COURSE DESCRIPTION REQUIRED SHARED READINGS

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1 HISTORY 740(f): HISTORIOGRAPHY THE AMERICAN WEST Fall 2016 Prof. Andy Kirk Office: WR B310; Hrs. Mondays 3-4pm & by appointment lots of other times Why do we study historiography? How can we use this knowledge? What problems are we trying to solve with our work? How can historiographic knowledge help solve those problems? COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is a graduate colloquium designed to introduce students to some of the significant scholarship in the field of Western history while discussing general themes in historiography relevant to all historians. 740f examines historical scholarship in the field of the American West from the late nineteenth century to the present. Western history experienced a renaissance over the past twenty-five years and approximately half of the course addresses these more recent trends and developments. However, the West first became a subject of interest to professional historians more than a century ago, and vital contributions to scholarship in the field were made throughout the long period preceding the advent of the New Western History. The first half of the course focuses on some of these earlier core texts. Contrary to popular perceptions of a frontier paradigm being supplanted by a regional paradigm (i.e., the New Western History) in recent years, both of these thematic frameworks frontier and region have operated for a century and a quarter. In recent decades, though, historians have more commonly rejected the frontier model and turned increasingly to the twentieth century West as a transnational region, to gender, leisure, labor, race relations, environmental history, and comparative global contexts. The course places these developments in American frontier and western history into a broader national historiographical context for the purpose of addressing the degree to which frontier/western historians have, at various times, been on the cutting edge of broader scholarship or behind the curve. Class sessions will be conducted in a seminar format (that means you guys do most of the talking). The quality of class discussion depends on your having read the assigned materials with care and reflection. The reading load will consist of articles, essays, or book chapters each week along with shared books and individual books you will choose according to your research interests. Familiarizing yourselves with these readings now can facilitate your preparation for comprehensive exams. I strongly encourage you to write a one-paragraph to one-page summary of every course reading. Come up with a system for compiling and organizing this information that will aid you in comps and future research. REQUIRED SHARED READINGS Collections: William Deverell, ed., A Companion to the American West (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2004). Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Reno and Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2002; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991). Frederick Jackson Turner, Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays, ed. John Mack Faragher (Yale, 1998; New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1994). Monographs: Henry Nash Smith: Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005, 1975, 1950). Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton, 2006, 1987). Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (Hill and Wang, 1996). Recommended Field Guides: William Wyckoff, How to Read the American West: A Field Guide (University of Washington Press, 2014) Rebecca Solnit, Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010) William E. Riebsame, ed., Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region (W.W. Norton, 1997) Essays, Articles, Chapters are on our course Weekly Reader on WebCampus site

2 ASSIGNMENTS You have three sets of assignments this semester. First, you will all complete word max book reviews for shared reading assignments. (book review guidelines in Appendix 1) You will post these reviews on WebCampus for comment by your peers and turn in one printed single-spaced one-page copy in class. Second, for each of our course parts there is a shared special assignment. These assignments are designed to give you a chance to do some western history and deploy your historiographic knowledge using creative formats that are becoming the norm of historical practices for both academic and public historians. (The descriptions and due dates are on the schedule below) Finally, you will draft a series of Big Notes for the remaining weeks. (See Appendix 2 for guidelines and sample notes). COURSE SCHEDULE Schedule at a glance WK 1: (AUG 29) INTRO & WORK PLAN WK 2: (SEPT 5) LABOR DAY WK 3: (SEPT 12) THE WEST AS FRONTIER PROCESS Big Note 1 WK 4: (SEPT 19) THE WEST AS REGION Special Assignment 1 WK 5: (SEPT 26) THE WEST AS MYTH & MEMORY Review 1 WK 6: (OCT 3) C-WORDS I Big Note 2 WK 7: (OCT 10) C-WORDS, II Review 2 WK 8: (OCT 17) SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT 2 WK 9: (OCT 24) NEW WESTERN HISTORY? Big Note 3 WK 10: (OCT 31) WHERE IS THE WEST IN TEXTS? Big Note 4 WK 11: (NOV 7) WESTERN ENVIRONMENTS Review 3 WK 12: (NOV 14) GENDER, SEXUALITY & LABOR Big Note 5 WK 13: (NOV 21) RACE, ETHNICITY Big Note 6 WK 14 (NOV 28) HOT OFF THE PRESSES Review 4 WK 15 (DEC 5) SPECIAL PROJECT MEETINGS WK 16 (DEC 12) FINAL SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS DUE WK 1: (AUG 29) INTRO & WORK PLAN WK 2: (SEPT 5) LABOR DAY PART 1: A PLACE & A PROCESS? SHARED BOOK: Frederick Jackson Turner, Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays, ed. John Mack Faragher (Yale, 1998; New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1994). ASSIGNMENT: What is the West? When is the West? Where is the West? Prepare a concise response (2 singlespaced pages of text plus maps, images, diagrams or other) to these three simple questions to present to class Monday September 19 th. Use; Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner, a field guide or related source, and essays and a book from the Week 4 selections or approved choice from our first four weeks as evidence in support of your own field guide to the West as place and process. Imagine this as a crib-note for a public talk on these questions or as the basis for public interpretations of historiographic issues. Due September 19 th. WK 3: (SEPT 12) THE WEST AS FRONTIER PROCESS (Big Note 1 Due) Faragher, John Mack. Introduction, in Re-reading FJT, Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Significance of History (1891) in Turner, Re-reading FJT, Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893), in Turner, Rereading FJT,

