THE DETERMINANTS OF OCCUPANTS/TENANTS SATISFACTION: A CASE OF PRIVATE LOW COST HOUSING IN KUALA LUMPUR ABSTRACT

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1 International Journal of Accounting & Business Management Vol. 5 (No.1), April, 2017 ISSN: DOI:24924/ijabm/ /v5.iss1/ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Research Paper THE DETERMINANTS OF OCCUPANTS/TENANTS SATISFACTION: A CASE OF PRIVATE LOW COST HOUSING IN KUALA LUMPUR Murniadi Bin Nagatijo BSc(Hons) Project Management Graduate Leeds Beckett University, UK murniadinagatijo@yahoo.com Dr. Ismail Nizam Senior Lecturer School of Accounting and Business Management FTMS College, Malaysia nizam@ftms.edu.my Nurazrin Binti Jupri Senior Lecturer School of Accounting and Business Management FTMS College, Malaysia nurazrin@ftms.edu.my ABSTRACT Despite the commitment and efforts by the Malaysian government in providing affordable, adequate and quality homes especially for the low income group has meet the demand, it has been a great concern whether the private low cost houses build under the private developer is meeting the satisfactory levels to the occupants. The aim is to study the determinants of occupants or tenants satisfaction of the residents in private low cost housing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This study engages with the dwelling unit features, residents neighbourhood, public amenities, management and services as well as the safety and security in order to investigate the relationship between these factors with the residents satisfaction in a private low cost housing. Convenience sampling is used to obtained data in this study where it is a non-probability sampling method which relies on a data collected from population members who are available to take part in the survey. 100 respondents has been used which are from the occupants of Sri Rakyat Apartment, a private low cost housing located in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. Descriptive, correlation and regression analysis were applied to the collected data. The result from the analysis indicate that the dwelling unit has insignificant relationship with residents satisfaction (ß=0.123, p>0.05), neighbourhood is insignificant (ß =0.168, p>0.05), public amenities has a significant relationship with the residents satisfaction (ß=0.252, p<0.05), management and service is significant (ß =0.254, p<0.05) and the safety and security is insignificant (ß =0.174, p >0.05). The result implies that the residents of the private low cost housing are concern with the amenities and the management and services in the apartments as it is affecting their everyday life. It is recommended that in the future, other variables such as the home-ownership and housing design can be used to further investigate the determinants of residents satisfaction in private low cost housing. Key Terms: Dwelling unit, Neighbourhood, Public amenities, Management and service, Safety and security, Residential satisfaction. ISSN: Page 189

2 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of residents satisfaction in a private low cost housing in Kuala Lumpur. The intervention by Malaysian government in mid 1980 s where an implementation of new policy which indicates the private housing developer to includes 30% of their housing project with low cost housing project, has contributed to a massive low cost housing development project. The involvement by the private sector during the Second Malaysia Plan ( ) was to ensure that adequate supply of low cost housing could be achieved (Ghani & Lee, 1997). However, it has been a great concern whether the private low cost houses build under the private developer is meeting the satisfactory levels to the occupants in terms of dwelling unit features, neighbourhood environments, public amenities, management and services as well as safety and security. Tan (1980) touched the issues of quality provided to the occupants and tenants of the low cost house in Malaysia where low-quality living in terms of infrastructure, religious facilities and socio-cultural privileges has become a nightmare to the residents of low cost houses. It also has triggered concerns over the liveability of those constructed low cost houses as many studies which covered the tenants preference and satisfaction repeatedly stressing the needs of more sensitive physical planning design towards social implications (Paim & Yahaya, 2004; Salleh, 2008; Adebayo, 2013). Very few studies have been conducted relating to the combined factors of dwelling unit, neighbourhood environment, public amenities, management and service as well as the safety and security factors. Thus, this paper is aim to fill the gap in this area; as to improve and increase the satisfaction level perceive by the residents and at the same time improve the quality of living of occupants in private low cost housing in the future. Related to the aim, the purpose of the dissertation is to determine the criteria that the occupants or tenants in private low cost housing choose in order to perceive their level of satisfaction. The study aims to collect the information on the determinants of the tenants and occupants satisfaction in the low cost houses in Malaysia, analyzing the satisfaction factor in terms of the dwelling unit features, neighbourhood environments, public amenities, management and service, location, and safety and security. Thus, the study objectives are: To determine the impact of dwelling unit features on residents satisfaction To determine the impact of neighbourhood environment on resident satisfaction To determine the impact of public amenities on the residents satisfaction To determine the impact of management and services on the residents satisfaction To determine the impact of safety and security on the residents satisfaction 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definitions and Concepts of Residents Satisfaction The residents satisfaction perceptions and definitions have been much argued in various disciplines and professions. Berkoz, Turk and Kellekci (2009) in urban planners and designs relates the residents satisfaction with issues in social and quality of life; convey that the satisfaction in environmental quality are associated with the dwelling imposed as a social issues but is not dependent solely on construction and environment. Parker & Mathews, ISSN: Page 190

