIO OF THE HYPERTECHNO LOGICAL SOCIETY? Is your artistic activity directly or indirectly connected to today's social scenarios? Are you concerned about your social target? About the way your public interacts with your work? Of the politico-social connotation of your network interlocutor? Do you think that your art provokes critical awareness? That your network artistic communication gives rise to "connective" critical thought? A SELECTION OF THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE BY ARTISTS OLIVIER AUBER, ENNIO BERTRAND, MARIO CANALI, CLAUDE FAURE, MARK PESCE, PAOLO ROSA, GIORGIO VACCARINO Olivier Auber (F) is a graduate of the Ecole des Arts et Metiers and an "engineer-artist". He was responsible for the set-up of the "Expressions et comportements" department of the museum in the Cite des Sciences et de l'industrie in Paris. Since 1986 he has been working on the online project "Generateur poetique", which is functioning as a multitask system at the moment. Ennio Bertrand (I) is a staff member of ARSLAB. He has carried out a variety of Internet projects (including "Smell Link," the transmission of smelling images) and installations ("La memoria della superficie"). His works have been shown at New Media exhibitions in France, Holland, Germany and Japan. Mario Canali (I) founded the artists group "Correnti magnetiche" in 1985; his work with this group was singled out for recognition by the Prix Ars Electronica in '87 and '88. Since 1992 he has been working with VR in connection with biofeedback ("Neuronde e Phatos"). Claude Faure (F) is an advisor to the Cite des Sciences et de l'industrie in Paris, where he is a curator of technical-scientific exhibitions. He develops CO-Roms dealing with the hyper-representation of linguistic terminology(" La derive des Continents"). He also does work in the fields of theory and education. Mark Pesce (USA) is a cyberspace theoretician and researcher, and author of the book "Why in the World Wide Web?", in which he elaborates on the implications of the development of the Infosphere. One of his web projects is "Web Earth", for which he received a Honorary Mention at Prix Ars Electronica 96. Paolo Rosa (I) founded the group "Studio Azzurro" in 1982; they conduct artistic research by means of complex interactive video installations. He is active in the theoretical field and teaches prospective multimedia artists. Giorgio Vaccarino (I) is one of the pioneers of Network Art in Italy. With "Passaggio a Netville", which went online in 1993, his goal is to establish a networked link-up between cyberspace and urban space. He is a staff member of the!sea and of ARSLAB, where he responsible for networking. 283

6 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF What social scenario in the society of hypertechnology and new media? How do you see the current balance of forces between the strong politico-economic powers and the movements that use hyper-technology, in an antagonistic and liberational sense? 0. Auber: Current powers hoard the codes with which the masses communicate and exchange. An art form which highlights the specific logic of the signs, the dynamics of the codes and their precepts can contribute to a certain re-appropriation of these phenomena. [... ] It is not a matter of directly fighting one power or another [... ] but of elucidating the myths and processes which permit their existence, their representativity and legitimacy." E. Bertrand: If one took all the foam washed up on the beach by the waves of all the oceans and put it all together, one could cover a territory as large as the U.S. I would like to lower onto this image of waves the position that I believe the new technologies occupy: a notable position, but certainly a position that does not reach all humanity. On the contrary, I see the ditch, or should I say abyss, widening between individuals and populations that have access to new communication systems and others who for the moment ask themselves questions related more to a contingency of survival. Innovative uses of network communication exist and they are extremely interesting: chat, mail, conferences, but I feel that for now they remain in the sphere of the individual and the small group. From here I would start a line of research on hypertechnological communications, with the focus on the development of new types of relationship between individuals joined only by a telephone connection. Concerning hypertechnologies used with liberating intent in the name of the entire social body, it may be because of my indomitable difficulty in delegating, but I prefer not to have anyone who creates or destroys something in my name. M. Pesce: I see this question as situated in a political rhetoric that is inherently polemical and therefore completely misrepresentative of the present situation. M. Canali: It seems to me that such overly simplified interpretations are not only historically outdated, but also are applicable to precisely those mechanisms that one is desirous of changing here. [... ] The only possible approach seems to me to be that of complexity, [... ] the reinvention of interpretational paradigms on more or less a daily basis. C. Faure: The relationship of forces you have spoken of massively favors the economic-political