Lease Financing Finance II 6 November 2014

Transcription

1 Lease Financing Finance II 6 November 2014 Stephanie Kessinger, Seungho Kang, Jess Forman Army-Baylor University Graduate Program in Health and Business Administration 1

2 Agenda Introduction Leasing Concepts Lease Evaluation Group Exercise 2

3 What are we talkin about? 3

4 Leasing Basic Terminology A lease is a contractual agreement between a lessor and a lessee, that gives the lessee* the right to use specific property, owned by the lessor**, for a specified period of time. * The user of the leased asset. * The owner of the property, usually the manufacturer or a leasing company. 4

5 Leasing Basics Largest group of leased equipment involves: Information technology Transportation (trucks, aircraft, rail) Construction Agriculture 5

6 Leasing Basics Lessors Banks: the largest lessors in the leasing industry. Independents: leasing companies whose primary business is to perform general finance for other companies. Captive leasing companies: subsidiaries whose primary business is to perform leasing operations for the parent company (i.e., structure lease contracts for the parent companies and their customers). 6

7 Leasing Basics Who are the players? 7

8 Leasing Basics Types of Leases Operating Leases Service Leases Financial Leases Capital Lease 8

9 Operating Lease Service leases Lessor retains the risk and benefit of ownership. Typically the lessor maintains and services the equipment Not fully amortized (not sufficient for the lessor to recover the full cost of the equipment) The period of a lease contract is shorter than the expected useful life of the leased asset. The lessor recover all costs, either by lease renewal payments or by sale of the equipment 9

10 Operating Lease Contains a cancellation clause Return prior to the expiration of the lease if obsolete or no longer needed Lease (rental) payments Conventional terms (fixed payments) Per procedure terms (volume) The leased equipment is reported on the LESSOR s balance sheet in Property, Plant and Equipment subsection entitled Equipment Leased to Others" and record depreciation. 10

11 Capital Lease Lessee has to maintain and service equipment No cancellation Financial Leases A period of the useful life of the assets (Fully amortized) A series of equal payments covering the full purchase price and a stated return on the lessor s investment) The ownership transfer from the lessor to the lessee. 11

12 A special type of financial lease. Often used with real estate. Financial Leases (sale and leaseback) The user who owns the asset sells it to another party and simultaneously executes an agreement to lease the property for a stated period under specific terms. The lessee receives an immediate cash payment in exchange for a future series of lease payments that must be made to rent the use of the asset sold. 12

13 Review Questions What is the difference between an operating lease and a financial lease? What is a sale and leaseback? How do per-procedure payment terms differ from conventional terms? 13

14 Lease Effects Tax Financial Statements 14

15 Tax Effects video For Profit (Taxable) Businesses Tax Oriented Lease The Lessor purchases the equipment and is the owner of the equipment for tax purposes. The Lessor is entitled to the tax benefits of ownership (depreciation) and as a result can offer a lower rate to Lessee Non-Tax Oriented (Capital) Lease The Lessor provides 100% financing but the tax ownership remains with the Lessee. 15

16 Tax Effects: Lessee Tax-oriented lease the lessee s lease payments are fully tax deductible. Non-tax oriented lease only the implied interest portion of each lease payment is deductible. The lessee obtains the tax depreciation benefits (the owner of the leased equipment) 16

17 Tax Effects Not-for-Profit (Tax-Exempt) Businesses Not-for-profit firms do not obtain tax benefits from depreciation, the ownership of assets has no tax value. When assets are owned by not-for-profit firms the depreciation tax benefit is lost, while when assets are leased the tax benefit is realized by the lessor rather than the lessee. This realized benefit, in turn, can be shared with the lessee in the form of lower rental payments. A special type of financial transaction has been created for notfor-profit businesses called a tax-exempt lease. The implied interest portion of the lease payment is not classified as taxable income to the lessor (the return portion of the lessor s payment is exempt from federal income taxes). 17

18 Review Questions 1. What is the difference between a tax-oriented (guideline) lease and a non-tax-oriented lease? 2. Why should the IRS care about lease provisions? 3. What is a tax exempt lease? 18