3 (2001) in their general view of satisfaction in terms of consumers perspective defined satisfaction as a process of evaluation between what is received and what is expected. The definition has been widely adopted in the current literature to measure the satisfaction level of customers. Salleh (2008) on the other hand argued that the residents satisfaction is meet when there are absents of complaints which indicates that their needs of the house is fulfilled by their aspirations. However, if their needs and aspirations are not fulfilled, the dissatisfaction feeling will exist. 2.2 Empirical Studies on Residents Satisfaction Abdul Karim (2008) in his study mentioned that the housing has a components of physical and social; physical attributes of houses, facilities and utilities; social includes family, neighbours and community. Galster (1987) cited in Mohit and Azim (2012) are using a composite sum of satisfaction with dwelling unit features in measuring the housing wellbeing. Previous study by Varady and Carrozza (2000) cited in Mohit and Azim (2012) has stressed the importance of measuring the housing satisfaction with the dwelling unit features. Dekker et al., (2011) cited in Alnsour and Hyasat (2016) mentioned that the satisfaction with the housing features and condition indicate that the occupants consider that the dwelling unit size are sufficient and the amenities are satisfactory in their view. The dwelling unit features which has high correlation with the residents satisfaction includes the size of the living room area, dining area, kitchen space, number of sockets, number of bedrooms, laundry area, washing area and bathrooms (Tan, 2012). A study by Salleh (2008) in a private low cost housing in Penang and Terengganu has discovered that the dwelling unit features such as the number of bedrooms, size and the kitchen location has a strong relationship with the occupants satisfaction. However, Ukoha and Beamish (1997) cited in Waziri, Yusof and Salleh (2013) reported that the residents in a public housing in Abuja are not satisfied with the dwelling unit features. The study by Jaafar et al., (2005) also has reported that there are some features in the dwelling units such as the kitchen size, bathroom size and the housing design received high unfavorable response of satisfaction among the private low housing residents of Penang. Previous researches have also established the influences of neighbourhood features and characteristics in determining the residents satisfaction such as in Salleh (2008); Mohamed et al., (2014); and Mohit et al., (2010). Salleh (2008) has conducted a study on the private low cost housing in Penang and Terengganu through 795 samples of data and discovered that resident s dissatisfaction towards their neighbourhoods factors are related to the neighbourhoods facilities of car parks, community halls, disability facilities, security, children playground as well as poor public transportation. The result from his study has concluded that the neighbourhood facilities and environment has a significant impact toward the residents satisfaction. Recent study by Alnsour and Hyasat (2016) found that the overall level of residents satisfaction towards the neighbourhoods environment of Salt City as moderate. This is also in line with the finding by Mohit, Ibrahim and Rashid (2010) where they discovered the overall degree of satisfaction by the residents in Kuala Lumpur is moderate toward the neighbourhood environment. The amenities attribute which can lead to either satisfaction or dissatisfaction level is probably related to a specific activity by the residents. This include working office distance, a community related activities, access to nearest market, and accessibility to public amenities such as hospitals and police station, nearest public transportation and nearest school available. The finding by Mohit, Ibrahim and Rashid (2010) has found that the public amenities have significant impact on the residents satisfaction. The finding is also supported by the work of Mohit & Azim (2012). ISSN: Page 191