powers. P. Rosa: It is difficult for me to identify movements that are using these technologies in a conspicuously antagonistic way. [... ] I do not believe that, in this phase, antagonism is the proper attitude with which to resist this dynamic process. [... ] Such acts of self-investiture seem to me to be predominantly a component of a reactionary culture to which I certainly feel no affinity. G. Vaccarino: It is certainly not easy nowadays to advocate positions that are unequivocally antagonistic toward powers whose development often displays chaotic dynamics [... ]. A liberalizing function of 'hypertechnologies' can develop only by means of capillary growth of adequate cultures [... ], by means of a hypersensibility that encompasses all articulations of multiethnic society. 284

7 How do you see the problem of growing unemployment determined by automation technology? 0. Auber: I see automation technology more as complexity and energy expending factors. As a result work is globally demultiplied and its form changes. That is all. E. Bertrand: I would like to highlight the schizophrenic movement of the solution to a problem using an object. It is probably a legacy from forest-dwelling primates, something like A SPACE ODYSSEY, and the discovery of the manufactured item. I think the solution lies in knowledge. M. Pesce: I don't see it. M. Canali: The new technologies are even altering the concept of money in a radical way. Due to the progressive dematerialization of money, the reduction of it to pure information, it is no longer necessary for it to refer to a natural equivalent, a productive process, or a form of labor, however that is defined. [... ] On one hand, automation makes human labor less and less necessary; on the other hand, this results in an increasingly arbitrary monetary valuation of labor. In this current state of affairs, the problem can be solved only by a radical reformulation of the Social Contract, a reformulation so radical that not even the wildest utopias surpass it. C. Faure: One can only hope that the domain of culture (in its broadest sense) benefits from this development by reaching a wider audience and, at the same time, increasing the number of jobs it makes available. P. Rosa: Both the concept and the practice of labor have undergone profound transformations over the course of human history. In my opinion, a comparison shows that the model that has been produced by Industrial Society has not brought about the greatest level of equilibrium and justice. [... ] Can we all agree that we ought to use these changes as an auspicious opportunity to re-establish the bond between work and the quality of life? G. Vaccarino: I do not believe that there will be fewer opportunities to work as a result of automation. Actually, I believe that the opposite is the case. [..,) To a much greater extent, the problem is the speed with which these often rapacious and exploitative automation processes are being implemented, so that the number of jobs is decreasing in those sectors in which new opportunities have not yet emerged. What solution for the problem of geopolitical unbalance between the technological powers and the so-called third world? 0. Auber: The accumulation of codes presents a new feature with respect to the accumulation of capital: codes, to a certain point, can be reproduced infinitely. In this way, disadvantaged groups can acquire 'operating systems', like all other software, and transfer them to their own advantage. E. Bertrand: As far as the solution to unbalance is concerned, I sense a sort of implicit belonging to the first world. I don't believe that an inhabitant of the Amazon would have put the question in these terms. M. Pesce: There is no unbalance; implying that there is further marginalizes your "so-called" third world. The racist connotation of such a question should not be underplayed. 285

8 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF M. Canali: Certainly these new technologies could make the process of advancement of the so-called third world easier, faster and more economically sound. [... ] But beyond that, I see no solution to a problem whose causes are not primarily economic, but rather has a deep-seated cultural basis. C. Faure: Should an artist reply as an artist? Furthermore, the term "third world" is too simplistic; it is no longer adequate to characterize the situation. P. Rosa: This imbalance does not so much make me think of a drama, but rather about the fact that it could transform itself into a resource - though certainly accompanied by surcharges and price increases. It is possible that this type of domination is relatively fragile, particularly on the level of identity, insight, culture, and memory. The necessity to revaluate and protect minority cultures could emerge from this situation, and this could help us to remain rooted in tradition and history. G. Vaccarino: I believe that the intrinsic nature of network-linked technologies make them most suited to function as resources advancing global diffusion, but of course this presupposes that the corresponding political policies are not side-tracked by perverse interests. What chances do individuals have of satisfying their human needs and of improving their conditions of existence through the new media and biotechnology? 