H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H

Transcription

1 H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H

2 [dtup 2007 Volume 19, No 1 (C) Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij: flj;jy;fspy; gq;fhspahf mur kw;wk; rpwhhfis gilapy; NrHf;Fk; fuzh FO -zr<jgujvhml<... 4 gv{igpuqe<gmk<kz<g<t<?lgil<gt<hx<xqbujvhml<... 5 I.sivil<sl<... 6 upqljx II. hvqf<kjvgt< gv{igpuqevg<g zr<jgnvsir<gk<kqx<g klqpqpuqmkjzh<hzqgt<njlh<hqx<g)hzqgt<-bg<gl<* fqkqbkuqupr<gl<sgznvsir<gr<gtg<g Jg<gqbfiMgt<hiKgih<Hs<sjhg<G Jg<gqbfiMgt<sjhbqe<sgznr<gk<KufiMgTg<G III. hqe<e{q Olikz<kuqIhqzqVf<Kfqgp<f<knk<KlQxz<gt< Hzqgt<-bg<gk<kqzqVf<KgV{iuqe<hqtU fMh<hGkqbqzqVf<Knkqgvqk<kOlikz<gt< IV.gV{iGPuqeiz<fmk<kh<hm<mgmk<kz<gTl< l<N{<cz<gmk<kz<gt< Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 1

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86 Olikz<gtqz<sqxiIhjmbqevighiuqh<hkqz<?-u<uqVkvh<hqeVl<ohiXh<hig dt<teiwenu<uxqg<jgsm<cg<gim<mgqxk/ 237 NBkOlikz<gtqe<OhiKsqxiIgtqe<lQKfqgp<k<kh<hMl<nk<KlQxz<gt<okimIhig? dmecbiekl<?fl<hqg<jgbiekl<?dxkqbiekliekguz<gjtk<kqvm<mukx<g WKuigUl<?g{<gi{qh<Hlx<Xl<gqvllignxqg<jgbqMkz<Ohie<xux<Xg<gieosbz< Ljxobie<jxfqXUl<hcbigUl<?hiKgih<Hs<sjhbieK3116l<N{<cz< osbzitifibgk<jkg<ogm<mg<ogi{<mk/ 238 -s<osbz<ljxjblke<lkzqz< fjmljxh<hmk<kukx<ghm<cbzqmh<hm<mwpfimgtqz<-zr<jgbl<ye<xigl</ -zr<jgbqz<sqxiigjthzuf<klighjmgtqz<osik<kz<?nuigjthjmbqevig hiuqk<kz<dm<hm?sqxiigt<lqkfmk<kh<hml<nk<klqxz<gt<okimihie kguz<gjtk<kqvm<c?nk<kguz<gjtj/fi/kjzjlbgk<kqx<ggqvlligneh<hq juh<hkx<gig?j/fi?ouimokimihieosbz{qgtl<?nvssiihx<xfqxuer<gtl< nmr<gqbuqosmh{qg<gp(task Force*ye<Xl<njlg<gh<hm<mK/ Gxqh<hig?fqjzjlgjtg{<gi{qk<Kuqhvr<gt<kqvm<mz<?we<El< osbe<ljx%migkqvm<mh<hm<mkguz<gt<okimihigguek<kqz<wmh<hkx<gl<? nk<kguz<gtqe<hcsqxiigt<lqkfqgp<kh<hmukignxqg<jgbqmh<hml<nk<klqxz<gt< okimihigdmecbigwmg<gh<hmou{<cbfmucg<jggt<hx<xqhikgih<hs< sjhg<ghvqf<kjvgt<upr<gukx<giul<?nbkolikz<gtqz<sqxiigt<okimihie osbx<him<mg<gpye<jx(working group)dvuig<gukx<gl<hikgih<hs< sjhbiek3116z<fmucg<jgwmk<kk/3116l<n{<mnjlg<gh<hm<mosbx<him<mg< GPuieKH'{<c?ogir<Ogi?$mie<?lx<Xl<Cote d IvoireNgqbfiMgt< okimihienxqg<jggjtguek<kqx<gwmk<kk/sqxiigjth<hjmbqz<osik<kz< okimihigogir<ogi\efibgg<gcbvsqe<lqkkx<ohik-vg<gl<kjmgtie? hb{k<kjm?osik<kg<gjtfgvuqmilz<osb<kz<(asset freezes)we<heux<jx fjmljxh<hmk<kl<hcosbx<him<mg<gphvqf<kjvosb<kk/-u<uvm Nvl<hk<kqz<?sqxiIgjth<hjmbqz<OsIk<kz<dm<hmOuXhznk<KlQxz<gt< okimihigcote d Ivoireuqe<NBkg<GPuqe<kthkqg<ogkqvigUl<kjmgjt nlz<h<hmk<khikgih<hs<sjhfmucg<jgwmk<kk/ -zr<jgbqz<nbkolikz<gtqz<=mhm<mt<tkvh<hqeigt<sqxiigt<lqk Olx<ogit<Tl<nk<KlQxz<gt<okimIhig3118\euvqbqz<osbzitIfibgl< nxqg<jgobie<jxslih<hqk<kii/3116?ful<hilkzil<kqgkqg<gl<?3117?ng<omihi 32l<kqgkqg<Gl<-jmh<hm<mgizk<kqz<Hzqgt<-bg<gk<kiZl<gV{iGPuqeviZl< Olx<ogit<th<hm<msqxiIgjthjmbqz<OsIg<Gl<osbx<hiMgt<okimIhie uqhvr<gjtnu<uxqg<jgdt<tmg<gqbqvf<kk/nu<uqvsivivl<dmecbig sqxiigjthjmbqz<osih<hjkbl</nuigjthjmbqevighiuqh<hjkbl<fqxk<k Ou{<Ml<we<Xl<?klKhjmb{qgtqz<Wx<geOu-Vg<Gl<sgzsqxiIgjtBl< uqmuqg<gou{<ml<we<xl<?nu<uxqg<jgogivqbqvf<kk/hzqgt<-bg<gliek okimis<sqbignk<klqxzqz<=mhm<muf<kt<tjlbiz<? Hzqgt<-bg<gk<kqe<-vi[u lx<xl<nvsqbz<kjzjllqk-zg<gjuk<kdmecfmucg<jgwmg<g Ou{<Ml weul<nu<uxqg<jgogivgqe<xk/ 239 gqpg<gligi{k<kqz<gv{i 126 NBkOlikz<gTl<sqxiIgTl<okimIhieosbzitIfibgk<kqe<nxqg<jg?3117?ng<OmihI 26 (accessed January 3, 2007). 