Chapter 13: Urban Patterns Key Issues #1 & #2

Transcription

1 Chapter 13: Urban Patterns Key Issues #1 & #2

2 Key Issue #1 Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

3 Central Business District (CBD) CBD Downtown of a city -Less than 1% of urban land area -Focal point of transportation network -Easiest part of city to reach

4 Retail Services in CBD 3 types: 1. High Threshold, 2. Long Range, 3. Serve CBD workers Importance of CBD reduced due to changing shopping/residential patterns High Threshold Services Traditionally dept. stores preferred CBD b/c of access to many people 100% corner Now there are not many dept. stores left in CBD 1 per CBD? Customers are now only office workers, innercity residents, and tourists Where have all the retail stores gone?

5 More Retail Services in CBD Retailers w/ High Range Used to be specialists w/ infrequent customers -Jewelers Most have since left the CBD Retailers survive in CBD if combine retailing w/ recreational activities Unusual shops in dramatic settings still attract people /tourists Festival Marketplace EX: Boston Faneuil Hall Market, Baltimore Harbor Place, Philly Gallery, San Fran Ferry Building and Pikes Place Market

6 Retailers Serving CBD Workers Only type of the 3 that is expanding Serves lunch-hour shoppers Office supplies, computers, clothing, shoe repair, copying, dry cleaning While dept. stores struggle, smaller shops are expanding

7 Business Services in CBD Offices cluster in CBD for accessibility Advertising, finance, journalism, and law depend on proximity to professional colleagues They are located in CBD Face to face contact est. trust Central location also helps businesses that employ workers from different neighborhoods Businesses can also hire specialized employees already working in the CBD

8 Competition For Land in CBD High Land Costs -Severe shortage of land lead to higher land prices closer to CBD -Leads to: 1. Land used more intensively Excluded activities -Tokyo CBD = $60,000,000 per acre -Many building restricted to 3-stories 1. Intensive Land Use -CBD uses more space above and below ground than other areas -Parking, loading docks, utilities

9 Intensive Land Use Chicago - Home Insurance Bldg Skyscrapers give make each city s CBD unique First built in Chicago Vertical Geography of Skyscrapers: 1 st Floor = High rent retailers Mid Levels = Professional offices Upper Floors = Apartments NYC - Tallest Residential Bldg. Under Construction -D.C. is one large city w/ no skyscrapers -No building allowed taller than Washington Monument

10 Activities Excluded from CBD Little industrial (factories) or residential areas in CBD Reasons for No Industry (Factories) Factories need to spread across wide swath of land CBD too much $$$ Harbors too shallow for large ships Old harbors turned into waterfront parks and festival marketplaces Gentrification Reasons for Lack of Residential People pulled to burbs for bigger homes/yards and better schools Pushed from high rents, crime, congestion, and poverty CBD being revitalized in 21 st century Gentrification

11 CBD Outside United States Less dominated by commercial Prominent structures may be churches or palaces on squares Contain more food stores due to more people living in CBD 24-hour markets are rare Cars banned in many CBDs Euro cities have legacy of low-rise structures and narrow streets Many Euro cities have laws limiting high-rise buildings Parisians angered by building of high-rises in the 1970s Rents are much higher in Euro CBDs than U.S. CBDs Low-income are more likely to live on outskirts in cities outside U.S.

12 Key Issue #2 Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

13 Describe internal social structure: (1) Concentric Zone, (2) Multiple Nuclei, 3 Models of Urban Structure (3) Sector Model Models Developed in Chicago Few physical features All created between 2 world wars

14 Concentric Zone Model Concentric Zone Model Created by E.W. Burgess (1923) City grows outward from central area in a series of rings 1. CBD 2. Zone in Transition contains industry/low income housing -Immigrants live here 3. Working-class homes 4. Newer middle class homes 5. Commuters zone hamlets Burgess argued this fit Chicago