0. Auber: I hope and believe that there is simply enough space for everyone within the folds of complexity. From here to talking of improvement, that is a step which I don't feel I can take. E. Bertrand: I wouldn't know what chances they have. I interpret these novelties as a new type of work, a new way to make money. M. Pesce: Humans satisfy their own needs because of their will to do so; technology plays no role in it, except to sound the same symphony with different instruments. M. Canali: Instead of an improvement, I regard this as an opportunity to put axioms up for discussion that have been considered generally accepted for two millennia. C. Faure: A certain degree of individual mastery of the computer (and the Internet) will hopefully enlarge the scope of human freedom, but that is still a long way off because all types of perversion remain possible. In my opinion, there is not a single form of technology that possesses intrinsic virtue. On the contrary, the field of biotechnology will remain in the hands of specialists, even if it must be subjected to democratic control. The individual will remain largely dependent upon the alliance uniting those in positions of technical-scientific authority and economic interests. P. Rosa: The problem is not how to best satisfy human needs but rather how to best maintain the equilibrium of natural resources in their totality. Without a comprehensive vision of this kind -in which human beings step out of the spotlight to some extent, and retain their central role only with respect to their responsibility- I do not believe that there is a prospect of improvement. Instead, absolute catastrophes could well be looming on the horizon. On the other hand, with the approach delineated above, the new technologies could be transformed into an extraordinary instrument to accelerate the development of a more suitable relationship. 286

9 G. Vaccarino: I do not preclude either of the two possibilities mentioned, either with respect to new media or biotechnology. To a much greater extent, though, I fear that it is precisely these human needs that could become the objects of rapacious and anything-but-innocuous campaigns of manipulation. What function can art have in the new media in the political scenario of the hypertechnological society? Is your artistic activity directly or indirectly connected to today's social scenarios? 0. Auber: My activity is closely tied to them, but mine is not a political commitment, it is 'topological'. I believe that the universe of codes, of speeds, of interactions with languages, possesses intrinsic laws that must be discovered in the same way as those of physics or chemistry. But my path is far from scientific method (at least from that prevailing before the quantum revolution). I am fully aware that my entire being is a weighty part of experience. E. Bertrand: I would think so, obviously. Otherwise I would be alone in the jungle, or rather the only inhabitant of Mars. M. Pesce: All of my activities are directly connected to today's social scenarios. M. Canali: I always try to orient my artistic activities upon the individual. Through this individuality, I am directly connected to today's social scenarios. I have an unshakable belief in the efficacy of the butterfly effect. C. Faure: On the whole, my activities are unconnected with what you refer to as social scenarios. P. Rosa: My research activities have always led to a confrontation with social scenarios [... ]. Since I began using the new forms of communication, I have the impression that I am constantly being called upon to come out with considerations and reflections on the dynamics of this process and the consequences it will have for society - as if this were a hot topic, a turbulent issue, as if every point that it touched upon were a neuralgic point which is highly sensitive to contemporary problems. On one hand, I am gratified to have become aware of how these experiments are again becoming so directly linked to reality following years of isolation on the part of artistic research; on the other hand, it fills me with a sense of responsibility, because it is now incumbent upon me to demonstrate that art is capable of regaining its central position in the dynamics of our time. G. Vaccarino: The most important point of reference for my work has always been the most highly frequented public space [... ]. Above all, I am interested in the possibility of intersecting the pathways of the population in the Internet with those of the population on the street, or - even better - to bring about a consolidation of these two segments of the population. Are you concerned about your social target? About the way your public interacts with your work? Of the politico-social connotation of your network interlocutor? 0. Auber: No. My work is directed at everyone. I am often surprised by the diversity of the people who show interest. E. Bertrand: Very much so. Otherwise I could have realised a work which is not understood and which would not have established an imaginary connection between my imaginative and planning thought, and its recreation in the public's 287

