Institutional Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Institutioneller Wandel der Landwirtschaft und Ressourcennutzung

Transcription

1 Institutional Change in Agriculture and Natural Resources Institutioneller Wandel der Landwirtschaft und Ressourcennutzung edited by/herausgegeben von Volker Beckmann & Konrad Hagedorn Volume/Band 56 Rong Tan Governing Farmland Conversion in China Transactions and Institutional Fit Shaker Verlag Aachen 2015

2 Contents Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Annex 1 Introduction Research background: Biased land use polices in China Land use problems in China Negative impacts of ongoing land policies Crucial land policy issues in China Research purpose: Seeking appropriate governance structures The state of current research Williamson's Fourth level: Farmland as a resource to be allocated Third level: Governance structures of farmland conversion Second level: Institutional environment First level: Social embeddedness Summary of the literature review Research questions Structure of the analysis 18 2 Analytical framework for studying the governance of farmland conversion in China Basic concepts Taking transactions as an analytical unit The attributes of transactions Institutions and governance structures Transaction costs in a frictional world The analytical framework Applying transaction cost economics to farmland conversion Transactions of farmland conversion 30 vii ix xv xvii xix xxi

3 X Contents Transaction attributes of farmland conversion Governance structures for farmland conversion Malching Models and methods Model I: Policy design at the central level Model II: Policy implementation at the local level 41 3 Farmland conversion in current China Features of farmland conversion in contemporary China Features of farmland resources Features of farmland conversion in China Actions of resource users The "puzzling" behaviour of farmers The "contradictory" behaviour of local govemments The "inappropriate" behaviour of the central government Diverse actions of land users in the urban sector Rules behind actors' actions: Preliminary understanding The weakness of farmers' property rights The source of competition among local govemments Trade-offs for the central government Monopolists do not seek monopoly profits Conclusion 57 4 Institutional arrangements for farmland conversion in current China Introduction Formal institutions for Farmland conversion in China Land ownership and land use rights Hierarchical land use planning: A quota system Land market system Main features of the formal constraints on farmland conversion Chinese farmland conversion procedures in detail Land use planning system: The legal basis for farmland conversion 68

4 Contents xi Detailed urban land development plans Acquisition of farmland Land servicing Transference of converted-land use rights Comparing China with Germany Procedures for farmland conversion in Germany Comparing China with Germany Conclusion 86 5 Choosing diverse control measures for farmland conversion at the national level Introduction Malching quota systems with Controlling farmland conversion Diversity of practical quota systems in the Netherlands, the United States, China, and Germany Agricultural zoning in the Netherlands Transferable Development Rights in the United States Command and Control quotas in China and new innovations in transfer Tradable planning permits under discussion in Germany Multi-country comparison in Transaction Cost Economics Case study implications Common implications Implications from comparison of the cases Conclusions Control it or leave it? The appropriate scope of governmental control for governing farmland conversion Introduction A Transaction Cost Economics model for analysing farmland conversion Considering farmland conversion as a set of transactions The transaction attributes of farmland conversion Governance structures of farmland conversion Transaction costs of farmland conversion 117

5 xii Contents 6.3 Why insourcing or outsourcing? A quantitative model Impact Factors on governance choice: First stage regression Transaction-cost function: Second stage re-testing Application of the model: A Chinese case The Data Why insourcing or outsourcing? Conclusion Application of Transaction Cost Economics to the Public Domain Scopes of government control in farmland conversion in China Reconsideration of the assumed fixed institutional environment Limitations Public or self-organized mode? Land readjustment for farmland conversion: AComparison Introduction Practical changes: From a public approach to a self-organising one Integrated urban and rural land readjustment The public approach The self-organising approach Analysing institutional change through the Transaction Cost Economics model Changing external factors and obstacles to traditional measures Considering efficiency from the transaction cost perspective Comparing public and self-organising approaches via the Transaction Cost Economics perspective Practical reasons for adoption of the self-organising approach Discussion and conclusion Conclusions Theoretical conclusions Features of farmland conversion Nexus of transactions, governance structures, their attributes and Performance Applying the nexus to the analysis of governing farmland conversion 160

6 Contents xiii 8.2 Practical implications for farmland conversion in China Transactions and the attributes of farmland conversion in China A need for amelioration of governing farmland conversion in China A practical path for ameliorating the governance of farmland conversion in China Limitations and future research 166 References 169 Annex 183