127 J/fi/hiKgih<Hs<sjhhqvgmel< 1612, para zr<jgbqz<nbkolikz<gtl<sqxiigtl<okimihieosbzitifibgk<kqe<nxqg<jg?3117? csl<hi31/ Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 85

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88 IX.sm<mk<kvikvr<gt< sqxiigjth<hjmbqz<osih<hkx<giesiuoksk<kjm sqxiigjth<hjmgtqz<osik<knuigjthjmbqevighiuqh<hke<&zl<?hzqgt< -bg<gl<?gv{igpngqb-vuvolsiuokssm<mk<jklqxquvgqe<xei/ gv{igpuqeviz<olx<ogit<th<hml<sqxiigjthjmbqz<osig<gl< fmucg<jggtg<gyk<kijsupr<guke<&zll<?nuigtqe<gmk<kz<gjtk< kmh<hkx<ghbet<tfmucg<jggjtwmg<gikqvh<hke<&zll<?osig<gh<hm<m sqxiigt<hikgih<higuqmuqg<gh<hmukx<gfmucg<jgwmg<gikqvh<hke<&zll<? -zr<jgnvsir<gll<si<uokssm<mk<jklqxquvgqe<xk/ sqxiigjthjmgtqz<osik<kz<lx<xl<nuigjt-vi[uolikozimokimihie h{qgtqz<=mhmk<kkz<we<hux<jxsiuoksleqkihqlies<sm<mr<gtl<)bk<k sm<mr<gt<*leqkdvqjls<sm<mr<gtl<kjmosb<kt<te/si<uoks lm<mk<kqzz<ziknbkolikz<gtqe<ohik(non-international armed conflict), nvsir<gr<gotinz<zknvsir<glz<ziknbkg<gpg<goti?26ubkqx<g Gjxf<ksqxiIgjthjmgtqz<OsIh<hK?nz<zKnuIgjthiuqh<hjk?2:5:l< N{<Mo\equidme<hcg<jgbqe<IIuKsm<muig<gl<kjmosb<gqxK/-s<sm<mk< kvikvliek?2::2z<-zr<jgnvsir<gk<kqeizl<jgs<sik<kqm<mwx<xg<ogit<th<hm<m sqxiigt<dvqjls<sisek<kqzl<)convention on the Rights of Child* hqvkqhzqg<gqe<xk/ 23: sqxiigjthjmbqz<osik<knuigjthbe<hmk<kujkk< kjmosb<ukiek-h<ohiksi<uoksvqkqbigfjmljxh<hmk<kl<sikiv{sm<m lvhigqbqvh<hokim)customary international law*?nbkolikzqz<=mhm<mt<t njek<kkvh<hqejvbl<-kgm<mh<hmk<kg<%cbkigdt<tmg<ggqe<xk/ 3113l<N{<cz<nLZg<Guf<k?NBkOlikz<gtqz<sqxiIgjt=MhMk<Kkz< okimihiesqxiigt<dvqjlgt<hx<xqbdme<hcg<jgbqe<olzkqgsm<muig<gk<kqz< -zr<jgbl<yvkvh<higl</ 241 wf<kouivnbkolikz<gtqe<ohikl</ hzuf<kligouinz<zkouxuqkligouifmk<kh<hml<nm<osihqz<ofvcbig hr<ogx<hkx<giengg<gjxf<kubokz<jz29wesqxiidvqjlgt<okimihie dme<hcg<jgsm<muig<gliekkvlbik<kh<hm<mt<tk/nvsz<ziknbkh< hjmgtg<gl<-s<sm<muig<gliekgmh<himgjtuqkqk<kt<tk/ nvs hjmgtg<ghxl<hig-br<ggqe<xnbkg<gpg<gtl<?29ubkqx<ggjxf<k fhigjtwf<ks<$p<fqjzbqe<gqpl<nbkolikz<gtqe<ohikhbe<hmk<kg< %mik?we5uksvk<kokvquqg<gqe<xk/ 242 -u<uixiefmucg<jggjtgx<xs< osbz<gtigg<g{<m?nux<jxk<kmh<hkx<giesm<mvqkqbiefmucg<jggt< Olx<ogit<TuKdm<hm?-k<kjgbsgzNm<OsIh<Hg<gjtBl<kjmosb<ukx<G 129 sqxiigt<dvqjls<sise (CRC), G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2, The CRC has been ratified by all states except Somalia and the United States. 130 sqxiigjtnbkolikz<gtqz<=mhmk<kukokimihie?sqxiigt<dvqjls<sisek<kqe<241uk Olzkqgdme<hcg<jg adopted May 25, 2000, G.A. Res. 54/263, Annex I, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 7, U.N. Doc. A/54/49, Vol. III (2000), entered into force February 12, Sri Lanka ratified the protocol on September 8, Sri Lanka s initial report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child on compliance with the Optional Protocol was due in 2004, but at this writing it has not yet been submitted. 131 Ibid., art.4. Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 87