10 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF emotions. [... ] I am not worried about the politico-social connotations of my network interlocutors, just as I don't think about them when I use the telephone. What would the difference be if they weren't in the network? For example in an art gallery or in a museum? M. Pesce: The 'politico-social connotation of your network interlocutor'? What the hell are you folks talking about with them fancy big words? We're not that smart over here in America - could you simplify that a bit? M. Canali: I want my works to always display a stratification of multiple levels of interpretation and meaning which makes them accessible to a broad target audience. Interaction does not only mean to open up a work to public participation, but also to avoid strictly predefining the level of participation. C. Faure: The answer is yes, even if that might seem to contradict my answer to the previous question. This applies primarily to the (smaller) segment of my work which employs the computer as a medium. P. Rosa: Purely synthetically, I believe, interactivity represents an extraordinary opportunity to reestablish a dialogue with a public that has become increasingly estranged from the artistic experience and is increasingly in the throes of the dynamics of communication on a larger scale. The outcome of this relational experience has been that my thinking with respect to my projects focuses more and more on my potential interlocutors. And also because I was often compelled - outside of this dynamic process of forced acculturation and outside of this abstract dimension - to prefigure its gestures and modes of behavior as those of a target audience which is part of a marketed culture of communicative scenarios. Do you think that your art provokes critical awareness? That your network artistic communication gives rise to "connective" critical thought? 0. Auber: It would be exaggerated to say that my path can,give birth" to a critical thought. Rather, it may constitute, on a case by case basis, a pick, a reference point, or a buffer for a multitude of thoughts. I see it every day. E. Bertrand: I don't know. Perhaps. I hope so. When a work pleases, it starts critical thought. The thing to fear is indifference. The thought will be connective if it is a connective work. M. Pesce: In the best of circumstances, art provokes revelation; critical awareness can be a by-product of that awareness, if that moment of revelation is accompanied by a direction, a plan. However, this is also art as propaganda, as brainwashing, as an extermination which "closes the gaps" in thought. I let my works speak for themselves, but it is necessarily contestualized by the body of my work, and the culture against which it is situated. M. Canali: Sometimes I observe that it happens, and I am certainly pleased when it does. C. Faure: Yes, "La dl rive des continents" and a few other more or less participative works might stimulate a process of reflection. But about what? About the paradox of language, about the value of play, about the relativity of opinions, etc. I do not believe that this is what you would call critical awareness, and it is to an even lesser extent "connective" critical thought. P. Rosa: What I together with my friends at Studio Azzurro are attempting to propagate are experimental models, paths [... ] that make the audience aware 288

11 of the scenarios conveyed to us and the resulting mutated reality, but rather through their own experience than as a result of pronouncements from us. [... ] In addition to a greater responsibility on the part of the project initiator, which surely confronts him with certain ethical issues, this also calls for a heightened sense of responsibility on the part of all those who have access to these experiences, and presupposes at least as much effort in their way of going about this [... ] that it can be regarded as a sign of their commitment. In this case, the gesture becomes a declaration of accessibility; everything that happens after that is left up to the sensibility, creativity and intelligence of the respective individual. [... ] The more I become - instead of an author - the observer of my audience, the more- I assume- the viewers become authors of their own experiences... G. Vaccarino: I do not expect that either. To tell you the truth, I trust in the public and its capability of developing "critical thought"" independently; the more delicate matter is to awaken those "connective" emotions which that thought should ultimately be considering. {Translated by Brett Thorburn) Notes A. ROSS, "La nuova intelfigenza"", in: G. Bender; T. Oruckrey, TECNOCULTURA: VISION/, IDEOLOGIE, PERSONAGGI; Apogeo, Milan P. Levy, L'tNTELliGENZA COLLETT/VA. PER UN'ANTROPOLOGIA DEL CYBERSPAZ/0, Feltrinelfi, Milan This is a concept from Foucault that recurs throughout his work. J.M. Lotman, LA SEMIOSFERA. L'A5SIMETRIA E 1L DIALOGO DELLE STRUTTURE PESANTI, Marsilio Editore, Venice In our context, modern physics' concept of "quantum" should be considered metaphorically: it expresses the irreducibility of the subject to simple biological and linguistic dimensions. 6 Cfr. G. Deleuze, DIFFERENZE E REPITIZIONE, If Mulino, On the concept of borderlines, reference is made to Bachtin in: T. Todorov, Michail Bachtin, LE PRINCIPE DIALOG/QUE SUIVI DE ECRITS DU CERCLE DE BAKHT/NE, Edition du Seui/, Paris The subject described by P.A. Rovatti in ABITARE A DISTANZA. PER UN'ETICA DEL L/NGUAGG/0 (Feltrinelli, 1994) seems to be placed in a position which is in certain respects analogous. 8 H. Marcuse, ERosE CIVILTA, Einaudi, Turin F. Guattari, CHA05MOSE, Editions Galilee, Paris