19 Financial Statement Effects: Lessee Financial/Capital Lease On Lessee s Balance Sheet: The equipment is called leased assets The liability, or rental payment, is called leased obligations. Operating Lease Lease fails to meet the criteria set by FAS-13 to be a financial lease the equipment value and the lease obligation are off the lessee s balance sheet. The future lease payments required are provided in a note to the audit. 19

20 Financial Lease Balance Sheet Example 20

21 Financial Statement Effects: Lessee s perspective 1. Income Statement Expensed Item- Lease Expense Payment Part of annual depreciation expense (Financial/capital lease only) 2. Balance Sheet Only Financial/Capital lease, NOT operating lease Lease information found in the note section 3. Cash Flow Statement Part of Operating Expenses (cash outflow for Accounts payable) Not Specified or detailed 21

22 Financial Statement Effects: Lessee B: Buying Company L: Leasing Company 22

23 Leasing Rules 23

24 Lease Accounting Rules Businesses are required to disclose the existence of all leases longer than one year in the footnotes of their financial statements. Generally leases are treated as debt for capital structure purposes, and they have roughly the same effects as debt on the financial condition of the firm. Strong footnote disclosure rules for noncapitalized (operating) leases, are sufficient to ensure that no one will be fooled by lease financing. 24

25 Capital vs Operating Leases It s all about the Cash Flow. What s best for your business at the stage you re in Criteria Automatic transfer of ownership at end of term Bargain purchase option Capital Lease (at least one of the 4 criteria must be met) Yes Yes Operating Lease (all 4 criteria must be met) No No Term 75% of useful life < 75% of useful life Present value of rentals using the Incremental Borrowing Rate or the Implicit Lease Rate 90% of equipment cost < 90% of equipment cost 25

26 Discussion Under the Accounting rules (1977) Capital (long term) leases: leased property is an asset The PV of lease payments is a liability Operating (short term) leases: The leased property is not on the balance sheet at all. They are reported in the notes section of the financial statement The most important proposed change is that leases would no longer be classified by accountants as operating or capital. All leases would be accounted for in the same way on the balance sheet, with no differences between short-term and long-term leases All leased property would be listed on the asset side as right to use assets and on the liability side as lease liabilities The proposed rule change would eliminate operating leases as a source of offbalance-sheet financing 26

27 Discussion Questions Think Big! 1. What do you think about the proposed change? 2. Why do you think it should be a different standard for capital and operating leases? 3. You re a CEO, what impact will this change have on you? 4. Do you think investors are deceived? What impact would this change have on investors? 5. Would it make it easier for audits of financial statements? 6. Do you think the new rules would reduce/increase the amount of leasing that currently takes place? 7. When all factors are considered, should the change take place? 27

28 Compare Debt vs Lease When LEASE is more 28

29 Secured Lending vs. Lease Financing A loan is a financing agreement that allows a business to acquire, use, and own equipment. A loan may require a down payment or a pledge of other assets for collateral. Under a loan financing, the borrower remains the owner of the equipment for tax and accounting purposes. A lease allows a company to acquire and use equipment while conserving its cash flow and lines of credit. Leasing also provides a new source of credit with the added benefit of being able to expense your lease payments in most instances. Leasing also can protect against equipment obsolescence when upgrades are included in a lease contract or the equipment is returned to the lessor at the end of the lease term. Termination clauses might be an option. 29

30 Why would we lease equipment What s our motivation? Think Big! Conservation of cash Start-ups and Early Stage Companies 100 Percent Financing Preservation of Capital Hedge Against Inflation Improved Expense Planning and Business- Cycle Flexibility Tax Considerations Relationships with Equipment Experts Obsolescence Management Reliable Asset Management Product and Service Bundling Equipment Disposal Regular Technology Updates 30

31 Benefits of Lease Finance INCOME TAX Deduct 100% of Lease Payments CASH FLOW Conserve cash for acquisitions Match payments to seasonality Sale/lease back to generate cash Lowest monthly payment with minimal outlay BALANCE SHEET EQUIPMENT Prefers to use equipment vs. ownership risks Trade up to avoid obsolescence Reduce cash requirements during life 31

