Goth GOTHIC. Let's play a word association. I m going to say a word, and you're going to tell me what it makes you think of.

Transcription

1 GOTHIC Let's play a word association. I m going to say a word, and you're going to tell me what it makes you think of. Goth Studded cuffs Black clothes and makeup Leather Underground music

2 GOTHIC But, behind this derivative black-andspikey look is a movement that started before the 13th century. Yep, that leather bound, spikey, dyed hair look has a centuries-old tradition behind it.

3 GOTHIC The word Gothic originally only referred to the Goths, one of many Germanic so-called "barbarian" pagan tribes which invaded former territories of the Christian Roman Empire following the fall of Rome in the 4th century A.D. These waves of invaders, who were absorbed by Christianity, brought an architectural and artistic sensibility which was very distinctive and different from the Classical or Greco-Roman style.

4 GOTHIC While the Greco-Roman style was subtle and controlled, the Gothic style was extreme, seemingly uncontrolled, larger than life, and intended to create a strong emotional response, whether awe, pity, compassion, horror or fear. Greco-Roman Gothic

5 GOTHIC In human representation, where the Classical style was both naturalistic and idealistic, the Gothic style was crude, caricature-like, grotesque and exaggerated. Greco-Roman Gothic

6 GOTHIC The term, gothic, later came to signify "Germanic," then "medieval," especially in reference to the medieval architecture and art used in Western Europe between 1100 and 1500 CE. (The earlier art and architecture of medieval Europe between CE is known as "Romanesque.") One note: the term gothic architecture is a retrospective term. Medieval people would never have used these words. Back in Medieval times, this form of building was called the modern style.

7 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Characteristics of Gothic architecture include the pointed arch and vault, the flying buttress, stained glass, and the use of gargoyles and grotesques fitted into the nooks and crannies unoccupied by images of saints and biblical figures.

8 THE SEVEN KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: FROM THE GARGOYLE TO THE FLYING BUTTRESS

9 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Back in the 1100s-1200s, building skills were extremely limited. Stone castles and cathedrals were rudimentary dark, cold, and damp. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, and universities.

10 This menacing gargoyle in Munich is a great example of gothic architecture. Why build a simple rain-gutter, when you could turn it into a monster?! GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Screaming gargoyle, Munich town hall

11 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE In the times before gothic architecture, early Medieval architects struggled to spread the weight of heavy stone walls. This meant that towers needed to be short and buildings thin. Otherwise, the sheer weight of the high floors would make the building collapse into itself

12 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The magnificent gothic exterior of York Minster in the UK. Credit: M Poudal CC-BY-2.0

13 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE One of the fundamental characteristics of gothic architecture was its height. New building techniques (such as the flying buttress, detailed in the next slides) enabled architects to spread the weight of taller walls and loftier towers. This all meant that gothic buildings could, quite literally, scale new heights. It allowed them to reach up to the heavens perfect for cathedrals and churches.

14 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The flying buttress is the defining external characteristic of gothic architecture. These buttresses act to spread the weight of the tall walls. They support the structure by transferring force directly to the ground.

15 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE These flying buttresses are a feature of gothic architecture. They re part of the St Vitus Cathedral in Prague Castle. Credit: Patrick Gonzales CC-BY-SA-2.0

16 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The flying buttress was not just practical, though. It was also decorative. Flying buttresses were often elaborately designed. They appeared to dart and sweep around each building, giving a sense of movement and of flight. They were often decorated with intricate carvings, giving a sense of grandeur and importance.

17 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The innovation of the pointed arch was another key characteristic of gothic architecture. Again, its significance was both practical and decorative.

18 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE A modern example of the characteristic pointed arch. Credit: J Brew CC-BY-SA-2.0

19 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The sturdy design of the pointed arch distributes the force of heavier ceilings and bulky walls. It could support much more weight than previous, simple, spindly pillars. The gothic arch wasn t just a workhorse. It had an aesthetic value and beauty which influenced many other features of gothic design most notably the vaulted ceiling.

20 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The vaulted ceiling was an innovation which lead on from the achievements of the pointed arch. Irregular, vaulted ceilings utilized the technology of the pointed arch to spread force and weight from upper floors.

21 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The delicate vaulted ceilings of Malbork Castle in Poland. These ceilings are another feature of gothic architecture. Credit: Alexander Baxevanis CC-BY-2.0

22 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE These sturdy supports allowed ceilings to be taller than before. (Although note that the ceiling height isn t uniform). This provided the impression of height, grandeur and elegance. The distribution of force within the vaulted ceiling enabled vaults to be built in different shapes and sizes. Previously, vaults could only have been small, and circular or rectangular.