3 Reader, #15 Faragher, John Mack. Afterword: Significance of the Frontier in American Historiography, in Turner, Rereading FJT, West, Elliott, Thinking West, in William Deverell, ed., The Blackwell Companion to the American West. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004: Etulain, Richard W. The Rise of Western Historiography, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Cronon, William. Turner s First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History, in Etulain, Writing Western History, Etulain, Richard W. After Turner: The Historiography of Frederick Logan Paxson, in Etulain, Writing Western History, Limerick, Patricia Nelson. Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Reader, #35. Klein, Kerwin Lee. Introduction: History, Narrative, West, in Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Conquest of Native America, Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of Cal P, 1997: 1-12 ( ). Reader, #38, Limerick, Patricia Nelson. Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World, in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York: Norton, 2000: ( ). WK 4: (SEPT 19) THE WEST AS REGION (Special Assignment 1: What is the West Due) Hine, Robert V. Josiah Royce: The West as Community, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Peterson, Charles S. Hubert Howe Bancroft: First Western Regionalist, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Steiner, Michael C. Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, West, Elliott. Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Worcester, Donald C. Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Bogue, Allan G. James C. Malin: A Voice from the Grassland, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Turner, The Significance of Section in American History, (1925), in Turner, Rereading FJT, Reader, #74.Webb, Walter Prescott. The American West: Perpetual Mirage, Harper s Magazine, 214 (May 1957): Reader, #75. Webb, Walter Prescott. Introduction, The Great Plains. 1931, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981: 3-9. Books: Royce, California; Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft (39 vols.); Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands; Webb, The Great Plains; Turner, The Significance of Sections in American History; Turner, The United States, : The Nation and Its Section; Malin, The Grassland of North America PART 2: THE WEST AS AN IDEA THOUGHT, CULTURE, POLITICS SHARED READING: Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950 & Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (Norton, 2006, 1987). ASSIGNMENT: Create a conference poster presentation. The poster should include a visual narrative consisting of approximately 3-6 images with one-paragraph captions and list of sources. It could include other aspects of academic poster design depending on your perspectives. Your standard 500 word reviews of Smith & Limerick due before will be the handout and talking points for the conference. Imagine this will be open for several days to leading scholars of the field but also a general audience and students. How can you present your thoughts and arguments about critical historiographic themes and debates in this alternate form that has become a standard feature of the most prominent historical conferences? (Poster Session: October 10).

4 WK 5: (SEPT 26) THE WEST AS MYTH & MEMORY (Review 2 due Virgin Land + Essays) Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950, 1978, passim. Mitchell, Lee Clark. Henry Nash Smith s Myth of the West, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Reader, #67. The Garden and the Desert, and The Myth of the Garden and Turner s Frontier Hypothesis, in Ibid., ( ), and ( )]. Reader, #3. Athearn, Robert G. Epilogue: The Genesis of the Mythic West, The Mythic West in Twentieth-Century America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986: ( ). Reader, #16. Faragher, John Mack. Left Until I m Put in the Ground: Myth and Memory, in Daniel Boone: The Life and legend of an American Pioneer. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1992: ( ). Reader, #67. Slotkin, Richard. Search and Rescue/Search and Destroy: The Indian-Hater as Counterguerrilla, from Ch. 14, Gunfighters and Green Berets: Imagining the Counterinsurgency Warrior, , in Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Atheneum, 1992: ( ). Reader, #26. Hyde, Anne F. Cultural Filters: The Significance of Perception (with commentaries by Martha A. Sandweiss and Elliott West), in Clyde A. Milner, ed., A New Significance: Re-Envisioning the History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996: Reader, #73. Walton, John. Introduction, in Storied Land: Community and Memory in Monterey. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001, Reader, #86. Wrobel, David M. The Ghosts of Western Future and Past, in Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), ( ). Reader #92. Kropp (Young), Phoebe. Conclusion: The Trouble with Red Tile Roofs, in California Veja: Culture and Memory in a Modern American Place. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006, Reader, #96. Warren, Louis. Introduction, to Buffalo Bill s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show. New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 2005, ix-xvi. Books: Athearn, The Mythic West; Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation; Faragher, Daniel Boone; Wrobel, Promised Lands; Christensen, Red Lodge and the Mythic West; Kropp, California Vieja.; Warren, Buffalo Bill s America. WK 6: (OCT 3) C-WORDS I: COLONIALISM, CONTINUITY, CAPITALISM, & COMPARISON (Big Note 2 due) Reader, #11. DeVoto, Bernard. The West: A Plundered Province, Harper s, August 1934; reprinted in Douglas Brinkley and Patricia Limerick, eds., The Western Paradox: A Conservation Reader: Bernard DeVoto (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001): Reader, #56. Pomeroy, Earl. Toward a Reorientation of Western History: Continuity and Environment, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 41 (March 1955): Reader, #57. Pomeroy, Earl. Introduction: New and Old in the Far West, and The Trend of the Far West, in The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. 1965, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991: 3-7 and Malone, Michael P. Earl Pomeroy and the Reorientation of Western History, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History, Reader, #60. Robbins, William G. In Pursuit of Historical Explanation: Capitalism as a Conceptual Tool for Knowing the American West, Western Historical Quarterly, 30 (Autumn 1999): Reader, #54. Nugent, Walter. Comparing Wests and Frontiers, in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds., The Oxford History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994:

