References Introduction 0. Kenneth Iverson, APL and J 1. Positional Number Systems 2. John Napier and Logarithms

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1 References Introduction Campbell, Duncan D., Those Tumultuous Years. The Goals of the President of the University of Alberta during the Decade of the 1960s. The University of Alberta. Charlton, Bruce, When science should be a humanity. New Scientist, May 25, pp Jenkins, Michael and Lynne Strugnell, Business Japanese. A Complete Course for Beginners. NTC Publishing Group, Lincolnwood, Illinois. Lightman, Alan, Great Ideas in Physics. McGraw-Hill, New York. 0. Kenneth Iverson, APL and J Iverson, K. E.,!980. Notation as a tool of thought. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol. 23, no. 8, pp Iverson, K. E A personal view of APL. IBM Systems Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp McIntyre, D. B., Language as an intellectual tool: From hieroglyphics to APL. IBM Systems Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp Smillie, Keith, "Kenneth E. Iverson." Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp Positional Number Systems Ball, W. W. Rouse and H.S.M. Coxeter, Mathematical Recreations and Essays. Twelfth Edition. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Alice. Bramhall House, New York. Gardner, Martin, Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Gullberg, Jan, Mathematics. From the Birth of Numbers. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. Iverson, Kenneth E., Arithmetic. Iverson Software Inc., Toronto, Ontario. Smillie, Keith, and All That. Relatively Speaking, vol. 37, no. 1, pp John Napier and Logarithms Glaisher, J. W. L., John Napier. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh edition, vol. xvi, pp Gullberg, Jan, Mathematics. From the Birth of Numbers. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. Knott, C. G. (ed.), Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume. Longmans, Green and Co., London.

2 O Connor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. Henry Briggs. The MacTutor History of Mathematics, wwwgap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/. O Connor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. John Napier. The MacTutor History of Mathematics, wwwgap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/. Stoll, Cliff, When slide rules ruled, Scientific American, vol?, no.?, pp Williams, Michael R., A History of Computer Technology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., EnglewooD Cliffs, N,J. 3. Charles Babbage and his Engines Bowden, B. V., A brief history of computation. Faster than Thought (B. V. Bowden, ed.), pp Pitman Publishing Corporation, New York. Bromley, Allan G., Difference and Analytical Engines. Computing Before Computers, William Aspray (ed.). Iowa Stae University Press, Ames, Iowa. Swade, Doron, Building Babbage s dream machine, New Scientist, April 29, pp Swade, Doron, The Difference Engine. Charles Babbage and the Quest to Build the First Computer. Penguin Bookls Limited, Harmondsworth, Middlesex Williams, Michael. R., A History of Computing Technology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 4. George Boole and Logical Design Davis, Martin, Engines of Logic. Mathematicians and the Origins of the Computer. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. Gardner, Martin, Mathematical Circus. Vintage Books, New York. Hollingdale, S. H., High Speed Computing. Methods and Applications. The MacMillan Company, New York. MacHale, Desmond, George Boole. His Life and Work. Boole Press, Dublin. References 2

3 Shannon, Claude E., A symbolic analysis of relay and swithing circuits. AIEE Transactions, vol. 57, pp Whitesitt, J. Eldon, Boolean Algebra and its Applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Mass. 5. Alan Turing and Computability Agar, Jon, Turing and his Universal Machine. The Making of the Modern Computer. Icon Books Ltd., London. Coveney, Peter and Roger Highfield, Frontiers of Complexity. Fawcett Columbine, New York. Davis, Martin, Engines of Logic. Mathematicians and the Origins of the Computer. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. Harris, Robert, Enigma, Hutchinson, London. Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: mathematician and computer builder. New Scientist, September 15, 1983, pp Hodges, Andrew, Alan Turing. The Enigma of Intelligence. Unwin Paperbacks, London. Hodges, Andrew, Alan Turing: A Short Biography. Whitemore, Hugh, Breaking the Code. Samuel French, Inc., New York. 6. Early Computers Bowden, B. V. (ed.), Faster than Thought. Pitman Publishing Corporation, New York. Chapters from the Programmers Handbook (Edition 2) for the Manchester Electronic Computer (Mark II). University of Toronto, Gardner, Martin, Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Goldstine, H. H., The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J. Hollingdale, S. H. and G. C. Tootill, Electronic Computers, Second edition (Revised). Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Wilkes, M. V., Automatic Digital Computers. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. References 3

4 Williams, Michael. R., A History of Computing Technology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 7. FORTRAN and Some Other Languages Backus, John, The History of FORTRAN I, II, and II. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 13, no. 8, pp Bergin, Thomas J. and Richard G. Gibson (ed.), 1996, History of Programming Languages II. Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Mass. Campbell-Kelly, Martin and William Aspray, Computer. A History of the Information Machine. Basic Books, New York. Hayes, Brian, The Semicolon Wars, American Scientist, July-August, 2006, pp Ralston, Anthony and Edwin D, Reilly Jr., Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Sammet, Jean E., Programming Languages. History and Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Wexelblat, Richard L., (ed.), History of Programming Languages. Academic Press, New York. Wirth, N., The Programming Language Pascal (Revised Report). Report No. 5, Fachsgruppe Computer-Wissenshaften Eidgenossische Technische Hochscule, Zurich. 8. Problems Big and Small Devlin, Keith, Mathematics: The New Golden Age. Penguin Books, London. Flannery, Sarah, In Code. A Mathematical Journey. Workman Publishing, New York. Gamow, George, One, Two, Three... Infinity. Bantam Books, Inc., New York. Gardner, Martin, Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. References 4

5 Harel, David, Algorithmics. The Spirit of Computing. Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Mass. Hoffman, Paul, Archimedes Revenge. The Joys and Perils of Mathematics. Ballantine Books, New York. Johnson, George, A Shortcut Through Time. The Path to the Quantum Computer. Vintage Books, New York. Lewis, Harry R. and Christos H. Papadimitriou, The efficiency of algorithmics. Scientific American, vol. 228, no. 1, pp Penrose, Roger, The Emperor s New Mind. Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. Vintage, London. Singh, Simon, The Code Book. The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Anchor Books, New York. References 5