89 ohivk<kliefmucg<jggjtwmg<gou{<ml<? wens<sm<muig<gl< nvsir<gr<gtg<gl<gmh<himgjtuqkqg<gqe<xk/ 243 nvsir<gh<hjmgtqz<fhigt<sbuqvh<hqz<uf<kosvukx<gieubokz<jz okimihig?olzkqgsm<muig<gliekgxqh<hqm<mubokz<jzwjkbl< ujvbxg<giuqm<mizl<?sbuqvh<hqz<nvsir<gh<hjmgtqz<uf<kosvukx<gie Ngg<Gjxf<kubokz<jzokimIhig?nvsir<gr<gt<kiligOugm<Mh<hMl< -j{h<hqvgmeolie<jxosb<bou{<ml<weul<?ns<sm<muig<gl<ogivgqe<xk/ nu<uixujvbxg<gh<hml<ubokz<jzbiek27uqmgjxuig-vg<glcbik/ -zr<jgjbh<ohixk<kujv?nvsir<gh<hjmgtqz<uf<kosvl<ngg<gjxf<k ubokz<jzbig29ubkwe<hjk?ns<sm<muig<gk<kqz<jgobih<hlqm<mwx<xg< ogit<tl<ohioknvsir<gk<kiz<hqvgmeh<hmk<kh<hm<mt<tk/weou?-zr<jgbqz< nvslx<xl<?nvssiihz<zikhjmbqei-vkvh<hqzl<wz<ziuqklie Nm<OsIh<Hg<Gl<-f<kubokz<jzbieKfjmLjxh<hMk<kh<hmz<Ou{<Ml</ 2:::l<N{<cz<sIuOksokipqz<fqXuek<kqe<)ILO*nr<gk<KufiMgtiue?nkq OlisliesqxiIokipqz<LjxjlokimIhiedme<hcg<jgjb)293*(Worst form of Child Lobour Conventions)WglekigfqjxOux<xqe/29ubKg<GGjxf<k sgzjvbl<sqxiigt<wenkujvbxh<hokim?nkqolisliesqxiiokipqz< Ljxjlwe<hjkkeKujvuqzg<g{k<kqx<Gt<hqe<uVliXdt<tmg<gqbqVg<gqxK/ sqxiigjtgmk<kkz<lx<xl<uqx<hjeosb<kz</gmeg<gigncjlh< hmk<kz<?h{<j{ncjlljx?hzuf<knz<zkgm<miboujzljx lx<xl<hzuf<kligsqxiigjthjmgtqz<osik<kz<nuigjtolikz<gtqz< =MhMk<kz<dm<hm<msgzuqklieKl<ncjlk<kek<jkyk<k fmucg<jggtigl</ 244 -zr<jgnvsir<gliek3112l<n{<mliis<2l<kqgkq?nkqolisliesqxii okipqz<ljxjlokimihieyh<hf<kk<kqz<jgs<sik<kqm<mk/ sgzuqknkq OlisliesqxiIokipqz<LjxjljbncObiM-z<ziokitqh<hkx<Gl<?nkjek< kjmosb<ukx<gl<dmecbie?gik<kqvliefmucg<jggjt/nusvuqmbligg< gvkq?-zr<jgnvsir<gl<olx<ogit<tou{<ml<? we-u<ume<hcg<jgbiek -zr<jgnvsir<gk<kqx<ggmh<himgjtugk<kk/ uKdme<hcg<jgbqe<hc? nvsir<gliek?nkqolisliesqxiiokipqz<ljxjlbqz<sqxiigjt=mhmk<kl< $p<fqjzjlgjtk<kmk<kz<?nu<uixie$p<fqjzjlgtqz<-vf<ksqxiigjt ngx<xkz<?lx<xl<nuigtg<gheiuip<utqk<knuigjtlqts&gk<kqz< gzg<gs<osb<kz<?ohie<xux<xg<giefmucg<jggjtbl<olx<ogit<tz<ou{<ml</ uKdme<hcg<jgBme<%mOuLe<jug<gh<hm<Mt<te2:1uKhvqf<Kjvgtiue? 29ubkqx<GGjxf<ksqxiIgjthjmgtqz<OsIg<Gl<fmucg<jgjbgqvqlqez< Gx<xs<osbzignxquqg<Gl<hcnvsir<gk<jkDg<Guqg<gqxK/ Ibid. 133 nkqolisliesqxiiokipqz<ljxjljbkjmosb<ukl<dmecfmucg<jgwmh<hkl< okimihiedme<hcg<jgjb ILO dme<hcg<jg-z. 182 (nkqolisliesqxiiokipqz<ljxjl okimihiedme<hcg<jg), adopted June 17, 1999, 38 I.L.M (entered into force November 19, 2000). 134 Ibid., art Ibid., arts 6, 7a, 7b. 136 ILO nkqolisliesqxiiokipqz<ljxjljbkjmosb<ukx<gl<dmecfmucg<jg wmh<hkx<gliehvqf<kjvgt<, June 17, 1999, ILO No. R190, art kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;g mikg;g