15 Homer Hoyt (1939) Certain areas of city are better for various activities (Environmental or mere chance) Sector Model MEXICO CITY Activities expand outward in a sector (wedge) from CBD Best housing found in a corridor extending from downtown to outer edge of the city Best houses on outer edges Industry and retail develop along good transportation lines Hoyt argued Chicago fit this model due to housing along Lake Michigan

16 Multiple Nuclei Model C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman (1945) Complex - More than one center of activity EX: Ports, university, airport, parks, neighborhoods Some activities are attracted to particular nodes Pizza shops, bookstores, computer labs at a university campus Warehouses and hotels (airports) Heavy industry and expensive housing are rarely close Los Angeles is an example

17 Census tracts urban areas containing 5,000 residents census bureau compiles stats on Nonwhites, income, education Social area analysis comparison of census stats to create overall picture of a city Owned homes are more likely in outer ring (concentric) Incomes vary by sector/ring of city Ethnicity matters (multiple nuclei) Criticized for not being relevant to modern society / fail to consider all reasons people choose residential location Model Application

18 Wealthy cluster in sectors extending from CBD Parisians clustered in SW hills near the royal palace Factories were built in the North, South, and East but not SW Wealthy still live in inner rings, not just suburbs Proximity to shops, dining, culture Downtowns have been renovated or new buildings created Euros purchase 2 nd homes in country to have open space Sunday night traffic into city is rough European Cities Historically, the wealthy lived on 1 st or 2 nd floor of buildings -Currently, the poor are clustered in high rise apartments on outskirts of cities Immigrants and minorities Encouraged by gov. to reduce urban sprawl and preserve country sides

19 Modeling the Modern Latin American City Law of the Indies 1575 Latin American cities were designed after European cities, explorers came from Portugal and Spain Centered on a church and central plaza

20 Precolonial Built surrounding religious core Gov. buildings and wealthy homes surrounded religious core Lower income was further out Commercial activities were concentric and hierarchical First religious business, then secular business (leather works, jewelers, tailors), then food, then blacksmiths, basket makers, and potters LDC Cities: 3 Stages 1. Precolonial 2. Colonial 3. Independence

21 Tenochtitlan Aztec capitol (Mexico City) Located on island in Lake Texcoco City of 500,000 people Node was the Great Temple Canals were built to bring supplies to the island Spanish destroyed city and killed most Aztecs Rebuilt city near Great Temple (Zocolo) Built Catholic cathedral on site of Great Temple Emperor Maximilian designed Paseo de la Reforma after Champs-Elysees in Paris Wealthy live along this road (spine) High elevation allowed for better sewage

22 Europeans expanded existing cities to provide services like administration, military command, and international trade Native town demolished (Saigon, Vietnam) or left to the side (Fez, Morocco) Euro districts contained wider streets and public squares, larger houses w/ gardens, and were less dense Old quarters have narrow streets and are cramped LA cities built according to Law of Indies (1573) Gridiron street plan centered on Church plaza, walls around homes, and other smaller plazas throughout city. Colonial Cities

23 Independence Wealthy people push out from center in selldefined sector Forms on either side of a spine that has offices, shops, and amenities Services are more readily available here Sewage!!!! Squatter Settlements: Barriadas/ favelas SA bidonvilles NA bastees India million in settlements Few services no schools, paved roads, phones or SEWERS! Water carried from central well Electrical stolen. EX: Rio de Janeiro Wealthy clustered near Atlantic Ocean around Guanabara Bay Poor clustered in north near mountains (Favelas)

24 Squatter Cities In general, it is considered as a residential area in an urban locality inhabited by the very poor who have no access to tenured land of their own, and hence "squat" on vacant land, either private or public.

25 Characteristics of Squatter Cities Housing materials are collected from available resources: corrugated tin Little sanitation No running water No Cooking facilities Illegal hookup to electricity, if any No political voice Lack of social services

26 Spatial distribution of Squatter Cities On the periphery of the cities in LDCs around the world. In Europe and Latin America the rich choose to live in the culturallyrich inner city, the opposite is sometimes true in North American cities