4 On the other occasion, previous study by Lu (1999) has discovered that poor housing management and service by developer lead to dissatisfaction by residents. Onibokun (1974) cited in Waziri, Yusof and Salleh (2013) suggest a good management of housing could increase the level of satisfaction of the residents towards their housing unit and neighbourhoods environment. Mohit and Azim (2012) reported that the residents of public housing in Hulhumale to be satisfied with the service provided by developer which covered the area of staircase, corridor lighting, plumbing and repair services as well as electrical repair services. However, they found that the residents expressed dissatisfaction towards garbage collection line and cleaning service in the corridor and staircases. From the review of the empirical studies above, it can be seen that there are variation of results of the research done by previous researchers. Although these researchers are using the same variables under their studies, differences of the results proof that every person have different kind of expectation toward their housing environment and this has been reflected to the answer on all the studies. The results also indicate that various improvements in the housing policy and continuous effort by the developers to meet the expectation and needs of the residents must be done in order to have a sustainable housing development especially in the low cost housing provision. This also reflecting that continuous effort in conducting studies on residents satisfaction should be made and improvements in the variable used will as well contribute to the growing body of literature and can be used for future reference. Thus, this study is aim at filling the gap in the studies and contributes to current determinants of the residents satisfaction in a private low cost housing in Kuala Lumpur. 2.3 Conceptual Framework Based on the theories and the discussions on the literature review in the previous chapter, a conceptual framework is developed to provide the base for this study. The conceptual framework is based on the presumption that the residents satisfaction of the private low cost housing are related to the dwelling unit, neighbourhood facilities, location, management and service by developer and the safety and security components. Dwelling Unit Neighborhood Public Amenities Housing Satisfaction Management & Service Safety & Security Figure 1: Conceptual Framework: housing satisfaction perceived by private low cost housing residents Figure 1 above shows the conceptual framework for the dissertation. From the figure, it can be seen that the residents satisfaction of the private low cost housing is perceived by the dwelling units, neighbourhoods characteristics, location, management and service as well as the safety and security variables Generally, interest rate was defined by Patterson and Lygnerud (1999) as prices. Interest is a price that payable for the money that borrowed in a time period and stated in percentage from overall outstanding balance left where is ISSN: Page 192

5 changeable or fixed. In the context of most common, interest is the amount of charge to the debtors within the time of using the credit provided (Mutinda, 2014). Finan (2016) defines interest rate as a credit cost in economy and for more specific is a charge for price per year from the creditor to borrowers which is get a loan. 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design The explanatory design is the best type of research design and is suitable for this study. The explanatory is also known as analytical research where the researcher has to identify the causal link between the factors and variable that pertains to the research problem (Van Wyk, 2012). Some of the common data collection methods used in the explanatory research is surveys, interview, portfolios and observation. Many researchers has used explanatory design for their studies on residential satisfaction using various tools, among others (Salleh, 2008; Tan, 2011; Mohamed et al., 2014; and Alnsour & Hyasat, 2016). Hence, this study are using the explanatory research in finding the determinants of the occupants satisfaction towards the private low cost housing in Kuala Lumpur by assessing the factors of dwelling unit features, neighbourhood environment, public amenities, management and service and safety and security in relative to the variable. 3.2 Research Methodology In this study, the research methodology used is the quantitative research approach. The data collected are from questionnaires survey to the respondents in a chosen area and the information gathered are analyzed using a numerical and statistical figures derived from tools used in analyzing the data. Quantitative methods also has been used in various researches which involves measuring housing satisfaction among residents; among others Salleh (2008); Jaafar et al., (2006); Waziri et al., (2014); Tan (2011); and Mohamed et al., (2014). This study is using primary data collected from a survey conducted at Sri Rakyat Apartment in Bukit Jalil. The data are collected through distribution of survey paper to the residents of the selected area which is the Sri Rakyat Apartment in Bukit Jalil. To avoid any bias, simple structured questionnaire are used so that the interviewee can easily understand the question. Leading and ambiguous questions are not asked to avoid confusion to the survey participants. The level of the satisfaction of the occupants or tenants at Sri Rakyat Apartment is measured by using the five-point Likert-Scale ranging from 1 to 5. 1 is for very unsatisfied, 2 is for unsatisfied, 3 is for neutral or normal satisfaction, 4 is for satisfied and 5 is for very satisfied. The Likert-Scale is used as it is really easy to collect the information needed and more accurate result is obtained. The sampling technique used in this study is the convenience sampling because it is easier to conduct the survey as it used readily accessible respondents. Using the convenience sampling, 100 residents were selected out of 2,000 residents in Sri Rakyat Apartment. Data Analysis Method The statistical software was used to analyze the data collected from the survey questionnaire. Normality test conducted to measure the skewness and kurtosis statistic which is two important indicators to measure the normality of the data distribution. Reliability test conducted to measure how closely related a set of items are as a group. The data analysis is beginning with assessment of the demographic of respondents and descriptive statistics. The correlation analysis is conducted to explain the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the dependent variable and each of its independent variables by using ISSN: Page 193