23 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Before gothic architecture, castles and early Medieval buildings were pretty depressing places to live in or worship in. Castles, in particular, were damp and mouldy. Most castle walls were too weak to support slate or stone roofing. As a result, many fortresses had wooden roofs and typically, these let in the rain.

24 LE CASTELLET MEDIEVAL CHURCH (FRANCE)

25 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE If that wasn t depressing enough, these old buildings tended to be dark and dingy. They generally didn t see any sunlight. If they did have any windows, these were generally tiny. The force of the walls would collapse into themselves if they included large glassworks. Gothic architecture strove to be the exact antithesis to this older Medieval style of building.

26 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Lincoln Cathedral London, England Using the new building techniques, gothic architecture emphasized light, bright windows and airy interiors, transforming castles and churches into more pleasant and majestic environments.

27 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE One of the most notable characteristics of gothic architecture is the gargoyle. Gargoyles are decorative, monstrous little creatures, perched along the roofs and battlements of gothic buildings and castles. Gargoyles have a practical purpose: they re spouts, enabling rainwater to drain off the roof and gush through their mouths, before plummeting to the ground. (Guttering is a relatively recent innovation).

28 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE A classic gargoyle you can see his dual purpose as a decoration and also as a water-spout. Credit: Maurice Koop CC-BY-ND-2.0

29 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gargoyles also had another intended purpose: to strike fear into the hearts of ill-educated Medieval peasants, scaring them into the church or cathedral. Many gargoyles include elements of the grotesque: exaggerated, evil features or threatening poses, which would have leered down from on-high. In a world marked with fear and superstition, these creepy creatures would undoubtedly have encouraged many to seek solace and safety inside of a church or cathedral- protected from the demons and ghouls which roamed outside.

30 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE The gargoyle is one of the defining characteristics of gothic architecture. Credit: James Preston CC-BY-2.0

31 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic architecture marked the first time that beauty and aesthetic values had been incorporated into building design. This revolutionized the way that Medieval people began to think of buildings. Architecture was no longer just functional it began to have merit and meaning in its own right.

32 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic Dom Cologne This doorway of Cologne Dom exemplifies the ornate, gothic style. Increasingly ambitious and ornate designs of church, cathedral and castle came to be built. Rivalry and competition drew different groups of builders to conceive and construct grander and more decorative designs, for the glory of the Christian region. This tremendous spire of the Dom in Cologne, Germany, shows the reach, height, grandeur and intricate detail of the gothic style.

33 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic architecture revolutionized the appearance of Mid-Medieval buildings. Do remember though, that gothic is actually a retrospective term. It wouldn t have been used in Medieval times. This style of architecture was, back then, called the Modern Style, and it was a revolutionary influence for all castles, churches and palaces in Europe. The style originally became popular in France from the 1150s, and spread with surprising speed across the whole of Europe.

34 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Some 300 years later, in the 1450s, this style began to go out of fashion. Renaissance architects, the new vogue, started to pour scorn upon this style of architecture. They ridiculed it as being old-fashioned and uncouth, because it was fantastical, exaggerated and daring. Their Renaissance style was classical, solid, pure, and symmetrical.

35 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE To express their scorn, the Renaissance architects actually coined the term gothic architecture. Gothic was a derogatory term, as the goths were barbarians who had wreaked havoc on Europe hundreds of years earlier. The choice of gothic architecture expressed their disgust for an architectural style that they felt had blighted the face of Europe.

36 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE CAN BE FOUND IN: Austria Belarus Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jersey Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Syria Ukraine Wales

37 EXETER CATHEDRAL COMPLETED IN 1360 IN EXETER, ENGLAND Formerly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter at Exeter

38 INSIDE EXETER CATHEDRAL Inside the cathedral, showing the vaulted ceiling - the longest uninterrupted medieval vaulted ceiling in the world

39 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL IN CANTERBURY, KENT, IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND MOST FAMOUS CHRISTIAN STRUCTURES IN ENGLAND.

40 SHRINE OF ST. THOMAS OF BECKET Founded in 597, the cathedral was built from 1070 to The east end was greatly enlarged at the beginning of the twelfth century, and largely rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174, with significant eastward extensions to accommodate the flow of pilgrims visiting the shrine of Thomas Becket, the archbishop who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170.