12 DISKUSSIONSGRUPPE ZU M THEMA.,VIRTUELLES SELBST" (DONATELLA BIGONI, MARGHERITA CATTER A, PIERO GILARDI, PIER LUIGI GREGORI, BRUN A PIRAS, FEDERICA RUSSO, ELISABETTA TOLOSANO) MEDIENKUNST: EINE REVOLUTION? DIE IDEOLOGISCHEN TENDENZEN DER MEDIENKUNST Laut Andrew Ross' kann man davon ausgehen, dab sich die Produktion von Medienkunst im wesentlichen auf drei politisch-kulturelle Positionen bezieht, welche auf globaler Ebene aktiv sind: auf den radikalen Neo-Humanismus, den rad ikalen Technologismus und den radikalen Okologismus. Die erste Position entspricht den intensiveren New Age-Kulturen und enthalt die Hypothese, dab man die neuen Technologien- von den Kommunikations- bis zu den physiologisch-genetischen Technologien - dazu nutzen mub, den Menschen als solchen zu starken, den entropischen Verlauf unserer modernen Gesellschaft umzukehren und den, Quantensprung" des utopischen Humanismus zu vollziehen. Die zweite hat pragmatischen Charakter. Sie basiert auf der alternativen oder antagonistischen Anwendung von Technologie und umfabt auch die moderne Bewegung der Cyberkultur unter Einbeziehung der Hacker. Die dritte entspricht dem Fliigel der Umweltschutzbewegung, der sich mit der Rolle der Techno-Kultur in der gesellschaftlichen Dynamik befabt und daher kiinstliche lntelligenz mit dem intelligenten Netzwerk der bkosphare verbindet. REVOLUTIONARE VALENZEN DER MEDIENKUNST Zur Lokalisierung dieser Valenzen mub man die Veranderungen analysieren, die dem Versuch einer Neudefinition von Theorie und Praxis der sozialen Revolution in der postindustriellen Gesellschaft zugrunde liegen. 290

13 Offensichtlich geht man davon aus, dab die im 20. Jahrhundert eingefi.ihrte revolutionare Strategie in ihren europaischen, asiatischen und lateinamerikanischen Varianten veraltet ist, da sie auf der Umkehr wirtschaftlicher und staatlicher Krafte inverbindung mit dem, was Pierre Levy den anthropologischen Raum des Territoriums' nennt, beruht. Die theoretischen Trends von heute identifizieren als zentrale Dimension der revolutionaren Dynamik den Bereich des Wissens- also Information und Kommunikationsowie die anthropologische Dynamik der Waren und die kulturellen Veranderungen, die diese hervorrufen. Das ri.ihrt daher, dab die kapitalistische Produktion nicht mehr grundsatzlich mit der Herstellung von Konsumgi.itern gleichgesetzt wird, sondern mit der Produktion von Sinn, d. h. der lmplementierung, Koordination und Innovation gesellschaftlicher lnteraktion. Auf semiologischer Ebene fi.ihrt diese Veranderung zu einer Schwachung der Beziehung zwischen Signifikat und Signifikant, die wie die Beziehung zwischen Einzelpersonen und gesellschaftlichen Systemen in ein Feld statistischer Beziehungen gebettet ist. In diesem Umfeld werden neue Beziehungen der gesellschaftlichen Macht wirksam. In der Folge wird politische Machtausi.ibung ebenfalls der Logik der lnformationsfli.isse, die die sozio-okonomischen Transaktionen auf globaler Ebene steuern, untergeordnet. Die,lnformationstechnik" der gesellschaftlichen Vernetzung ist nicht allein durch die GroBe des Makrosystems erklarbar, sondern gleichzeitig durch die,mikrophysik der Macht"'. Durch mikrostrukturelles Scannen von Bytes, Genen und Quanten dient die lnformationstechnologie eigentlich als Vorbild fi.ir unser Leben. Daher mub revolutionares Handeln sowohl auf makrostruktureller Ebene durch die Entwicklung einer dialogischen lnteraktion zwischen verschiedenen Gesellschaftskulturen und Wissensspharen zum Ausdruck kommen, wie Lotman meint, als auch auf mikrostruktureller Ebene durch die Verarbeitung einer neuen onto-dialogischen Subjektivitat des lndividuums. Dieses Individuum erscheint als Subjekt, das einerseits seine Wi.insche in der mikrostrukturellen Dimension der Quanten' der mensch lichen Subjektivitat auslebt, andererseits jedoch ein neues, multiples und fragmentiertes Selbst wird, welches in das technologische Netzwerk globaler Kommunikation eingebunden und gleichzeitig in einer rekurrenten Logik gefangen ist. Die ldentitat dieses Subjekts lage nicht Ianger in der emblematischen Kollektivitat und Autonomie seiner Person, sondern wi.irde als psycho-dynamische,dialogische und evolutionare Funktion in der polaren Spannung (in der Differenz) zwischen Quantenenergie und fragmentierter Struktur angesetzt. Diese dynamische Funktion wi.irde daher eine Dialektik zwischen dem freigesetzten Potential des Es und dem dialogischen BewuBtsein des fragmentierten Selbst in Gang setzen, die mit dem System verteilter lntelligenz und verteilten Wissens in Zusammenhang steht; die Quanten der Subjektivitat wi.irden sich still und heimlich von Binarstrukturen losen und im Potential und in den Handlungen jedes einzelnen von uns zum Ausdruck kommen. 291