5 Books: Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, ; Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West; Robbins, Colony and Empire; Brinkley and Limerick, eds., The Western Paradox. WK 7: (OCT 10) C-WORDS, II: CONTINUITY & CONQUEST (Review 4 Legacy + Essays) Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2006, 1987, passim. Reader, #39. Limerick, Patricia Nelson, Donald Worster, Susan Armitage, Michael P. Malone, and David J. Weber, The Legacy of Conquest, by Patricia Nelson Limerick: A Panel of Appraisal, Western Historical Quarterly, 20 (August 1989): WK 8: (OCT 17) (Special Assignment 2 Due Poster Session at remote location for debate week) WK 9: (OCT 24) NEW WESTERN HISTORY? (Big Note 3 Due) Reader, #37. Limerick, Patricia Nelson. What On Earth Is the New Western History?, in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991: ( ). Reader, #77. West, Elliott. A Longer, Grimmer, But More Interesting Story, in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails: ( ). Reader, #80. White, Richard. Trashing the Trails, in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails: ( ). Reader, #83. Worster, Donald. Beyond the Agrarian Myth, in Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: 3-18 (255); originally published in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails: Reader, #45. McMurtry, Larry. How the West Was Won or Lost: The Revisionist s Failure of Imagination, The New Republic, October 22, 1990: Reader, #50. Nash, Gerald. Conclusion, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991: Reader, #65. Scott, Janny. New Battleground of the Old West: Academia. Scholarly Duel Pits Revisionists Vs. Traditionalists. Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1993: 6-8. Etulain, Richard W. Visions and Revisions: Recent Interpretations of the American West, in Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Reader, #13. Etulain, Richard W. Postregional Histories, in Re-Imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996: ( ). Books: Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails; Milner, ed., A New Significance; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky; Nash, Creating the West; Etulain, Re-Imagining the Modern American West WK 10: (OCT 31) THE WEST IN TEXTS (Big Note 4) Reader, #52. Nugent, Walter. Where is the American West: Report on a Survey, Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 42 (Summer 1992): Reader, #12. Emmons, David. Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West, and A Roundtable: Six Responses to Constructed Province and a Final Statement by the Author, Western Historical Quarterly, 25 (Winter 1994): and Reader, #69. Steiner, Michael C., and David M. Wrobel, Many Wests: Discovering a Dynamic Western Regionalism, in Wrobel and Steiner, eds., Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997: Reader, #17. Findlay, John. A Fishy Proposition: Regional Identity in the Pacific Northwest, in Wrobel and Steiner, eds., Many Wests: Reader, #47 Montoya, María E. Landscapes of the Cold War West, in Kevin J. Fernlund, ed., The Cold War American West, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998: Reader, #4. Atlas of the New West: Forum, Pacific Historical Review, 67 (August 1998):