32 Questions a manager should ask There is no one-size-fits-all answer and there are advantages and disadvantages to both options. There are a few questions you should ask yourself that will help steer you in the right direction whether to lease or buy. How often does the equipment need to be replaced? How often does the technology change? What costs are associated with the equipment? Does the equipment need regular maintenance? Will your staff need training? Are additional parts or software required? What is the financial state of your company? Do you have additional capital? Are you able to apply for credit? Are you a new company? Are you well established? Think Big! What are the strategic implications of your decision? 32

33 Healthcare Specific Leasing Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Continuous advancement of technology in the health care industry. Equipment becomes obsolete very fast. Health care facilities are able to keep their budgets in line by leasing Much cheaper to obtain this equipment regardless of whether you need new, used, refurbished, or remanufactured ones. Maintenance is covered Flexible terms Builds credit You do not need collateral to get approved Perhaps you can upgrade equipment at no extra cost at the end of the lease. Ownership/responsibility belongs with the lessor. Lease-to-own agreement (usually 10% of market value) Can cancel the lease Can decide if you want a short or long term lease. Takes a short time to get approved. Disadvantages You do not own the equipment. Dealing with lease contracts and negotiations. It might not make financial sense Think Big! What is the current state of your company? What are your goals? Short & Long Term What are the strategic implications of your decision? 33

34 Healthcare Buying Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages Perhaps lower long term cost Tax deductions (depreciation) Simplicity (not dealing with contracts) Affordable items might make more sense to buy Disadvantages Unforeseen problems. You have responsibility Equipment depreciation, become obsolete Pricier up front $$$ More technology headaches/maintenance Think Big! Maybe buying makes more sense 34

35 Healthcare Specific Look PNC Equipment Finance Mark Tambussi Senior VP PNC Equipment Finance 35

36 To learn more leasing vs. buying video 37

37 Lease Evaluation Lease analysis is performed by both the lessee and lessor. The lessee must determine whether to lease or buy the asset (a financing decision). The lessor must determine whether or not to enter the lease (an investment decision). We will focus on the lessee. Dollar cost analysis Percentage cost analysis 38

38 Lease vs Buy Analysis In 3 easy steps 1. Estimate the cash flows associated with borrowing and buying the asset 2. Estimate the cash flows associated with leasing the asset 3. Compare the two to determine which has the lower PV

39 Dollar Cost Analysis Compare the dollar cost of owning to the cost of leasing Lower cost of alternative is preferred 40

40 Dollar Cost Analysis Assume that Nashville Radiology Group (a for-profit business) plans to acquire a new computer system for automating the Group s clinical records as well as its accounting, billing, and collection process. If the system is leased: The group can obtain a 4-year lease that includes maintenance. The rental payment would be $57,000 at the beginning of each year. If the system is purchased: System cost = $200,000 Bank loan rate before tax cost = 10% A 4-year maintenance contract would cost $2,500 at the beginning of each year Residual value (the value at the expiration of the lease) = $20,000 Other information: Marginal tax rate = 40% The system falls in to the MACRS five year class life 41

41 MACRS Depreciation Rate Lease Evaluation 42

42 Dollar Cost Analysis (Cont.) 43

43 Percentage Cost Analysis Calculate the leasing-versus-owning cash flows, which are obtained by subtracting the owning cash flows. The differences are the incremental cash flows to the Group if it leases rather than buys the computer. Discount the consolidated cash flows by 6 % [10% x (1-tax rate)] to obtain the NAL of $1,370. Compare 5.6% to 6% NAL..DO IT! IRR: Represents the effective after-tax cost rate on the lease 44 It must be compared to the after-tax cost of debt to find the best alternative

44 Medical equipment has historically been the number-one equipment type leased, according to the Equipment Leasing and Finance Association (ELFA). About 62% of all medical equipment acquisitions are financed, many via leases, according to the Equipment Leasing & Finance Foundation. The rest are cash purchases. However, after being first for 8 consecutive years, medical equipment fell to number 8 on ELFA s (Equipment Lease & Financing Association) annual What s Hot list, due to unknowns associated with the Affordable Care Act. What do you think?! Interesting Facts 45

45 Be sure to watch: Shark Tank tomorrow night Stellavalle is talking Veteran Entrepreneurship at the White House. Questions & an update 46