6 the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. While the multiple regression analysis is conducted to test the significant impact of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable. 4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Reliability Test The reliability is measured using the Cronbach s Alpha, generated using SPSS software. The internal consistency of the data is measured using the Cronbach s Alpha, which shows how closely a set of items are as a group. The reliability test is conducted in the set of data distributed as it concerned with the ability of the instrument to measure consistently. The acceptable value of alpha is ranging from 0.7 to Table 1: Reliability statistics for every variable Variable No of Items Cronbach s Alpha value Overall Dwelling Neighbourhood Amenities Management and Service Safety and Security Residents Satisfaction From the Table 1 above, it can be seen that the Cronbach s Alpha value of the variables in this study is ranging between to The overall reliability value is capped at Four variables indicate value above 0.7 (Neighbourhood= 0.743, Amenities= 0.770, Management and Service= 0.798, and Safety and Security= 0.704) which is reliable for data analysis. However, two of the variables, dwelling and residents satisfaction variables indicate reliability value lower than 0.7 which is and respectively. Reliability value above 0.60 is still reliable for used as suggested by Isah, Khan and Davis (2015). Similar work using Cronbach s Alpha value of above 0.6 as a reliable data is the work of Ibem & Amole (2012). 4.2 Descriptive Statistics Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of the variables N Mean Std. Deviation Satisfaction Dwelling Neighbour Amenities Management Safety The descriptive statistic is used to summarizing and describing the data of the research. The measurement of the central tendency using the mean calculation is frequently used by researchers. The descriptive statistics help to simplify large amount of data and reduces the data by summarizing it (Jaggi, 2003). 4.3 Correlation Analysis Correlation analysis is used to measure the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. The type of correlation coefficient used in this research is the Pearson s product moment correlation coefficient, which is widely used in measuring the relationship in multiple variables. According to Lee Rodgers and Nicewander (1988), the correlation analysis is used to measure or to quantify the association between two continuous variables that is between independent variable and the dependent variable. The correlation ISSN: Page 194

7 coefficient is the statistic measure that represents the strength between variables and takes a value ranging from -1 to +1 (Mukaka, 2012). The correlation coefficient value of -1 and +1 indicate a perfect linear relationship between the variables (Mukaka, 2012). However, as a general rule of thumb, it is suggested that the correlation coefficient is not exceeded 0.75; coefficient of 0.8 and above is problematic. Table 3: The correlation coefficient and significant tail between variables Variable Pearson Correlation Significant value Satisfaction 1 Dwelling 0.204* Neighbour 0.238* Amenities 0.271** Management and Service 0.267** Safety and Security *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Interpreting from the results shown in the above Table 3, the dwelling unit is positively correlated with the residents satisfaction with a Pearson correlation coefficient of The coefficient value indicate that the correlation is very weak since the coefficient value is lower than 0.3 as suggested by Mukaka (2012). The dwelling unit has a significant relationship with the satisfaction with a probability value of which is lower than Similar result has been found in the work of Tan (2012) and oppositely with Mohit & Azim (2012) and Mohit, Ibrahim & Rashid (2010). In the work of Salleh (2008) he mentioned that the dwelling unit especially the bedroom size and the kitchen area have strong correlation with the residents satisfaction. However, based on the result in Table 3, it can be concluded that the dwelling unit features have a very poor correlation with the residents satisfaction. The neighbourhood factor shows a Pearson correlation coefficient of The result indicates that the neighbourhood is positively correlated with the satisfaction. However, the strength of the relationship between the variables is very weak because the coefficient value is lower than 0.3. The neighbourhood factor has a significant relationship with the satisfaction with a probability value of Similar result was found by Ibrahim and Rashid (2010) where the neighbourhood environment shows weak correlation with the residents satisfaction. However, the result is tends to be contrary with the founding by Mohit and Azim (2012). From the Table 3 above, it can be seen that the public amenities factor is positively correlated with the satisfaction with a Pearson correlation value of 0.271, suggested a very weak relationship between both variables. However, the public amenities have a high significant relationship with the satisfaction as the probability value of the significant tail is The result from the finding is similar to the result found by Tan (2011) and oppositely with Mohit and Azim (2012). The management and service factor is positively correlated with satisfaction and the relationship between the variables is very week. The Pearson coefficient of the management and service indicate a value of The management and service is significant with the probability value of Similar result has been found by Afolayan, Nubi and Omirin (2010) and oppositely with Potter, Chicoine and Speicher (2001). Further regression analysis was conducted on the management and service factor. The safety and security factor is positively correlated with the satisfaction. The relationship between the variables is very weak with a Pearson correlation value of The result shown in the table also indicate that the safety and security has no significant ISSN: Page 195

