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9 Formalisation of mathematical perspective

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12 Giotto: confirmation of the rule of St Francis 247

13 Early Perspective Ways of invoking three dimensional space: rounded, volumetric forms suggested by shading, spatial depth of room suggested by converging lines. Not systematic--lines do not converge to a single "vanishing" point. 248

14 Wernzel Jamnitzer s Perspectiva Corporun regularium

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23 Setting for "Invention" of Perspective Projection The Renaissance: new emphasis on importance of individual point of view and interpretation of world, power of observation-- particularly of nature (astronomy, anatomy, botany, etc.). Massaccio Leonardo Universe as clockworks: intellectual rebuilding of universe along mechanical lines. 258

24 Text Brunelleschi Invented systematic method of determining perspective projections in early 1400's. Evidence that he created demonstration panels, with specific viewing constraints for complete accuracy of reproduction. 259

25 Text Alberti Published first treatise on perspective, Della Pittura, in "a painting is the intersection of a visual pyramid at a given distance, with a fixed center and a defined position of light, represented by art with lines and colors on a given surface." (Alberti, On Painting pp.32-3) 260

26 Albrecht Dürer, Artist Drawing a Lute, 1525

27 Vredeman de Vries's Perspective 262

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35 costruzioine legitimma

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37 Fillipo Brunelleschi LEON battista Alberti De Pictura/Della Pittura 1435 De Statua 1438 De Re aedificatoria libri decem, written between 1442 and 1452

38 I dedic ation origins II III ionic corninthian, div knwledge V VI VII VIII IX X vitruvius Dedication to the Emperor; branches of knowledge that an architect must be acquainted with; the factors involved in siting a town and designing its walls, including a rather odd alberti extended explanation of the various winds. lineaments designing A story about Dinocrates, architect to Alexander the Great, serves as prologue. Second prologue, on the origins of architecture; but most of the book is about materials: bricks, sand, lime, pozzolan concrete; kinds of stone and types of stone masonry; timber. materials making Some comments on the chance nature of fame in the arts serve as a rather irrelevant prologue: it seems clear Vitruvius felt he had to have one. The book then proceeds totemples, setting forth some basic definitions, then describing a canon for the construction of temples of the Ionic order. Corinthian and Doric temples; temple doors and altars; the Tuscan order, which on construction Vitruvius seems to find primitive. on public works typology In which the author warns you that architecture is highly technical, then proves it in spades in his exposition of civil public spaces: the forum, the basilica, the theatre and its porticos, the palaestra and the baths; harbors. Vitruvius takes particular delight in the acoustics of the theatre about which he seems to know much, much more than he has allowed himself to tell us for fear of boring us: it's a pity. Prologue: poor but honest makes a good architect. A second sort of prologue on the diversity of mankind from climate to climate, easing into the topic of private houses: their construction should depend on the climate as well. Layout of the Roman house and the Greek house; considerations of weather, function of the rooms, social position of the on the work of individuals owner. on ornaments décor Long prologue on the importance of sharing knowledge, and, conversely, not plagiarizing. True to his word, Vitruvius then shares with us his recipes for interior decoration: the preparation and execution of wall paintings: lime, stucco, plaster, pigments. Water: how to find it, where it comes from, types of water, how to judge its quality; how to transport it (aqueducts). A disappointing book though, since most of it is given over to anecdotal material, cribbed from other authors, about the effects of waters from various sources. Prologue: architects deserve more honour than wrestlers. Useful technical achievements of architects: a method of doubling a square, a method of constructing a right triangle, Archimedes and the crown. Sundials and water-clocks, preceded by a long section on the planets and the constellations. Prologue: a proposal on how to deal with cost overruns. The book then details many kinds of machines used in civil and military engineering: pulley-based machines for lifting and transporting weights; the principle of the lever; machines that convert rotary to linear motion and vice-versa, including the water-screw. The hydraulic organ. An odometer of sorts. Catapults, scorpions, balistae, tortoises and how to defend against them. ornaments to sacred buildings ornaments to public secular buildings ornaments to private buildings in which the restoration of Buildings is described conservation

39 LEON battista Alberti De Pictura/Della Pittura 1435 De Statua 1438 De Re aedificatoria libri decem, written between 1442 and 1452 Antionio Averlino called Filarete Libro Architettonico

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42 vitruvius ichnographia, orthographia, scaenographia

43 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Υπνερωτομαχία Πολύφιλου "Hypnerotomachia," or as roughly translated, "struggle for love in a dream," POLIAM FRATER FRANCISCVS COLVMNA PERAMAVIT, "Brother Francesco Colonna dearly loved Polia." illustrated with 174 exquisite woodcuts showing the scenery, architectural settings, and some of the characters Poliphilo encounters Venice 1499

44 Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Υπνερωτομαχία Πολύφιλου "Hypnerotomachia," or as roughly translated, "struggle for love in a dream," POLIAM FRATER FRANCISCVS COLVMNA PERAMAVIT, "Brother Francesco Colonna dearly loved Polia." illustrated with 174 exquisite woodcuts showing the scenery, architectural settings, and some of the characters Poliphilo encounters Venice 1499