46 Exercise (Lease Evaluation) Scenario Based Exercise (Determine Lease vs. Purchase) 47

47 Katie s son: Raylan (8 months) 48

48 Exercise 1 (Lease Evaluation) Katie s family went to the Universal Studio in Florida for family vacation. They watched the transformer show. 49

49 Exercise 1 (Lease Evaluation) Katie decides to buy a Bumble Bee Transformer for her son after the trip to Universal Studio in Florida. 50

50 Exercise 1 (Lease Evaluation) Katie plans to use her company called Bumble kids (day care company) to have a Bumble Bee. 51

51 Bumble Bee Lease Evaluation Factors: The purchase price of a Bumble Bee is $2 million 15% Bank loan. A Bumble Bee falls into the three -year class for tax depreciation, so the MACRS allowances are 33.33, 44.45, 14.81, and 7.41in Years 1 through 4, respectively. The company's marginal tax rate is 40 percent. Annual maintenance cost is $100,000, payable beginning of each year, when purchased. Tentative lease terms call for payments of $700,000 at the end of each year. The best estimate for the value of the Bumble Bee after three years of wear and tear is $500,

52 Exercise 1 (Bumble Bee Lease Evaluation) What is the NAL and IRR? Lease or Purchase? 53

53 Group Project Team Tasks: Come up with a creative name for your group. Present the answer of assigned problem to class. 54

54 Group Exercise Objectives: What is the NAL and IRR? Lease or Purchase? 55

55 Team 1 (Alarm System) Stephanie wants to install a new $1 million burglar alarm system in her business property Britney Spear s Fan Club in Beverly Hill, CA. She plans to use the alarm system for only five years, at which time a brand new alarm system will be acquired that will accommodate total office care system including temperature control. She can obtain a 15% bank loan to buy the alarm system or she can lease the system for five years. Assume that the following facts apply to the decision: 56

56 Team 1 (Alarm System) Factors: The alarm system falls into the five-year class for tax depreciation, so the MACRS allowances are 20.0, 32.0, 19.20, 11.52, 11.52, and 5.76 in Years 1 through 5, respectively. Annual maintenance cost is $50,000, payable beginning of each year, whether lease or purchased. The company's marginal tax rate is 40%. Tentative lease terms call for payments of $300,000 at the end of each year. The best estimate for the value of the alarm system after five years of wear and tear is $200,

57 Team 1 (Alarm System) What if salvage value increases to 500,000? Lease or Purchase? 58

58 Team 2 Jess wants a Ski Nautique for her ski lesson company On a Boat on Lake Austin, Texas She plans to use the boat for 5 years before she will need an upgrade. She can obtain a 15% bank loan to buy the boat or she can lease the boat. $150,000 purchase price 59

59 Team 2 Factors: The boat purchase falls into the five-year class for tax depreciation, so the MACRS allowances are 20.0, 32.0, 19.20, 11.52, 11.52, and 5.76 in Years 1 through 5, respectively. The company's marginal tax rate is 40 percent. Tentative lease terms call for payments of $25,000 at the end of each year. The best estimate for the value of the boat after four years of wear and tear is $70,000 Maintenance Cost: $3,000/year, payable beginning of each year whether lease or purchased. 60

60 Team #2 What if salvage value decreases to 40,000? Lease or Purchase? 61

61 Team 3 K-C wants to expand his Step n up Pizza Parlor business to Vail, Colorado. He wants a new brickoven to bake his own award winning pizza K-C wants to install a new $50,000 oven in his business He plans to use the oven for only five years, at which time he will need a brand new oven because he doesn t plan on staying in the company. He plans on retiring in Mexico to venture into taco creation. He can obtain a 15% bank loan to buy the oven or he can lease the oven for five years. 62

62 Team #3 Assume that the following facts apply to the decision: The oven purchase falls into the five-year class for tax depreciation, so the MACRS allowances are 20.0, 32.0, 19.20, 11.52, 11.52, and 5.76 in Years 1 through 5, respectively. The company's marginal tax rate is 30 percent. Tentative lease terms call for payments of $8,000 at the end of each year. The best estimate for the value of the oven after five years of wear and tear is $20,000 Maintenance Cost: $1,000/year, payable beginning of each year when purchased. 63

63 Team #3 What if salvage value increases to $25,000? Lease or Purchase? 64

64 Questions? 66

65 While your thinking. Music 67