90 ILO uqe<293ukdme<hcg<jgjbdxkqosb<gqe<xuqkk<kqz<?-zr<jg nvsir<gliek3116l<n{<cz<gx<xuqbz<sm<mk<kqz<(penal Code)kqVk<kk<jk ogi{<muf<kk/hzik<givlignz<zkgm<mibnch<hjmbqz<sqxiigjth<hjmbqz< OsIh<hkieKgqvqlqez<Gx<xole<Xl<nkx<Gnkq%cbkig31uVmsqjxk< k{<mjeupr<gh<hmzil<weul<nvsir<gl<nxquqk<kk/ 248 sqxiigjthjmbqz<osik<kz<yvbk<kg<gx<xl<< 26ubkqx<GGjxf<ksqxiIgjthjmgtqz<OsIh<hKl<?nuIgjtOlikz<gtqz< =MhMk<KuKl<?OvilieqbsisesIuOksGx<xuqbz<fQkqle<xk<kqe<hc)ICC*?YI Bk<kg<Gx<xligOug{qg<gh<hMl</Oksqbnvsir<gnr<gk<kuIgtqeiOzi? nvsz<ziknbkg<gpg<gtqe<nr<gk<kuigtiozi-u<uixienm<osih<h Olx<ogit<th<hMlieiz<?nKyVBk<kg<Gx<xligOu-s<sm<mk<kqe<gQp< g{qg<gh<hmou{<ml<?we<hkyvsiselig2::9l<n{<m\`jzlikk<kqz< Wx<Xg<ogit<th<hm<mK/ l<N{<MujvbqZl<sIuOksGx<xuqbz<fQkqle<xk<kqe<-s<sisek<jkWx<Xg< ogit<tgqe<xnr<gk<kuvig-zr<jgnvs-z<zikqvh<hqel<?26ubkqx<g Gjxf<ksqxiIgjtNBkg<GPg<gtqz<OsIh<hkx<GohiXh<hiekeqfhIgt< wuvl<?fjmljxbqzt<tsiuokssm<mk<kqe<hcbk<kg<gx<xr<gjt Olx<ogi{<mkx<GohiXh<Ohx<gOu{<cbuIgtiuI/o\eQuiyh<hf<kk<kqe<Olzkqg sm<muig<gl<lx<xl<sqxiigt<dvqjlokimihieyh<hf<kl<ohie<xux<xqeiz< Le<jug<gh<hm<msIuOkskvikvr<gTg<G-Vf<khvf<Khm<muvOux<jhBl<Wx<Xg< ogit<tjzbl<g{<[x<xsqobvizqobieqe<uqosmfqkqle<xk<kqe<ole<ljxbqm<m sjhbiek?3115l<n{<mollikk<kqz<?26ubkqx<gdm<hm<muigjthjmgtqz< OsIk<Kg<ogit<Tujkkjmosb<gqe<x2::7g<GLe<jebsm<mk<jk?upjlbie siuokssm<mlvhigng<gl<hckqih<htqk<kk/ 26ubkqx<GGjxf<ksqxiIgjthjmgtqz<OsIk<Kg<ogit<ukx<GohiXh<hig -Vg<Gl<keqfhIgt<?klK-f<kfmucg<jggTg<Ggqvqlqez<Gx<xr<gjt Hvqf<kuIgtigohiXh<Ohx<gOu{<cbuIgt<?weUl<sqObvizqObieqe<uqOsm fqkqle<xl<olzl<nxquqk<kk; sqxiigjthjmbqz<osi<g<gl<fmucg<jggtiue?sqxiigt<lqklqgh< hikglieuqjtugjtwx<hmk<kgqe<xk/nch<hjmdk<kvuikr<gt<lqg OlisliglQxh<hMukieK?nkqz<=MhMl<keqfhjvBl<ng<gqiqlqez< Gx<xk<kqx<Gh<ohiXh<hig<GgqxK/sqxiIgjthjmgtqz<OsIh<hkieK Wx<geOusIuOksGx<xuqbz<fQkqle<xk<kqx<gie2::9l<N{<MdOvilieqb sisek<kqe<hcgqvqlqez<gx<xligqxk/sqxiigt<hjmbqz<osig<gh<hmuk okimihigkx<ohikfjmljxbqz<dt<tsm<mlvhqbz<uqplqbr<gjt )existing customary norm) dxkqosb<k-j{k<kqvg<gl<-s<sm<mliek? HkqbokiVsm<mk<kqe<Okjujbnusqblx<xkig<Ggqe<xK/ 24: 137 -zr<jggx<xuqbz<sm<ml<?hqvqu469 A, 3116z<kqVk<kh<hm<mK/ 138 siuoksgx<xuqbz<fqkqle<xk<kqe<dovilieqbsisel<, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9, July 17, 1998, entered into force July 1, 2002, arts. 8(2)(b)(xxvi) and 8(2)(e)(vii). 139 Summary of Decision on Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment), Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, May 31, 2004, Case Number SCSL AR72 (E). Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 89

91 Hzqgt<-bg<gl<lx<Xl<gV{iGPNgqb-Vkvh<hqeVl<klKhjmb{qgtqz< sqxiigjts<osik<kg<ogi{<mt<tei/unicefnjlh<hqx<ggqjmg<gh<ohx<xt<t kguz<gtqe<nch<hjmbqz<sqxiigtqe<ubokz<jzgtiue?hzqgt<-bg<gk<kiz< OsIg<gh<hm<Mt<tsqxiIgtqz<28uQkliOeiI)2?123OhI*26ubkqx<G Gjxf<kuIgtiuI/gV{iGPuqeviz<OsIg<gh<hm<Mt<tsqxiIgtqz<6uQkliOeiI )21OhI*26ubkqx<GGjxf<kuIgtiuI/ 251 gmk<kz<gtl<hzuf<knt<osih<hl< Olikz<gtqz<=Mhm<Mt<tkvh<hqeIgtiz<?fhIgt<hzuf<kliggmk<kh<hMkz<? hizk<givlighjmgtqz<osig<gh<hmkz<dm<hm?yvfhvqe<skf<kqvlie