41 The 12th-century choir Cloisters a covered walk in a convent, monastery, college, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other. Tomb of the Black Prince Edward of Woodstock ( ), called the Black Prince, eldest son of King Edward III, and the father of King Richard II of England. An exceptional military leader, his victories over the French at Crécy and Poitiers made him very popular in England during his lifetime.

42 ABBEY OF SAINT REMI REIMS, FRANCE (BUILT 1049)

43 NOTRE-DAME DE REIMS (OUR LADY OF REIMS) Completed in 1275, the kings of France were crowned here throughout the Middle Ages.

44 Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame

45 SAN FERNANDO CATHEDRAL San Antonio, Texas Built 1738 This type of architecture is considered Gothic Revival.

46 CATHEDRAL OF SAINT MARY OF BURGOS CONSECRATED IN 1260 LOCATED IN THE SPANISH CITY OF BURGOS The design of the main facade is related to the purest French Gothic style of the great cathedrals of Paris and Reims.

47 This Gothic cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete. It is the largest church in Italy (the larger St. Peter's Basilica is in the State of Vatican City) and the third largest in the world. MILAN CATHEDRAL MILAN, ITALY BEGAN IN 1386

48 TOWN HALL LEUVEN, BELGIUM The City Hall of Leuven is a landmark building on that city's Grote Markt (Main Market) square, across from the monumental St. Peter's Church. Built in a Brabantine Late Gothic style between 1448 and 1469, it is famous for its ornate architecture, crafted in lace-like detail.

49 SAINT BARBARA'S CHURCH A ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN KUTNÁ HORA (BOHEMIA), CZECH REPUBLIC It is one of the most famous Gothic churches in central Europe. St Barbara is the patron saint of miners (among others), which was highly appropriate for a town whose wealth was based entirely upon its silver mines. Construction began in 1388, but because work on the church was interrupted several times, it was not completed until 1905.

50 FRIEDLANDER TOR Neubrandenberg, Germany Built in 1298 One of four tors (towers) comprising the city s great wall COLOGNE CATHEDRAL Cologne, Germany. It is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an average of 20,000 people a day. The cathedral is the largest gothic church in northern Europe and has the second-tallest spires.

51 MALBORK CASTLE Malbork, Poland was built in the 13 th century by the Teutonic Knights, a German Roman Catholic religious order of crusaders. It has some excellent examples of pointed ceilings, and is the largest castle in the world measured by land area. ST. SOFIA CATHEDRAL Nicosia, Cypress completed in It is a former Roman Catholic cathedral converted into a mosque (now Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque).

52 GOTHIC ART Gothic art followed from a Medieval art progression that grew out of France from the Romanesque art tradition in the mid-twelfth century, spearheaded by the development of Gothic architecture. It grew popular north of the Alps but never quite overtook Italian classical styles. International Gothic developed in the late fourteenth century, developing further until the late fifteenth century. Late Gothic art grew in Germany as well as many areas well into the sixteenth century. Prominent Gothic art include panel-painting, sculpture, illuminated manuscript, fresco, and stained glass.

53 GOTHIC SCULPTURE

54 The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (France, ca. 1145) -these architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors.

55 Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi 13 th -14 th century from Strasbourg Cathedral in France. The famous west front is decorated with thousands of figures, and is a masterpiece of the Gothic era.

56 Gothic sculpture, late 15th century, Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, some 120 kilometres (75 miles) north of Paris.

57 GOTHIC ART & PAINTING

58 Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200, or nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture. Figures are more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos panel paintings manuscript illumination stained glass.

59 Fourteenth Century, Italy, by Duccio Di Buoninsegna, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Principle panel of the Maesta alterpiece, from the Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, Tempera on wood panel

60 15 th Century French frescoes Elmelunde Church frescoes in Denmark

61 MADONNA OF CHANCELLOR ROLIN, OIL ON PANEL, C LOUVRE MUSEUM, PARIS Commissioned by Nicolas Rolin, chancellor of the Duchy of Burgundy, whose votive portrait takes up the left side of the picture, for his parish church, Notre- Dame-du-Chastel in Autun, France where it remained until the church burnt down in After a period in Autun Cathedral, it was moved to the Louvre in 1805.

62 An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. The decoration of this page from a French Book of Hours, c. 1400, includes a miniature, initials and borders. A Book of Hours is a Christian devotional book.

63 Stained glass Rose With Illuminated interior stained with window glass sunlight. of overlay. Strasbourg Cathedral in France exterior view.