6 Reader, #53. Nugent, Walter. Where the West Is and Why People Have Gone There, Into the West: The Story of Its People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999: 3-17 ( ). Reader, #5. Billington, Ray Allen. The Frontier Heritage, in Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 1 st edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949: and 834. Reader, #58. Ridge, Martin. Introduction, to Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 5 th edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1982: vii-ix. Reader, #59. Ridge, Martin. Conclusion: The Frontier Heritage, in Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 6 th edition, an abridgement. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001: Reader, #82. White, Richard. The West and the Nation, in It s Your Misfortune and None of My Own : A New History of the American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991: Reader, #24. Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher, A Search for Community, in The American West: A New Interpretive History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000: ( ). Reader, #40. Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Case of the Premature Departure: The Trans-Mississippi West and American History Textbooks, Journal of American History, 78 (March 1992): TEXTBOOKS: Paxson, History of the American Frontier; Merk, The History of the Westward Movement; Billington, Westward Expansion; Billington/Ridge, Westward Expansion; White, It s Your Misfortune ; Hine, The American West; Hine and Faragher, The American West; Hine and Faragher, Frontiers; Malone and Etulain, The American West (second edition); Robbins, Colony and Empire,Ward, The West; Etulain, Beyond the Missouri; Anderson and Chamberlain, Power and Promise; Butler and Lansing, The American West PART 3: REGION, PLACE & ENVIRONMENT SHARED READING: Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (Hill and Wang, 1996). ASSIGNMENT: Intermountain Histories Project HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE CURATESCAPE (Due December 16 th) WK 11: (NOV 7) WESTERN ENVIRONMENTS (Review 7 Organic Machine + Essays) Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (Hill and Wang, 1996). Reader, #9. Cronon, William. Prologue: Cloud Over Chicago, and Epilogue: When We Were Driving, in Nature s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1991: 5-19 ( ) and ( ). Reader, #17. Findlay, John M. Western Cityscapes and American Culture, in Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992: ( ). Reader, #1. Abbott, Carl. Multicentered Cities, in The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West. Tucson: U of AZ Press, 1993: ( ). Reader, #43. Lotchin, Roger. The Impending Western Urban Past: An Essay on the Twentieth Century West, in Gerald D. Nash and Richard W. Etulain, eds., Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997: Reader, #46. Moehring, Eugene. Introduction: Urbanism and Empire, and Epilogue: Towns, the Frontier, and Colonialism, in Urbanism and Empire in the Far West, Reno and Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2004: xvii-xxx ( ), and ( ). Reader, #97. Hise, Greg. Introduction: Suburbanization as Urbanization, in Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, Reader, #83. Worster, Donald. New West, True West, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West. New York: OUP, ( ). Reader, #85. Worster, Donald. Introduction: Reflections in a Ditch, and Conclusion: Nature, Freedom, and the West, Rivers of Empire: Natue, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 3-15 ( ), and (388).

7 Reader, #8. Cronon, William. A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative, Journal of American History, 78 (March 1992): Reader, #23. Hays, Samuel P. The Conservation Movement and the Progressive Tradition, in Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, (1959), University of Pittsburgh Press 1999: Reader, #51. Nash, Roderick. The Wilderness Cult, in Wilderness and the American Mind. 1967; Third Ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982: Reader, #30. Jacobs, Wilbur R. The Great Despoliation: Environmental Themes in American Frontier History, The Fatal Confrontation: Historical Studies of American Indians, Environment, and Historians. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: (originally published in Pacific Historical Review, 1978). Reader, #7. Cronon, William. The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature, in William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1995), ( ). Reader, #81. White, Richard. Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living? : Work and Nature, in William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1995), ( ). Reader, #41.Limerick, Patricia Nelson. Mission to the Environmentalists, in Something in the Soil: (362). Reader, #31. Jacoby, Karl: Introduction: The Hidden History of American Conservation, and Epilogue: Landscapes of Myth and Memory, in Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000: 1-7 ( ) and ( ). Books: Cronon, Nature s Metropolis, Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier, Abbott, How Cities Won the West; Findlay, Magic Lands; Moehring, Urbanism and Empire in the Far West; Rothman, Neon Metropolis; Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles.Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind; Jacobs, The Fatal Confrontation; Pyne, Fire in America; Cronon, Changes in the Land; Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground; Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature; Kirk, Collecting Nature; Herron and Kirk, eds., Human Nature; White, The Organic Machine; White, Roots of Dependency; Barringer, Selling Yellowstone; Kirk, Counterculture Green. Worster, Dust Bowl; Worster, Rivers of Empire; Worster, A River Running West; White, The Organic Machine; Hundley, The Great Thirst; Pisani, To Reclaim a Divided West; Pisani, Water and American Government. WK 12: (NOV 14) GENDER, SEXUALITY & LABOR (Big Note 5) Reader, #14. Faragher, John Mack. Masculine Men and Feminine Women, in Women and Men on the Overland Trail. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979: ( ). Reader, #21. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. The Pueblo Indian World in the Sixteenth Century, in When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991: 3-36 ( ). Reader, #48 Morrissey, Katherine G. Engendering the West, in William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America s Western Past. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1992: ( ). Reader, #49 Murphy, Mary. Searching for an Angle of Repose: Women, Work, and Creativity in Early Montana, David M. Wrobel and Michael C. Steiner, eds., Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity. Lawrence: UP of Kansas, 1997: Reader, #25. Hurtado, Albert L. Sexuality in California s Franciscan Missions, Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999: 1-19 ( ). Reader, #33. Johnson, Susan Lee. Bulls, Bears, and Dancing Boys, in Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2000: ( ). Reader, #32. Jameson, Elizabeth. A White Man s Camp, in All that Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998: ( ). Reader, #55. Peck, Gunther. Manhood Mobilized, in Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000): Reader, 64. Scharff, Virginia. Man and Nature! Sex Secrets of Environmental History, in John P. Herron and Andrew G. Kirk, eds., Human Nature: Biology, Culture, and Environmental History. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico Press, 1999:

