Land Acquisition and Compensation in Singur: Household Survey Results

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1 Land Acquisition and Compensation in Singur: Household Survey Results Maitreesh Ghatak London School of Economics Sandip Mitra Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata Dilip Mookherjee Boston University Anusha Nath Boston University

2 Purpose Ascertain facts concerning land compensation offered to farmers whose land was acquired for the Tata factory in Singur

3 Purpose Ascertain facts concerning land compensation offered to farmers whose land was acquired for the Tata factory in Singur We compare actual compensations offered with market values of acquired plots, using a household survey, and evaluate the extent to which the offered amounts were inadequate

4 Purpose Ascertain facts concerning land compensation offered to farmers whose land was acquired for the Tata factory in Singur We compare actual compensations offered with market values of acquired plots, using a household survey, and evaluate the extent to which the offered amounts were inadequate reasons Would the chances of acceptance have been higher if the government have offered higher compensations?

5 Purpose Ascertain facts concerning land compensation offered to farmers whose land was acquired for the Tata factory in Singur We compare actual compensations offered with market values of acquired plots, using a household survey, and evaluate the extent to which the offered amounts were inadequate reasons Would the chances of acceptance have been higher if the government have offered higher compensations? What were the impacts of the land acquisition on different socio-economic groups in the affected villages?

6 Purpose Ascertain facts concerning land compensation offered to farmers whose land was acquired for the Tata factory in Singur We compare actual compensations offered with market values of acquired plots, using a household survey, and evaluate the extent to which the offered amounts were inadequate reasons Would the chances of acceptance have been higher if the government have offered higher compensations? What were the impacts of the land acquisition on different socio-economic groups in the affected villages? Implications for future land acquisition policy

7 Survey Details In we conducted a survey of a random sample of households in the 5 affected villages stratified according to landholding, occupation of head, and whether directly affected or not

8 Survey Details In we conducted a survey of a random sample of households in the 5 affected villages stratified according to landholding, occupation of head, and whether directly affected or not Compared them with households in 5 neighboring non-affected villages located on both sides of the Durgapur Expressway

9 Survey Details In we conducted a survey of a random sample of households in the 5 affected villages stratified according to landholding, occupation of head, and whether directly affected or not Compared them with households in 5 neighboring non-affected villages located on both sides of the Durgapur Expressway

10 GPS Village Map

11 Survey Details Total sample size: 1100 households, approximately one-sixth of the relevant population

12 Survey Details Total sample size: 1100 households, approximately one-sixth of the relevant population Divided equally (one third) between affected households in acquired villages, unaffected households in acquired villages, and households in unacquired villages

13 Survey Details Total sample size: 1100 households, approximately one-sixth of the relevant population Divided equally (one third) between affected households in acquired villages, unaffected households in acquired villages, and households in unacquired villages Demographics, ownership of land and other assets, education etc very similar across three groups

14 Survey Details Total sample size: 1100 households, approximately one-sixth of the relevant population Divided equally (one third) between affected households in acquired villages, unaffected households in acquired villages, and households in unacquired villages Demographics, ownership of land and other assets, education etc very similar across three groups Compare households reports of market value of land, past market transactions and compensations offered, with government documents concerning compensations offered and basis thereof

15 Proportion of Households Directly Affected in Acquired Villages

16 Standards of Adequate Compensation Legal standard (based on the 1894 Land Acquisition Act): according to market value

17 Standards of Adequate Compensation Legal standard (based on the 1894 Land Acquisition Act): according to market value From an economic standpoint, this is inadequate for a number of reasons:

18 Standards of Adequate Compensation Legal standard (based on the 1894 Land Acquisition Act): according to market value From an economic standpoint, this is inadequate for a number of reasons: Market values understate personal valuation of land for many reasons: role of land as a financial asset; those who have not sold their land have personal values that exceed the market price Theoretical arguments imply compensations should be at least as large as personal valuations, on efficiency grounds alone (Ghatak and Mookherjee 2011) Supplementary arguments on grounds of fairness and political sustainability

19 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Government compensation offered: the stated policy Land rates for different kinds of land (Table 1) Additional solatium of 30%, plus allowance for irrigation, location of plots to be entertained

21 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Compensations offered according to government documents were consistent with the stated policy for 97% of all plots: land rates plus solatium of 30%