14 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF Jenseits von Strategien und im Einklang mit derzeitigen historischen und gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen ist das grundlegende Ziel der,quantenrevolution" die Entstehung eines neuartigen semantischen lndividuums, das uber Kreativitat verfugt und sich gleichzeitig seiner Fragmentiertheit bewubt ist. Dieses Subjekt erkennt, dab das Reale und das Virtuelle in einem,spiel" unlosbarer Kontinuitat verflochten sind; der genetische Code, die neurophysiologischen Schaltkreise, die pulsierenden Strome, das lmaginare und die lnteraktionssysteme mit der Umwelt konnten als ein Satz,Chinesischer Schachteln" verstanden werden, von denen jede einzelne zugleich lnhalt und Behalter darstellt, wo sich das Selbst in einem Raum von Trennlinien und Grenzbereichen zwischen dem eigenen und dem BewuBtsein anderer erprobt.' Wie ist nun die Kunstpraxis an diese revolutionare Hypothese geknupft? Marcuses These', derzufolge der revolutionare Stellenwert der Kunst in ihrem innersten Wesen, im unzensierten Ausdruck von Schwingungen und tiefempfundenen Bedurfnissen liegt, erscheint korrekt, aber unzureichend.angemessener worden die Positionen von De leuze und Guattari erscheinen, die dem,neuen asthetischen Paradigma" die Funktion eines Bruchs in der Oberdeterminierung der technologischen Gesellschaft, und daher der Re-Singularisierung, im Kontext,chaosmotischer" sozialer lnteraktionen' zuschreiben. Der Medienkunstler kann seine bahnbrechende Rolle- den prometheischen Kampf des autarken, auf sich gestellten Subjekts gegen die perverse Oberdeterminiertheit der Gesellschaft- nicht mehr erfl.illen, sondern greift als Alternative genau auf dassel be informationelle Hypersystem zuruck, welches von der Obrigkeit instrumentell genutzt wird: die Erhohung des chaosmotischen Potentials der individuellen Subjektivitat im Kontext einer kontinuierlichen und offenen lnteraktion mit dem anderen und mit einem Universum verteilter lntelligenz, einschliebiich kunstlicher lntelligenz. Ein Beispiel dieser bewahrten Praxis findet man in einer Reihe von Arbeiten, die sich den sogenannten Umkehrungsvorgang der Mensch-Maschine-Beziehung zunutze machen; wir beziehen uns insbesondere auf World, Membrane of the Dismembered Body von Seiko Minami, Digital Therapy von Seisuke Okei und Terrain o/2 von Ulrike Gabriel. Besonders die letztgenannte Arbeit prasentiert vielschichtige Metaphern zum Thema Umkehrung: Die lichtempfindlichen Roboter in der Mitte der Installation fuhren fliebende Bewegungen aus, wenn die beiden mit Elektroenzephalographen ausgestatteten Teilnehmer einnicken, dem Denken entsagen. Maschine, Subjektivitat und Sprache liefern eine getreue Reproduktion eines Teiles von uns selbst und erlauben uns Experimente mit neueri Beziehungsformen, ausgehend von einem geistigen Zustand, der weniger unter dem Zwang der Oberdeterminiertheit von Rationalitat und Logos steht. Medienkunstler arbeiten daher in Symbiose mit virtuellen und vernetzten Technologien, jedoch mit dem Ziel, diese zu kreuzen, um die Quantenenergie unserer nicht darstellbaren Subjektivitat zuruckzugewinnen und so uns selbst im Hinblick auf eine existentiellere und profundere, osmotisch kommunikative ldentitat zu positionieren. Dieser Akt der Re-Singularisierung kann als koharent mit den Zielen der,quantenre- 292

15 volution" angesehen werden. Urn diese Koharenz aber tatsachlich auf operationaler Ebene zu erreichen, bedarf es der logischen Folge einiger bestimmter methodologischer Formalitaten: der offenen und kovarianten Form der Arbeiten, der Sichtbarkeit und Lesbarkeit der darin implizierten technischen Prozesse und der Verwendung nicht-diskriminierender Codes auf soziokultureller Ebene. Diese qualitativ revolutionare, quanten-fraktionale Kreativitat steht in Zusammenhang mit der historisch bedingten Komplexitat bestehender gesellschaftlicher Verhaltnisse. In einigen Fallen begunstigt sie das Entstehen von Elementen kritischen Wissens im Hinblick auf die mediale Vorherrschaft; in anderen Fallen auf den NarziBmus des Selbst; in wieder anderen Fallen auf die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung und ihre geopolitischen Folgen. Ausgehend von diesem Text wurden eine Studie und ein Fragebogen erarbeitet und einer Gruppe ausgewahlter Kunstler vorgelegt. Unter den bisher eingelangten Antworten haben wir sieben Kunstler mit extrem unterschiedlichen Standpunkten ausgewahlt. FRAGEBOGEN WELCHES SOZIALE SZENARIO SEHEN SIE IN DER GESELLSCHAFT DER HYPERTECHNOLOGIE UNO DER NEUEN MEDlEN? - Wie sehen Sie das gegenwartige Krafteverhaltnis zwischen den starken politischen und wirtschaftlichen Machten und den Bewegungen, die Hypertechnologie in einem antagonistischen und liberalistischen Sinne im Namen der gesamten Gesellschaft verwenden? - Welchen Zusammenhang sehen Sie zwischen dem Problem der steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit und der Automationstechnik? - Welche Losung gibt es fur das Problem des geopolitischen Ungleichgewichts zwischen den Technologie-GroBmachten und der sogenannten Dritten Welt? - Welche Chancen haben Einzelpersonen, durch die neuen Medien und die Biotechnologie ihre mensch lichen Bedurfnisse zu befriedigen und ihre Lebensbedingungen zu verbessern? WELCHE FUNKTION KANN DIE MEDIENKUNST IM POLITISCHEN SZENARIO DER HYPERTECHNO LOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT HASEN? - Steht lhre kunstlerische Tatigkeit in direktem oder indirektem Zusammenhang mit den aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Szenarien? - Befassen Sie sich mit lhrer gesellschaftlichen Zielgruppe? Dam it, wie lhr Publi kum mit lhrer Arbeit interagiert? Mit der gesellschaftspolitischen Konnotation lhrer Netzwerk-Teilnehmer? - Glauben Sie, dab lhre Kunst ein kritisches BewuBtsein schafft? DaB lhre kiinstlerische Kommunikation im Netz,.vernetztes" kritisches Denken auslost? 293