8 Books: Johnson, Roaring Camp; Boag, Same Sex Affairs; Hurtado, Sex, Gender, and Culture; Peck, Reinventing Free Labor, Jameson, All That Glitters; Andrews, Killing for Coal; Faragher, Men and Women on the Overland Trail; Gutiérrez, Ramón A. The Pueblo Indian World in the Sixteenth Century, When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away; Scharff, Sex and Nature. WK 13: (NOV 21) RACE, ETHNICITY & DIFFERENT READINGS OF THE WESTERN PAST (Big Note 6) Reader, #61. Rollings, Willard H., Osage Hegemony on the Prairie Plains, in Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage resistance to the Christain Invasion, : A Cultural Victory. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004: ( ). Reader, #76. West, Elliott. Introduction, Prologue: A Scrap and a Panic, and Epilogue: Stories in the Teeth of Life, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998: xv-xiv (339), 1-14, ( ), ( ). Reader, #2. Adams, David Wallace. Classroom, in Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995: (339 and ). Reader, #44. Luebke, Frederick. Introduction, in Luebke, ed., European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998: vii-xix. Reader # 10. Deverell, William. Ethnic Quarantine, in Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004, ( ). Reader, #19. Foley, Neil. The Whiteness of Manhood: Women, Gender Identity, and Men s Work on the Farm, in The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997: ( ). Reader, #21. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. Hispanics and Latinos, in William Deverell, ed., The Blackwell Companion to the American West. Malden, Mass: 2004: Reader, #42. Limerick, Patricia Nelson. Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West, in Something in the Soil. New York: Norton, 2000: ( ). Books: West, The Contested Plains; Rollings, Unaffected by the Gospel; Deverell, Whitewashed Adobe; Adams, Education for Extinction, Foley, White Scourge; Luebke, ed., European Immigrants in the American West; Matsumoto, Farming the Home Place; Casas, Married to a Daughter of the Land; Broussard, Black San Francisco; Hoxie, Parading Through History; Monroy, Rebirth; Gregory, American Exodus; Gutierrez, Walls and Mirrors; Bauer, We Were All Migrant Workers or California Through Native Eyes, Deloria, Philip J. Indians in Unexpected Places; and Playing Indian; Whitaker, Race Work. Week 14 (NOV 28) HOT OFF THE PRESSES WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY RIGHT NOW (Review 10 Prize nominated book of your choice) Books: Needham, Power Lines (Princeton) 2014 Lutenski, West of Harlem (Kansas) 2015 Weber, From South Texas to the Nation (UNC) 2015 Allison, Sovereignty for Survival (Yale) 2015 Andres, Power and Control in the Imperial Valley (Texas A & M) 2015 Bramwell, Wilderburbs (Washington) 2014 Day, Red Light to Starboard (Washington State) 2014 Dewey, Pesos and Dollars (Texas A & M) 2014 Diaz, Border Contraband (Texas) 2015 Farrell, The Battle for Yellowstone (Princeton) 2015 Garcia, The Latino Generation (UNC) 2014 Henricksson, Route 66 (Texas Tech) 2014 Hernandez, Working Women into the Borderlands (Texas A & M) 2014 Jacobs, A Generation Removed (Nebraska) 2014 LaPier & Beck, City Indian (Nebraska) 2015 Lessoff, Where Texas Meets the Sea (Texas) 2015