osbx<him<jmlxkzqg<gqe<xujgbqz<woks<skqgivligosbx<hmkjzsiuoks leqkihqliesm<mliekkjmosb<gqe<xk/dt<fim<mnbkolikz<)noninternational armed conflicts*fqjzjlgtg<gohivf<kgqe<xkl<?2:5:l<n{<cz< fie<go\equidme<hcg<jggtg<gohikuieklie4uksm<muig<gliek? sgzsquqz<lg<gtl<sleigfmk<kh<hmou{<ml<weg<ogivukeiz<. woks<skqgivligsk<kqvk<kqx<gkjmohimkz<we<hkwu<ujgbqzl<osbx<hmk<kh<hm LcbikkiGl</ 252 -zr<jgbqe<hbr<gvuikkjms<sm<mr<gt< -zr<jgnvsir<gliek hbr<gvuikl<lx<xl<gxqh<hqm<mhbr<gvuik fmucg<jggjtkmk<kzl<fqxk<kkzl<? we<el<klkhkqbnusvgizs< sm<muqkqgjt?3117?csl<hi7z<nlzg<gogi{<muf<kk/wf<kouivfhvl<? hbr<gvuikfmucg<jggtqz<=mhml<gpg<gtme<okimihjuh<hk?lx<xl< nu<ujgbiefmucg<jggtqz<=mhmukwe<hux<jxns<sm<mliekkjm osb<gqxk/ 253 nk<kjms<sm<mliek?sqxiigt<dm<hmsgzfhigjtbl< dt<tmg<guokim?hzik<givligosig<gh<hmkz<?gmk<kh<hm<mosig<gh<hmkz< nz<zkns<sl<giv{ligosvkz<we<hkx<gl<nu<uixiegpg<gtqz<sbuqvh<hqz< Ohib<s<OsVuKwe<hkx<Gl<-jmObwf<kuqklieOuXhiMgjtBl< uqkqg<guqz<jz/-ke<giv{lig?gv{igpuqevizl<hzqgt<-bg<gk<kqeizl< hzuf<kligosig<gh<hml<sqxiigtl<%m-s<sm<mk<kqe<gqp<gx<xl<sim<mh<hmzil</ nk<kme<gx<xl<fq'hqg<gh<hm<miz<?hk<kuvmsqjxk<k{<mje kqih<htqg<gh<hmzil</ 254 Gxqh<hig?hbr<gvuikfmucg<jggtqz<=Mhm<Mt<tGPg<gtiz<sqxiIgt<hjmbqz< OsIg<gh<hMujkkjmosb<uKhx<xq?-k<kjms<sm<mlieKwkjeBl< Gxqh<hqmuqz<jz/ 140 UNICEF-eiz<leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<Hnjlh<hqx<Gupr<gh<hm<mHt<tquqhvr<gt<?3118? \euvq23/ 141 hiig<g 1949 o\equidme<hcg<jg?svk<k 3; see alsosiuoksosr<sqzjus<sr<gl< (ICRC), siuoksleqkihqlies<sm<mlvh (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005), see rule 99 and accompanying text. 142 nusvgizs<sm<ml<)hbr<gvuikl<lx<xl<gxqh<hqm<mhbr<gvuikfmucg<jggjtkmk<kzl< fqxk<kkzl<nusvgizs<sm<ml<*3117/sm<m-z/8?3117csl<hi7l<kqgkqfjmljxg<g ogi{<muvh<hm<mk?sm<m-z/3?4/ 143 Ibid., sm<m-z/7 90 kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;g mikg;g

92 fe<xqgt< 3117yg<Omihvqz<?nusvfqjzjlgt<Nb<uitIFred Abrahams?nusv fqjzjlgt<nozisgioliver Bercault?Nsqbh<hqvquqx<gieNOzisgIAndrew Kendle NgqObiI?fie<Guivgizlig-zr<jgbqz<Olx<ogi{<mkguz<Osgvqh<H Nb<Uh<h{qbqe<nch<hjmbqOzOb-u<uxqg<jgbieKkbivqg<gh<hm<mK/Fred Abrahams -u<uxqg<jgjb?sqxiigt<dvqjlgt<hqvquqe<h{qh<hiti Jo becker nuigtme<osif<kwpk<kig<gl<osb<kii/ leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hqe<oujzk<kqm<mh<hqvquqe<nozisgiian Gorvin, NsqbhqvqUg<giefqjxOux<xkqgivh{qh<hitIBrad Adams,lx<Xl<sm<m NOzisgIJames RossNgqObiI-u<uxqg<jgjbofxqbig<gl<osb<keI/Nsqbh< hqvquqe<-j{bitidominique Chambless,-u<uxqg<jgjbyPr<gjlh<hkx<G dkuqeii/-u<uxqg<jgg<giekbivqh<hdkuq?fitzroy Hepkins, Andrea Holley, Grace ChoiNgqObiviz<upr<gh<hmmK/ -k<kqm<mk<kqx<gnkvuupr<gqbjlg<gigcordaidg<gleqkdvqjlgt< g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hfe<xqokvquqg<gqe<xk/ -u<uxqg<jgg<gighivqbntuqz<dkuqgjts<osb<k?-zr<jgbqz<-vg<gl< leqkdvqjlgt<osbx<him<mitigtg<g?leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<h ke<fe<xqgjtk<okvquqg<gqe<xk/-zr<jgbqz<fquiv{njlh<hg<gtme< h{qbix<xl<hzfhigtl<lqgh<ohxlkqlqg<gkguz<ut&zr<gtig-vh<hkl< fq'h{ligqbt<tk/ -juwz<ziux<xg<gl<olzig?-zr<jgbqz<gmk<kzg<gdt<tiesqxiigtqe< ohx<oxiigt<?lqgul<nhk<kiefqjzjlbqe<gqpl<?klkofvk<jkykg<gqkl< nuzliefqjzjlokimihiekguz<gjtupr<gqbjlg<gig?nuigtg<gwlk fe<xqgt<dvqk<kiggqe<xe/nuigtqe<sqxiigt<lqguqjvuqz<kl<uqmgtg<g kqvl<hquvou{<ml<we<xnuigtqe<fl<hqg<jgg<g-u<uxqg<jgbiek slih<h{ligqe<xk/ Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 91