22 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Compensations offered according to government documents were consistent with the stated policy for 97% of all plots: land rates plus solatium of 30% However we find a large discrepancy between government records of offered compensation and household reports for particular kinds of land

23 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Compensations offered according to government documents were consistent with the stated policy for 97% of all plots: land rates plus solatium of 30% However we find a large discrepancy between government records of offered compensation and household reports for particular kinds of land According to household reports of compensations offered, average amounts actually offered for sona land did not include solatium, while for sali land they did

25 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Table 2: Household reports of compensations offered were lower than announced rates plus solatium for sona plots by about 30%, and higher than these by about 10% for sali plots One possible explanation is mis-classification of sona plots: many plots that used to be sali have been converted by owners to sona over time, but this change had not been noted in government land records

26 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Table 3: Average amounts of compensation offered (as reported by households) are equal approximately to average land market values at time of acquisition (as reported by households), when averaging across all types of cultivable plots

28 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Table 4: However sona low plots under-compensated while sali plots over-compensated

30 Compensations Offered: Did They Meet the Legal Standard? Table 5: Substantial additional heterogeneity of plots, in terms of observable characteristics

32 Compensations Offered Even if average compensation = average land market value, this heterogeneity implies that many plot holders would be under-compensated relative to market value

33 Under-Compensation and Decision of Landowners Whether to Accept Table 6: under-compensation relative to market value a significant predictor of rejection of the offer by owners

35 Under-Compensation and Decision of Landowners Whether to Accept Owners of sona plots and irrigated plots more likely to reject

36 Under-Compensation and Decision of Landowners Whether to Accept Owners of sona plots and irrigated plots more likely to reject One standard deviation increase in under-compensation led to 12% lower probability of acceptance

37 Under-Compensation and Decision of Landowners Whether to Accept Owners of sona plots and irrigated plots more likely to reject One standard deviation increase in under-compensation led to 12% lower probability of acceptance Evidence of other sources of demand for land: those more dependent on agriculture, with fewer distinct sources of income (skill-specificity, demand for income diversification) were more likely to reject

38 Impact on Tenants On economic efficiency grounds alone, tenants ought to be over-compensated, in the sense that they should be better off after the compensation (Ghatak-Mookherjee 2011)

39 Impact on Tenants On economic efficiency grounds alone, tenants ought to be over-compensated, in the sense that they should be better off after the compensation (Ghatak-Mookherjee 2011) Registered tenants get 75% share under the law, unless landlords provide inputs directly

40 Impact on Tenants On economic efficiency grounds alone, tenants ought to be over-compensated, in the sense that they should be better off after the compensation (Ghatak-Mookherjee 2011) Registered tenants get 75% share under the law, unless landlords provide inputs directly West Bengal government offered only 25% compensation to registered tenants, while unregistered tenants would obviously be offered nothing Table 7: Impact on agricultural income was greatest for tenants, much more adverse than landowners whose lands were acquired

42 Impact on Agricultural Workers Table 8: Wage rates rose between by less in affected villages compared with unaffected villages more than 10 Km away

44 Impact on Agricultural Workers Most adverse impact was on wage rates and earnings of workers in unacquired villages near the Tata factory

45 Impact on Agricultural Workers Most adverse impact was on wage rates and earnings of workers in unacquired villages near the Tata factory No scope for compensating workers at all under the 1894 Act

46 Overall Impact of Acquisition and Compensation Policy Adverse impact on agricultural workers that constitute 25 30% of the local population in adjoining areas

47 Overall Impact of Acquisition and Compensation Policy Adverse impact on agricultural workers that constitute 25 30% of the local population in adjoining areas Add to this: adverse impact on tenants (15% of the population), and significant proportion of landowners whose lands were acquired owing to under-compensation

48 Overall Impact of Acquisition and Compensation Policy Adverse impact on agricultural workers that constitute 25 30% of the local population in adjoining areas Add to this: adverse impact on tenants (15% of the population), and significant proportion of landowners whose lands were acquired owing to under-compensation Hence a majority of the local population were adversely impacted The process was also a major source of dissatisfaction: a top-down process, with no efforts (at least initially) to consult or negotiate with the local community

49 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy Sound economic arguments for over-compensation of farmers and tenants on grounds of efficiency, equity and political sustainability of industrialization programme