16 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF AUSGEWAHLTE ANTWORTEN ZUM FRAGEBOGEN OLIVIER AUBER, ENNIO BERTRAND, MARIO CANAL!, CLAUDE FAURE, MARK PESCE, PAOLO ROSA, GIORGIO VACCARINO Olivier Auber (F) ist Absolvent der Ecole des Arts et Metiers und.. Ingenieur- Kunstler". Er war fur die Einrichtung der Abteilung.. Expressions et comportements" des Museums in der Cite des Sciences et de l'industrie in Paris verantwortlich. Seit 1986 arbeitet er am Online-Projekt.,Generateur poetique", das im Moment als Multitask-System funktioniert. Ennio Bertrand (I) ist Mitglied von ARSLAB. Er hat verschiedene Internet-Projekte, u. a..,smell Link" (Ubertragung duftender Bilder), und Installationen (.,La memoria della superficie") realisiert. Seine Werke wurden in Frankreich, Holland, Deutschland und Japan im Rahmen von Ausstellungen fur Neue Medien gezeigt. Mario Canali (I) hat 1985 die Kunstlergruppe.,Correnti magnetiche" gegrundet, mit der er beim Prix Ars Electronica 87 und 88 ausgezeichnet wurde. Seit 1992 beschiiftigt er sich mit VR in Verbindung mit Biofeedback (.. Neuronde e Phatos"). Claude Faure (F) ist Berater der Cite des Sciences de de l'industrie in Paris, wo er technisch-wissenschaftliche Ausstellungen kuratiert. Er entwickelt CO-Roms, die sich mit der Hyperreprasentation linguistischer Termini beschaftigen (.,La derive des Continents"). Auf3erdem arbeitet er im Theorie- und Bildungsbereich. Mark Pesce (USA) ist Cyberspace-Theoretiker und- Forscher und Au tor des Buchs.,Why in the World Wide Web?", in dem er sich mit den Implikationen der Entwicklung der Infosphare beschaftigt. Eines seiner Web-Projekte ist.,web Earth", fur das er 1996 eine Anerkennung beim Prix Ars Electronica erhalten hat. Paolo Rosa (I) hat 1982 die Gruppe.. studio Azzurro" gegrundet, die mittels komplexer interaktive Videoinstallationen kunstlerische Forschung betreibt. Er arbeitet im theoretischen Bereich und unterrichtet angehende Multimedia-Kunstler. Giorgio Vaccarino (I) ist einer der Pioniere der Network Art in Italien. Mit.. Passaggio a Netville", das 1993 online ging, will er den Cyberspace mit dem stadtischen Raum vernetzen. Er ist Mitglied der ISEA und von ARSLAB, wo er den Bereich Networking betreut. Welches soziale Szenario sehen Sie in der Gesellschaft der Hypertechnologie und der neuen Medien? Wie sehen Sie das gegenwartige Krafteverhaltnis zwischen den starken politischen und wirtschaftlichen Machten und den Bewegungen, die Hypertechnologie in einem antagonistischen und liberalistischen Sinne verwenden? 0. Auber: Die Machte der Gegenwart horten die Codes, mit denen die Massen kommunizieren und sich austauschen. [... ] Eine Kunstform, welche die spezifische Logik der Zeichen, die Dynamik der Codes und ihrer Prinzipien hervorhebt, kann zu einer gewissen Wiederaneignung dieser Phanomene beitrag en. [... ] Es geht nicht darum, die eine oder andere Macht direkt zu bekampfen [... ], sand ern darum, Licht in die Myth en und Vorgange zu bringen, die ihre Existenz, Darstellbarkeit und Legitimitat ermi:iglichen. E. Bertrand: Wiirde man den ganzen Schaum, den die Wellen aller Ozeane an den Strand spulen, zusammennehmen, so ki:innte man damit ein Gebiet von der Gri:il3e der USA bedecken. Ich wiirde die Stellung, welche die neuen Medien meiner Meinung nach einnehmen, gerne auf dieses Bild der Wellen projizieren: eine bemerkenswerte Stellung. Aber mit Sicherheit keine, die die ganze Menschheit betrifft. Im Gegenteil, ich sehe einen Graben- oder sante ich sagen 294

17 einen Abgrund - zwischen jenen Personen und Bevtilkerungsschichten, die Zugang zu den neuen Kommunikationssystemen haben, und jenen, die sich mit der Frage herumschlagen, wie sie am besten i.iberleben. Es gibt aul3erst interessante, innovative Nutzungsformen der vernetzten Kommunikation, wie Chat-Gruppen, , Konferenzen; aber ich habe das Gefi.ihl, dal3 sie derzeit auf den Bereich des einzelnen und der Kleingruppe beschrankt bleiben. In diese Richtung wi.irde ich Untersuchungen zur hypertechnologischen Kommunikation lenken und den Schwerpunkt auf das Entstehen neuer Beziehungsformen zwischen Person en setzen, die nur durch eine Telefonleitung verbunden sind. Es mag daran liegen, dal3 mir das Delegieren uni.iberwindbare Schwierigkeiten bereitet, aber was Hypertechnologien angeht, die im Namen der gesamten Gesellschaft in liberalistischer Absicht benutzt werden, so ziehe ich es vor, wenn niemand in meinem Namen etwas erzeugt oder zersttirt. M. Pesce: Fur mich gehtirt diese Frage zu einer politischen Rhetorik, die an sich schon polemisch ist und daher die aktuelle Situation vtillig falsch darstellt. M. Canali: Mir scheint, dal3 solche i.ibermal3ig vereinfachten Interpretationen nicht nur historisch i.iberholt, sondern gerade auf die Mechanismen anwendbar sind, die man hier andern will. [... ] Der einzig mtigliche Ansatz scheint