93 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 th Floor New York, NY Tel: Fax: Kenneth Roth, Executive Director Michele Alexander, Development & Outreach Director Carroll Bogert, Associate Director Barbara Guglielmo, Finance & Administration Director Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director Iain Levine, Program Director Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel James Ross, Senior Legal Advisor Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director Wilder Tayler, Legal and Policy Director Program Directors Brad Adams, Asia Holly Cartner, Europe & Central Asia Peter Takirambudde, Africa José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East & North Africa Jamie Fellner, United States Joseph Amon, HIV/AIDS Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies Bruni Burres, International Film Festival Richard Dicker, International Justice Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy Arvind Ganesan, Business & Human Rights Steve Goose, Arms LaShawn R. Jefferson, Women s Rights Scott Long, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Rights Joanne Mariner, Terrorism & Counterterrorism Lois Whitman, Children s Rights Advocacy Directors Steve Crawshaw, United Nations Mariette Grange, Geneva Marianne Heuwagen, Berlin Lotte Leicht, European Union Tom Malinowski, Washington DC Tom Porteous, London Board of Directors Jane Olson, Chair Bruce J. Klatsky, Vice-Chair Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair John J. Studzinski, Vice-Chair Omar Amanat Lloyd Axworthy David M. Brown Jorge Castañeda Tony Elliott Michael G. Fisch Michael E. Gellert Richard J. Goldstone Vartan Gregorian James F. Hoge, Jr. Wendy Keys Robert Kissane Joanne Leedom-Ackerman Josh Mailman Susan Manilow Kati Marton Linda Mason Barry Meyer Pat Mitchell Joel Motley Samuel K. Murumba Catherine Powell Sigrid Rausing Victoria Riskin Kevin P. Ryan Darian W. Swig John R. Taylor Shibley Telhami Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, ( ) Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair ( ) Bruce Rabb, Secretary hqe<eqj{h<hi.