8 relationship with satisfaction since the probability value is which is higher than suggested probability value of The result is oppositely found by Salleh (2008). 4.5 Regression Analysis Regression is a statistical modeling, used to measure and define the relationship between two variables in a statistical process (Sykes, 1993). The used of the regression statistic includes many techniques of analyzing and interpreting variables, focusing on the relationship between the dependent variable with one or more variables (Rawlings, Pantula & Dickey, 2001). Table 4: Model Summaryᵇ Std. Error Change Statistics R Adjusted R of the R Square F Sig. F Durbin- Model R Square Square Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Change Watson a a. Predictors: (Constant), Safety, Neighbour, Amenities, Management, Dwelling b. Dependent Variable: Satisfaction Source: SPSS generated Table 4 shows the model summaryᵇ for the variables used in this dissertation. The dependent variable is the Satisfaction and the independent variables are Safety, Neighbourhood, Amenities, Management and Dwelling. The table shows the summary predicting the satisfaction by the residents with the R as 0.483, the R Square as and the adjusted R Square as The result shown implies that only 19.2% of the variance can be predicted by the independent variables of safety, neighbourhood, amenities, management and dwelling. The general of thumb of a good fit is considered at a minimum of 60%, thus implicating that this model is not good fit or is considered as poor fit. However, the result is inline with the result found by Tan (2011). The F test has been conducted for this study and the result of the F test from the analysis indicates a coefficient value of with an F significant value of which indicate that the regression model is significant. Deriving from the Table 6 above, the Durbin-Watson is which indicate that there is no auto correlation among the respondent. This is inline with the suggested value of Durbin-Watson between 1.5 to 2.5, where the value that fall below 1.5 or above 2.5 is considered as problematic and is definite cause of concern (Field, 2009). Table 5: Beta Coefficient for the Residents Satisfaction Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Collinearity Statistics Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) Dwelling Neighbour Amenities Management Safety a. Dependent Variable: Satisfaction Source: SPSS generated ISSN: Page 196