mir jener der Komplexitat, [... ] der quasi taglichen Neuerfindung von Interpretationsparadigmen. C. Faure: Das Krafteverhaltnis, von dem Sie sprechen, fallt massiv zugunsten der wirtschaftlich-politischen Machte aus. P. Rosa: Es fallt mir schwer, Bewegungen auszumachen, welche diese Technologien in auffallend antagonistischer Weise verwenden. [... ] Ich glaube nicht, dal3 in dieser Phase Antagonism us die richtige Haltung ist, urn sich dieser Dynamik zu widersetzen [... ]. Derartige Selbstinthronisierungen scheinen mir vorwiegend einer reaktionaren Kultur anzugehtiren, der ich mich bestimmt nicht verbunden fi.ihle. G. Vaccarino: Es ist heutzutage nicht einfach, Ansichten zu vertreten, die unmil3verstandlich antagonistisch gegeni.iber Kraften sind, welche sich in einer oft chaotischen Dynamik entwickeln [... ]. Eine liberalistische Funktion der,hypertechnologien" kann sich nur durch kapillares Wachstum adaquater Kulturen entwickeln [... ], durch eine Hypersensibilitat, die alle Erscheinungsformen der multiethnischen Gesellschaft erfal3t. Welchen Zusammenhang sehen Sie zwischen dem Problem der steigenden Arbeitslosigkeit und der Automationstechnik? 0. Auber: Ich sehe in der Automationstechnik eher Faktoren der Komplexitat und des Energieverbrauchs. Als Resultat wird Arbeit global reduziert und in ihrer Form verandert. Das ist alles. E. Bertrand: Ich mtichte auf die schizophrene Tendenz hinweisen, ein Problem durch Benutzung eines Objekts zu ltisen - wahrscheinlich ein Erbe der waldbewohnenden Primaten, so etwas wie ODYSSEE IM WELTRAUM und die Entdeckung, dal3 man Gegenstande herstellen kann. Ich glaube, die Ltisung liegt im Wissen. M. Pesce: Ich sehe keinen. M. Canali: Die neuen Technologien verandern sogar das Konzept des Geldes auf radikale Weise. Aufgrund der fortschreitenden Entmaterialisierung des Geldes, 295

18 DISCUSSION GROUP ON THE VIRTUAL SELF seiner Reduktion auf reine Information, ist es nicht mehr notwendig, dai3 es sich auf einen natilrlichen Gegenwert, einen Produktionsprozei3 oder eine wie auch immer verstandene Arbeit bezieht. [... ] Einerseits macht die Automatisierung die menschliche Arbeit immer weniger notwendig, andererseits resultiert daraus eine immer willkurlichere monetiire Bewertung von Arbeit. Beim derzeitigen Stand der Dinge kann das Problem nur durch eine radikale Neuformulierung des Gesellschaftsvertrags geltist werden. So radikal, dai3 sie den wildesten Utopien um nichts nachsteht. C. Faure: Man kann nur hoffen, dai3 der Bereich der Kultur (im weitesten Sinne) von dieser Entwicklung profitiert und damit ein breiteres Publikum ansprechen und zugleich auch die Zahl der Arbeitspliitze vergrtii3ern kann. P. Rosa: Sowohl das Konzept der Arbeit als auch ihre Praxis haben in der Geschichte der Menschheit schon tiefgreifende Veriinderungen durchlebt. Meiner Meinung nach ziihlt das von der Industriegesellschaft hervorgebrachte Modell im Vergleich nicht zu den ausgewogensten und gerechtesten. [... ] Ktinnen wir uns dafur einsetzen, diese Veriinderung als eine gunstige Gelegenheit zu nutzen, um die Idee der Arbeit wieder enger an die Lebensqualitiit zu binden? G. Vaccarino: Ich glaube nicht, dai3 es aufgrund der Automatisierung weniger Chancen auf Arbeit geben wird. Ich bin eigentlich der Meinung, dai3 das Gegenteil zutrifft. [... ] Es ist vielmehr das Tempo, mit dem die oft riiuberischen und ausbeuterischen Automatisierungsprozesse verwirklicht werden, wodurch die Zahl der Arbeitspliitze dart reduziert wird, wo sich noch keine neuen Chancen ergeben haben. Welche Losung gibt es fur das Problem des geopolitischen Ungleichgewichts zwischen den Technologie-GroBmachten und der sogenannten Dritten Welt? 0. Auber: In bezug auf die Akkumulation von Kapital weist die Akkumulation von Codes einen neuen Wesenszug auf: Codes ktinnen his zu einem bestimmten Punkt endlos reproduziert werden. Auf diese Weise ktinnen benachteiligte Gruppen,Betriebssysteme" sowie siimtliche ubrige Software erwerben und zu ihrem eigenen Vorteil nutzen. E. Bertrand: Was die Ltisung dieses Ungleichgewichts angeht, so habe ich das Gefiihl, dai3 hier irgendwie eine Zugehtirigkeit zur Ersten Welt impliziert wird. Ich glaube nicht, dai3 ein Amazonasbewohner die Frage so gestellt hiitte. M. Pesce: Es gibt kein Ungleichgewicht; dies zu implizieren, bedeutet eine weitere Marginalisierung Ihrer,sogenannten" Dritten Welt. Die rassistische Kennotation einer solchen Frage sollte nicht heruntergespielt werden. M. Canali: Bestimmt ktinnen die neuen Technologien den Anniiherungsprozei3 der sogenannten Dritte-Welt-Liinder erleichtern, beschleunigen und wirtschaftlicher machen. [... ] Daruber hinaus sehe ich keine Ltisung fur ein Problem, das nicht in erster Linie auf wirtschaftlichen Grunden beruht, sondern vor allem auf tiefgreifenden kulturellen Grunden. C. Faure: Soll darauf ein Kunstler als Kunstler antworten? Der zu stark vereinfachende Beg riff der Dritten Welt reicht ubrigens nicht mehr a us, um die Situation zu charakterisieren. P. Rosa: Dieses Ungleichgewicht liii3t mich weniger an ein Drama den ken, sondern eher daran, dai3 es sich, gewii3 in Verbindung mit Aufschliigen und Preiserhtihungen, in eine Ressource verwandeln ktinnte. Diese Art der Vorherr- 296

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