\eikqhkqvi\hg<]uqx<<g neh<hqbgckl</3117?ful<hi32 \eikqhkqlgqf<kvi\hg<] \eikqhkqosbzgl< ogipl<h>zr<gi12 -z/: x<gokijzlmz<(facsimile*&zl< neh<hh<hm<mk OlkG\eikqhkqnuIgm<G? -zr<jgbqe<gqpg<gh<hqvif<kqbk<kqz<sqxiigt<gmk<kh<hml< fqjzjlokimihiglqgf<kng<gjxbme<-jkfie<wpkgqoxe</ fqr<gt<fe<xigounxqf<kt<thc?sqxiigjthzuf<klighqck<k NBkOlikz<gtqz<=MhMk<Kl<osbx<him<cz<Hzqgt<-bg<glieK okimis<sqbig=mhm<muf<kqvh<hkl<.siuoksleqkihqlies< sm<mk<jkbl<leqkdvqjls<sm<mk<jkbl<olisliglqxgqe<x -k<kjgbosbx<him<jmleqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<h njlh<hiekokimis<sqbigul<gmjlbigul<g{<ck<kuf<kt<tk/ Neiz<?sqxiIgjtgmk<kqNBkOlikz<gtqz<=MhMk<Kl< fmucg<jggtg<g-zr<jgnvsir<gk<kqe<hikgih<hhjmbqevl< dmf<jkbigosbx<hmukiglqgul<lejks<sr<szh<hmk<kgqe<x Nkivr<gt<?n{<jlbqz<wlg<Ggqjmk<Kt<te/ nvsir<ghikgih<hh<hjmbqevqe<sqzhqvquqeigt<gv{i GPuqeVg<GdkuqBl<yk<kijsBl<upr<gquVukig?NBk Olikz<gtqz<ngh<hm<Mt<tsqxiIgt<okimIhig?osbzitI fibgk<kqe<uqosmhqvkqfqkqbqe<?uqosmnozisgvie?k~kui nze<ovig<nuigt<gmf<kuivl<nxqg<jgobie<jx outqbqm<cvf<kii/unicefnjlh<hqe<nxqg<jgbqe<hc? ng<gpuiek3117\`e<likk<kqz<lm<ml<lm<mg<gth<h lium<mk<kqz<261g<golx<hm<msqxiigjtgmk<kqs<ose<xt<tk/ Wjebhzgmk<kz<gt<?nl<hijxlx<Xl<kqVOgi{ljz lium<mr<gtqz<fmk<kh<hm<mt<te/nvsir<gliek-g<gmk<kz<gjt ohixjlbighiik<kg<ogi{<cvg<gqxkwe<xl<?-juokimihig uqsivj{gjtolx<ogit<tkuxqbqvg<gqxkwe<xl<? sqzoujtgtqz<nkqz<ofvcbighr<ogx<gqxkwe<xl<?k~kui ovig<nuigt<%xgqxii/ 92 kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;g mikg;g BERLIN BRUSSELS CHICAGO GENEVA LONDON LOS ANGELES MOSCOW NEW YORK SAN

94 Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 93 kqv/\eikqhkqbuigot?leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hskf<kqvlig Olx<ogi{<mkguz<kqvm<Ml<<Nb<UgTl<?K~KuIovig<gqEjmbkguz<gjt dxkqh<hmk<kgqe<xe/gmf<klikl<fil<gqpg<glium<mr<gtqz<olx<ogi{<m Nb<uqe<&zl<?gV{iGPuqeviiz<Olx<ogit<th<hm<mgmk<kz<gt<lx<Xl<nkqz< nvsir<ghikgih<hhjmbqevg<g-vg<gl<hr<gokimihieuqhvr<gt<dm<hm? Nm<Oshk<kqx<gqmlx<xNkivr<gjtfil<kqvm<cBt<Otil</sqzsl<hur<gtqe<OhiK? gv{igpnr<gk<kuigt<uf<ksqxiigjtogi{<mosz<ukx<gle<ei? sqxiigjtbl<-jtrigjtbl<-vi[uk<kqeisx<xqujtk<knuigtqe< ohbigjth<hkquosb<kt<tei/gmk<kh<hm<mklkhqt<jtgt<gv{ilgilqz< kmk<kjug<gh<hm<cvh<hjknh<ohx<oxiigt<okimisqbigg{<mt<tei/nk lm<mle<xq?gmk<kh<hm<msqxii<gjtlm<mg<gth<hlium<mk<kqzqvf<k?-vi[ulx<xl< ohizqsivqe<hzosikjes<siucgjtg<gmg<gilz<ouzqgf<jkjb$put<t hgkqg<guiger<gt<&zl<ogi{<mosz<zlcbik/ohizqsivqeiz<giuz< gig<gh<hml<?lm<mg<gth<hlx<xl<nl<hijxlium<mr<gtqzt<ttmvp givqbizbr<gtqzl<gmk<kh<hm<mklkhqt<jtgt<-vh<hjkwjebohx<oxiigt< g{<mt<tei/ wlkhb{k<kqe<ohikkqvm<mh<hm<mkguz<gtqe<nch<hjmbqz<leqkdvqjlgt< g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hieknxqg<jgobie<jxoutqbqmut<tk/k~kuinze< ovig<gqeiz<le<jug<gh<hm<mgx<xs<sim<mg<gt<okimihiguqsivj{gjt Olx<ogit<Tl<hcfQr<gt<dk<kvuqm<Mt<tjlokimIhigfil<lgqp<sqbjmgqOxil<// ns<sikgliefmucg<jgokimihigfil<wlknxqg<jgbqz<gxqh<hqmuokim? gv{igp?-vi[ul<?ohizqsiidm<hm?sm<mk<jklqxbsgzjvbl<sm<mk<kqe< Le<fqXk<Kukx<Gnvsir<gl<Le<Lbx<sqgt<wMk<kqVh<hqe<?njuokimIhigUl< wlknxqg<jgbqz<ogicm<mg<gim<muqvl<hgqe<oxil</ -kx<gdr<gt<kvh<hqzqvf<kupr<gl<yk<kijsbig?gmk<kz<fmucg<jgbqz< gv{igpuqevkl<nvsir<gk<kqekl<hr<gokimihieuqsivj{gjt Olx<ogit<ukx<Gnjlg<gh<hm<Mt<tuqsivj{h<hqvqUokimIhigWkiuK kguz<gt<-vh<hqe<nux<jxwlg<gk<kvlix?dr<gt<osbzgk<kqx<gh{qh<hjv upr<gl<hcogm<mg<ogit<gqoxil</nu<uqsivj{h<hqvquiekbiviz<kjzjl kir<gh<hmgqxk?nu<uqsivj{h<hqvquujgosiz<ukbivg<g?nkwu<uix fqxk<kh<hmujkdxkqosb<ukx<gl<?wx<geougmk<kh<hm<msqxiigt<hikgih<hig kl<uqmgtg<gneh<hqjug<gh<hmukx<gl<<nvsir<gl<olx<ogi{<mt<twjeb fmucg<jggt<hx<xqbuqhvr<gjtbl<nxqbfil<lqgnuzigdt<otil</ kqv/\eikqhkqbuigot?