9 Analyzing from the Table 5, the standard beta coefficient of the dwelling is with the satisfaction and the probability value of As the probability value is higher than 0.05, it shows that there are no significant relationship between the dwelling unit and the residents satisfaction. Similar finding has been found in the study of Waziri, Yusof and Salleh (2013) and oppositely found by Afolayan, Nubi and Omirin (2010). The outcome of the analysis indicates that the dwelling unit has an insignificant relationship with the determinant of the residents satisfaction. The beta coefficient of the neighbourhood factor is The indication of the probability is higher than 0.05 (p=0.079), implicate that there is insignificant relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Similar result has been found by Mohit, Ibrahim and Rashid (2010). However, the works of Mohit and Azim (2012) shown an opposite result with this finding. Based on the outcome, the neighbourhood factor has insignificant relationship with the residents satisfaction. As per result in Table 5, it can be observed that the beta coefficient of the amenities factor is ß=0.252 with the satisfaction. The probability value is p=0.007, indicating that the relationship between the amenities and the residents satisfaction is relatively significant. Similar result has been shown in the work of Afolayan, Nubi and Omirin (2010). From the outcome derived from the analysis, the amenities factor has a positive significant relationship with the determinant of the residents satisfaction. The management and service beta coefficient value is ß=0.254 with the satisfaction. The probability value of the variable is p=0.007 which indicating that the independent variable has a significant relationship with the dependent variable. The finding in this study is similarly found by Mohit and Azim (2012) but oppositely found by Potter, Chicoine and Speicher (2001) and Afolayan, Nubi and Omirin (2010). Thus, the outcome indicates that the management and service has a significant relationship in determining the residents satisfaction. Based on the result in the Table 5, the safety and security has a beta coefficient value of with the satisfaction and the probability value is n, suggesting the p value of higher than This indicates that the relationship between the safety and security and the satisfaction is insignificant. The result is similar with the finding by Potter, Chicoine and Speicher (2001). Based on the outcome, the safety and security is found to have an insignificant relationship with the determinant factor in measuring residents satisfaction. 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based from the analysis and result from this study, it is suggested that the public amenities in the private low cost housing area can be enhanced in order to increase the level of satisfaction perceive by the residents. The government should take initiatives by providing more amenities near to the residencies area. This could include improvements in public transport line such as light rail transit and adding more bus route to the residencies area. On the other hands, the private developer should take a proper planning before developing new low cost housing in the future by investigating the amenities in the area to be developed as to make sure that prospective residents will achieve satisfaction while occupying the house. Integrating the housing development with other land uses must be done so that a good public transportation system can be effectively implemented as well as improvement on the other public amenities. ISSN: Page 197

10 It is also suggested that the management bodies of the private low cost housing to improve their effectiveness in managing the residential of private low cost houses. A proper measure can be adopted to improve the housing environment. The management bodies must always interact and communicate with the residents to better understand their needs and expectations. A residence committee can be formed to voice out the residents concerns on the housing environment and this committee should actively involve in addressing all the issues to the management. With an effective management of the private low cost housing, it can enhance the housing environment and will contribute to higher level of satisfaction to the residents. References Adebayo, C.O. (2013) Comfort factors in low cost houses: case study at Batu Pahat, Johor Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia). Afolayan, A. S., Nubi, T.G. and Omirin, M.M., (2010) Determinants of House Buyer Satisfaction in Lagos: A Study of Selected Medium and High Income Estates. The Lagos Journal of Environmental Studies, 7(2), pp Alnsour, J.A. and Hyasat, A.S. (2016) Residential Satisfaction with low income housing in Jordan: Salt City as Case Study. 3(1), Berkoz, Turk, L., and Kellekci, Ö.L. (2009) Environmental Quality and User Satisfaction in Mass Housing Areas: The Case of Istanbul. Eur.Plan. Stud., 17(1): Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: and sex and drugs and rock n roll (3rd edition). London:Sage. Ghani, S., & Lee, L. M. (1997) Low cost housing in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributors. Ibem E.O. and Amole D. (2012) Residential Satisfaction in Public Core Housing in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. Social Indicators Research Isah, A.D., Khan, T.H. and Davis, H. (2015) Identifying Contextual Socio-Cultural Attributes as Predictors of User Satisfaction: A Study in Transformed Public Housings in Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 11(25), 165. Jaafar, M., Hasan, N.L., Mohamad, O. and Ramayah, T., (2005) The determinants of housing satisfaction level: A study on residential development project by Penang Development Corporation (PDC). Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 6. Jaggi, S., (2003) Descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute1-18. Lee Rodgers, J. and Nicewander, W.A., (1988) Thirteen ways to look at the correlation coefficient. The American Statistician, 42(1), Lu, M., (1999) Determinants of residential satisfaction: Ordered logit vs. regression models. Growth and change, 30(2), pp Mohamed, M.F., Raman, S.N., Pratama, T.M.I. and Yusoff, W.F.M. (2014) Outdoor Environment of Low-cost Housing: A case study of Flat Taman Desa Sentosa. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 3). EDP Sciences. ISSN: Page 198

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