50 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy Sound economic arguments for over-compensation of farmers and tenants on grounds of efficiency, equity and political sustainability of industrialization programme Local community should welcome the acquisition

51 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy Sound economic arguments for over-compensation of farmers and tenants on grounds of efficiency, equity and political sustainability of industrialization programme Local community should welcome the acquisition What makes compensation tricky is the heterogeneity of plots and of personal valuations placed by different owners on land as an asset

52 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy Sound economic arguments for over-compensation of farmers and tenants on grounds of efficiency, equity and political sustainability of industrialization programme Local community should welcome the acquisition What makes compensation tricky is the heterogeneity of plots and of personal valuations placed by different owners on land as an asset

53 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. Clear that appropriate compensations should exceed the market value of the land

54 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. Clear that appropriate compensations should exceed the market value of the land Two problems with this: Problems of ascertaining market values of acquired plots (mis-classification, incorporation of other relevant characteristics) How much higher should the compensation be? LARR Bill in Parliament sets compensation at an arbitrary multiple (quadruple) of market value in rural areas

55 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. This may be too high, and retard industrialization (Chakravorty)

56 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. This may be too high, and retard industrialization (Chakravorty) Key tradeoff: set compensation high enough to satisfy farmers, but not too high that it retards industrialization excessively

57 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. This may be too high, and retard industrialization (Chakravorty) Key tradeoff: set compensation high enough to satisfy farmers, but not too high that it retards industrialization excessively Economists solution (extension of Ghatak and Ghosh): elicit households willingness to give up land by conducting auctions

58 Implications for Future Land Acquisition Policy, contd. This may be too high, and retard industrialization (Chakravorty) Key tradeoff: set compensation high enough to satisfy farmers, but not too high that it retards industrialization excessively Economists solution (extension of Ghatak and Ghosh): elicit households willingness to give up land by conducting auctions We would extend their proposal to include multi-stage auctions: at the community level and then within communities at the household level

59 Multi-Stage Auction Stage 1: industrialist seeks land of x acres with specified characteristics, states maximum price it is willing to pay

60 Multi-Stage Auction Stage 1: industrialist seeks land of x acres with specified characteristics, states maximum price it is willing to pay Stage 2: different panchayats are asked to conduct a (conditional) procurement auction within their jurisdictions where they seek to procure x acres and find out what landowners are willing to accept for their land, upto an aggregate of x acres of contiguous land

61 Multi-Stage Auction Stage 1: industrialist seeks land of x acres with specified characteristics, states maximum price it is willing to pay Stage 2: different panchayats are asked to conduct a (conditional) procurement auction within their jurisdictions where they seek to procure x acres and find out what landowners are willing to accept for their land, upto an aggregate of x acres of contiguous land Stage 3: based on outcome of stage 2, each panchayat submits a bid for the project: the lowest bid wins subject to meeting the factory reserve price

62 Multi-Stage Auction Stage 1: industrialist seeks land of x acres with specified characteristics, states maximum price it is willing to pay Stage 2: different panchayats are asked to conduct a (conditional) procurement auction within their jurisdictions where they seek to procure x acres and find out what landowners are willing to accept for their land, upto an aggregate of x acres of contiguous land Stage 3: based on outcome of stage 2, each panchayat submits a bid for the project: the lowest bid wins subject to meeting the factory reserve price

63 Conclusion We need to consider such policy options, what problems they may give rise to

64 Conclusion We need to consider such policy options, what problems they may give rise to Many advantages: it is a bottom-up procedure, it incorporates heterogeneity of land, is based on voluntary participation of those whose lands are acquired

65 Conclusion We need to consider such policy options, what problems they may give rise to Many advantages: it is a bottom-up procedure, it incorporates heterogeneity of land, is based on voluntary participation of those whose lands are acquired Additional consideration needs to be devoted to effect of acquisition on tenants and agricultural workers

66 Conclusion We need to consider such policy options, what problems they may give rise to Many advantages: it is a bottom-up procedure, it incorporates heterogeneity of land, is based on voluntary participation of those whose lands are acquired Additional consideration needs to be devoted to effect of acquisition on tenants and agricultural workers And offer a choice to owners of different modes of compensation: land elsewhere, pensions, shares in the industry, shop on factory premises, training and factory employment opportunities

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