9 Lutenski, West of Harlem (Kansas) 2015 Mack, Black Spokane (Oklahoma) 2014 Markwyn, Empress San Francisco (Nebraska) 2015 McGrath, Illicit Love (Nebraska) 2015 Mills, Cold War in a Cold Land (Oklahoma) 2015 Moehring, Reno, Las Vegas, and the Strip (Nevada) 2014 Moore, Bootleggers and Borders (Nebraska) 2014 Needham, Power Lines (Princeton) 2014 Petrzela, Classroom Wars (Oxford) 2015 Sohi, Echoes of Mutiny (Oxford) 2014 Swanson, Where Roads Will Never Reach (Utah) 2015 Waitt, In the Path of Destruction (Washington State) 2014 Weber, From South Texas to the Nation (UNC) 2015 Wyckoff, How to Read the American West (Washington) 2014 WEEK 15 (DEC 5) SPECIAL PROJECT MEETINGS WEEK 16 (DEC 12) Final Special Assignments due APPENDIX 1: GUIDELINES FOR WRITING BOOK REVIEWS & REVIEW ESSAYS Introduction A book review needs to do two things: first, you need to provide sufficient coverage of the content of the book (or books, for a review essay) in question for potential readers to decide whether or not they should read the book. Second, you need to critically assess the book s thesis/es and the evidence used to support it/them. As you go through the steps outlined below, please consider these two crucial goals of your review content overview and critical assessment. Steps 1. Your review or review essay must include a title that reflects the theme of your review of the book, or the main theme of the book under review. You do not need to provide a separate title page; just place the title at the top of the first page. Following the title, you must provide a full citation to the book, e.g.: Where Seldom Was Heard a Discouraging Word: Television and National Self Congratulation in America s Happy Days. A review of: Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994). 328 pages, including notes, index, and illustrations. 2. Your coverage of each book in a review essay should be one single-spaced page (500 words). 3. You will have only 3-5 paragraphs in which to describe and assess the content of the book. In your first paragraph you should provide the reader with a clear sense of the broad scope of the book. For example, your essay might begin: Karal Ann Marling examines the role of television and other forms of visual representation in shaping American culture in the 1950s. In this same opening paragraph you should next provide a brief overview of the book s structure or specific chapters. You do not need to mention every single chapter, but you should give readers a good clear sense of how the book has been put together. For example, you might write: This highly readable and quite provocative book includes chapters on Disneyland, Autoeroticism: America s Love Affair with the Car in the Television Age, Betty Crocker, and Elvis. Next, you might conclude this opening paragraph with a key quotation from the book that sums up the author s thesis. For example: Marling notes that: Life in the 1950s imitated art as seen on TV. 4. In the next paragraph or two you should provide fuller, more detailed coverage of the content of the book/s. You might decide to focus on just two or three of each book s chapters, or might provide coverage of most or all of the book s major topics. However you choose to construct these paragraphs summarizing the content of the book, be sure that a reader would be able to decide from your summary whether or not to read this book. If you are reviewing a

10 collection of essays by a single author, or an edited essay collection with multiple contributors, you cannot provide extensive coverage of all of the essays, so make a mention of all, but focus your attention on four to six of them. 5. In the final paragraph/s you should assess the argument/s of the book/s and comment on the evidence provided in support of it/them. Are you convinced by what the author has to say? Has the author effectively supported his/her arguments with appropriate evidence and/or logical reasoning? What topics, issues, or themes has the author left out that might lead us to different conclusions or interpretations? 6. In your final paragraph/s you should provide a strong summary of the book s/s merits and shortcomings. Who would want to read this book? Is it an important book? Do you recommend it highly, only lukewarmly, or not at all? Could the book have been any stronger and more effective; and if so, how? 7. In the course of your review be sure to provide a few poignant quotations that help illustrate the author s/s perspective or key arguments. Do not quote excessively and avoid long block quotations. 8. Finally, either in the opening paragraph or in the closing paragraph, you might provide some discussion of book reviews of the work under consideration written by professional scholars. These book reviews can be found through an simple library journal search. Finding Scholarly Reviews Follow the steps below: a) Go to the Library Home Page b) Click on Find Articles and More c) Click on the letter J d) Click JSTOR Full-text e) Click on Search f) Type in the book title (in quotation marks) or author name g) Click on History and/or other pertinent disciplines from the list provided h) Under the section called Limit by Type, click on Reviews i) Click on Begin Search In addition, you can search for reviews in the Book Review Digest, which is also available in electronic form. The Book Review Digest provides citations and excerpts of reviews of current English-language fiction and nonfiction books for children and adults. An abstract of each book is also provided. To be indexed in Book Review Digest, a book must have been published or distributed in the United States or Canada. A work of nonfiction must have receivedreviews in two or more of the periodicals on the Book Review Digest selection list. To get to the Book Review Digest follow the steps below: a) Go to the Library Home Page b) Click on Find Articles and More c) Click on the letter B d) Click on Book Review Digest e) Follow the Search steps as outlined Lastly, you can find citations to the major reviews of scholarly books in a reference work titled Book Review Index. These yellow and blue colored volumes are in the Lied Library reference section. Go to the volume for the year the book was published and for the year after the book s publication. Then look up the book title and/or author. You will find a listing of the journals where reviews of the work have appeared. These citations will include the title of the journal, the volume number, and the page number/s of the review.

11 Please note that non-scholarly reviews of books from sources such as Amazon.com are not acceptable sources. Also, please bear in mind that you should read the book and write your review prior to consulting the published scholarly reviews; otherwise, you may be influenced by the published reviews to the point where your own review loses any originality. Also, please be aware that you must be sure to place any quoted material from those scholarly book reviews in quotation marks. You are required to attach to your paper a printout of the reviews you have consulted. Finally, remember, the best models for writing review essays are found in the journal Reviews in American History. APPENDIX 2: A GUIDE TO THE MYSTERIES OF THE BIG NOTE Think about the little questions I posed at the top of our syllabus; Why do we study historiography? How can we use this knowledge? What problem are we trying to solve with our work? Books and articles are the hammers and saws of our trade. We use these tools to help build our own creations and support our arguments and conclusions. Good history requires you to master your tools. Excellent historians use historiography so well and so subtly that you might not even notice how important it was to their work. You might falsely assume they are simply so good they don t need to address historiography, but that is almost never true. Well crafted prose deftly references secondary literature but almost always robustly backs it up with a beefy footnote that serves as a mini-historiographic essay, a preemptive response to the reader s inevitable question, does this person know there is a lot of work on this subject? and explains to the reader concisely but precisely how the author used historiography in support of his/her work. Master the Big Note and you are well on your way to successful history writing. Here is an example of a Big Note: There are more examples on WebCampus but you should search for your own. Look very carefully at the Preface or Intro notes to some of your favorite books and odds are you will find examples of the Big Note there if not throughout the chapters. Most people will insert a carefully crafted note after the first use of a key term or concept. This is especially true if that term or concept is contested. So, for example, when she get s to the critical introduction to her opening section on, Race and Relationships, author Katie Benton-Cohen must provide a very concise but thoughtful

12 explanation to readers about how she understands race and what sources were most influential to her understanding of this complicated concept and why.

13 APPENDIX 3: A VERY INCOMPLETE & ALWAYS EVOLVING COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Abbott, Carl. Multicentered Cities, in The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993: ( ). 2. Addams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995: (339 and ). 3. Athearn, Robert G. Epilogue: The Genesis of the Mythic West, The Mythic West in Twentieth-Century America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986: ( ). 4. Atlas of the New West: Forum, Pacific Historical Review, 67 (August 1998): Billington, Ray Allen. The Frontier Heritage, in Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 1 st edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949: and Casas, Maria Raquel. Spanish Women s Continuous Agency Along Spanish and New World Frontiers, in Married to a Daughter of the Land: Interethnic Marriage in California, (Reno and Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, forthcoming, 2006). 7. Cronon, William. The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature, in William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1995), ( ). 8.. A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative, Journal of American History, 78 (March 1992): Prologue: Cloud Over Chicago, and Epilogue: When We Were Driving, in Nature s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1991: 5-19 ( ) and ( ). 10. Deverell, William. Ethnic Quarantine, in Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004, ( ). 11. DeVoto, Bernard. The West: A Plundered Province, Harper s, August 1934; reprinted in Douglas Brinkley and Patricia Limerick, eds., The Western Paradox: A Conservation Reader: Bernard DeVoto (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001): Emmons, David. Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West, and A Roundtable, Western Historical Quarterly, 25 (Winter 1994): and Etulain, Richard. Postregional Histories, in Re-Imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996: ( ). 14. Faragher, John Mack. Masculine Men and Feminine Women, in Women and Men on the Overland Trail. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979: ( ) Afterword: The Significance of the Frontier in American Historiography, in Frederick Jackson Turner, Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays, ed. Faragher: Left Until I m Put in the Ground: Myth and Memory, in Daniel Boone: The Life and legend of an American Pioneer. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1992: ( ). 17. Findlay, John M. Western Cityscapes and American Culture, in Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture After Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992: ( ) A Fishy Proposition: Regional Identity in the Pacific Northwest, in David M. Wrobel and Michael C. Steiner, eds., Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997: Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997: ( ). 20. Philip Goff, Religion and the American West, in William Deverell, ed., The American West: A Companion. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004: [Deverell, ed., The American West, passim, is required reading]. 21. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. Hispanics and Latinos, in William Deverell, ed., The Blackwell Companion to the American West. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004: [Deverell, ed., The American West, passim, is required reading]. 22. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. The Pueblo Indian World in the Sixteenth Century, in When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991: 3-36 ( ).

14 23. Hays, Samuel P. The Conservation Movement and the Progressive Tradition, in Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, , University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999: Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher, A Search for Community, in The American West: A New Interpretive History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000: ( ). 25. Hurtado, Albert L. Sexuality in California s Franciscan Missions, Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999: 1-19 ( ). 26. Hyde, Anne F. Cultural Filters: The Significance of Perception (with commentaries by Martha A. Sandweiss and Elliott West), in Clyde A. Milner, ed., A New Significance: Re-Envisioning the History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996: Igler, David. The Industrial Far West: Region and Nation in the Late Nineteenth Century, Pacific Historical Review, 69 (May 2000): David Igler, Diseased Goods: Global Exchanges in the Eastern Pacific Basin, American Historical Review, 109 (June 2004): Iverson, Peter. American Indians in the Twentieth Century, in William Deverell, ed., The Blackwell Companion to the American West. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004: [Deverell, ed., The American West, passim, is required reading]. 30. Jacobs, Wilbur R. The Great Despoliation: Environmental Themes in American Frontier History, The Fatal Confrontation: Historical Studies of American Indians, Environment, and Historians. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996: (originally published in Pacific Historical Review, 1978). 31. Jacoby, Karl: Introduction: The Hidden History of American Conservation, and Epilogue: Landscapes of Myth and Memory, in Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000: 1-7 ( ) and ( ). 32. Jameson, Elizabeth. A White Man s Camp, in All that Glitters: Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998: ( ). 33. Johnson, Susan Lee. Bulls, Bears, and Dancing Boys, in Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2000: ( ). 34. Kirk, Andrew. Appropriating Technology: The Whole Earth Catalog and Counterculture Environmental Politics, Environmental History, 6 (July 2001): Klein, Kerwin Lee. Introduction: History, Narrative, West, in Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Conquest of Native America, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997: 1-12 ( ). 36. Kreck, Dick. Showdown in the New West, Denver Post Magazine, March 21, 1993: Limerick, Patricia Nelson. What On Earth Is the New Western History?, in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails Toward a New Western History. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991: ( ) Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World, in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York: Norton, 2000: ( ). 39., Donald Worster, Susan Armitage, Michael P. Malone, and David J. Weber, The Legacy of Conquest, by Patricia Nelson Limerick: A Panel of Appraisal, Western Historical Quarterly, 20 (August 1989): [Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest, passim, is required reading] The Case of the Premature Departure: The Trans-Mississippi West and American History Textbooks, Journal of American History, 78 (March 1992): Mission to the Environmentalists, in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York: Norton, 2000: (362) Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West, in Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York: Norton, 2000: ( ). 43. Lotchin, Roger. The Impending Western Urban Past: An Essay on the Twentieth Century West, in Gerald D. Nash and Richard W. Etulain, eds., Researching Western History: Topics in the Twentieth Century. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997: Luebke, Frederick. Introduction, in Luebke, ed., European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998: vii-xix. 45. McMurtry, Larry. How the West Was Won or Lost: The Revisionist s Failure of Imagination, The New Republic, October 22, 1990:

15 46. Moehring, Eugene. #46. Moehring, Eugene. Introduction: Urbanism and Empire, and Epilogue: Towns, the Frontier, and Colonialism, in Urbanism and Empire in the Far West, Reno and Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press, 2004: xvii-xxx ( ), and ( ). 47. Montoya, María E. Landscapes of the Cold War West, in Kevin J. Fernlund, ed., The Cold War American West, (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998): Morrissey, Katherine G. Engendering the West, in William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America s Western Past. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1992: ( ). 49. Murphy, Mary. Searching for an Angle of Repose: Women, Work, and Creativity in Early Montana, David M. Wrobel and Michael C. Steiner, eds., Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997: Nash, Gerald. Conclusion, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991: Nash, Roderick. The Wilderness Cult, in Wilderness and the American Mind. 1967; Fourth Edition, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001: Nugent, Walter. Where is the American West: Report on a Survey, Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 42 (Summer 1992): Where the West Is and Why People Have Gone There, Into the West: The Story of Its People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999: 3-17 ( ) Comparing Wests and Frontiers, in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds., The Oxford History of the American West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994: Peck, Gunther. Manhood Mobilized, in Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000): Pomeroy, Earl. Toward a Reorientation of Western History: Continuity and Environment, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 41 (March 1955): Introduction: New and Old in the Far West, and The Trend of the Far West, in The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada. 1965, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991: 3-7 and Ridge, Martin. Introduction, to Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 5 th edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1982: vii-ix Conclusion: The Frontier Heritage, in Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, 6 th edition, an abridgement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001): Robbins, William G. In Pursuit of Historical Explanation: Capitalism as a Conceptual Tool for Knowing the American West, Western Historical Quarterly, 30 (Autumn 1999): Rollings, Willard H., Osage Hegemony on the Prairie Plains, in Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage resistance to the Christian Invasion, : A Cultural Victory. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004: ( ). 62. Rothman, Hal. A Decade in the Saddle: Confessions of a Recalcitrant Editor, Environmental History, 7 (January 2002): Introduction, from Devil s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West (Lawrence; University Press of Kansas, 1998): 10-28, Scharff, Virginia. Man and Nature! Sex Secrets of Environmental History, in John P. Herron and Andrew G. Kirk, eds., Human Nature: Biology, Culture, and Environmental History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999: Scott, Janny. New Battleground of the Old West: Academia. Scholarly Duel Pits Revisionists Vs. Traditionalists. Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1993: Shaffer, Marguerite S. The West Plays West : Western Tourism and the Landscape of Leisure, in William Deverell, ed., The Blackwell Companion to the American West. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 2004: [Deverell, ed., The American West, passim, is required reading]. 67. Slotkin, Richard. Search and Rescue/Search and Destroy: The Indian-Hater as Counterguerrilla, from ch. 14, Gunfighters and Green Berets: Imagining the Counterinsurgency Warrior, , in Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Atheneum, 1992: ( ). 68. Smith, Henry Nash. The Garden and the Desert, and The Myth of the Garden and Turner s Frontier Hypothesis, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950, 1978): ( ), and ( ). [Virgin Land, passim, is required reading for the course].