-zr<jgbqz<lq{<ml<hivqbntuqzienbkolikz<gt< Nvl<hqk<kqVh<hjkbqm<Mfil<Np<f<kgujzogit<gqOxil</-f<fqjzjlbiz< kuqig<glcbilz<squqz<lg<gothikqh<hg<gt<tigohigqe<xei/neiz<? Wx<hmg<%cbhikqh<Hg<gt<dr<gt<kjzjlk<Kuk<kqe<gQp<Gjxg<gh<hmzil<we fil<fl<huokim?lqgolislienk<klqxz<gtg<gdt<tigg<%cbfqjzjlbqz< dt<tuigtg<gwx<hmg<%cbhikqh<hg<gtl<gjxg<gh<hmzil<wefl<hgqoxil</

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96 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 th Floor New York, NY Tel: Fax: Kenneth Roth, Executive Director Michele Alexander, Development & Outreach Director Carroll Bogert, Associate Director Barbara Guglielmo, Finance & Administration Director Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director Iain Levine, Program Director Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel James Ross, Senior Legal Advisor Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director Wilder Tayler, Legal and Policy Director Program Directors Brad Adams, Asia Holly Cartner, Europe & Central Asia Peter Takirambudde, Africa José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East & North Africa Jamie Fellner, United States Joseph Amon, HIV/AIDS Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies Bruni Burres, International Film Festival Richard Dicker, International Justice Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy Arvind Ganesan, Business & Human Rights Steve Goose, Arms LaShawn R. Jefferson, Women s Rights Scott Long, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Rights Joanne Mariner, Terrorism & Counterterrorism Lois Whitman, Children s Rights Advocacy Directors Steve Crawshaw, United Nations Mariette Grange, Geneva Marianne Heuwagen, Berlin Lotte Leicht, European Union Tom Malinowski, Washington DC Tom Porteous, London Board of Directors Jane Olson, Chair Bruce J. Klatsky, Vice-Chair Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair John J. Studzinski, Vice-Chair Omar Amanat Lloyd Axworthy David M. Brown Jorge Castañeda Tony Elliott Michael G. Fisch Michael E. Gellert Richard J. Goldstone Vartan Gregorian James F. Hoge, Jr. Wendy Keys Robert Kissane Joanne Leedom-Ackerman Josh Mailman Susan Manilow Kati Marton Linda Mason Barry Meyer Pat Mitchell Joel Motley Samuel K. Murumba Catherine Powell Sigrid Rausing Victoria Riskin Kevin P. Ryan Darian W. Swig John R. Taylor Shibley Telhami Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, ( ) Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair ( ) Bruce Rabb, Secretary hqe<eqj{h<hii.tmvpg<gneh<hh<hm<mgckl< 3117?ful<hI33 uq/lvtqkve< klqpqplg<gt<uqmkjzh<hzqgt< ne<hme<kqv/lvtqkve<? -zr<jgbqe<gqpg<gh<hqvif<kqbk<kqz<sqxiigt<gmk<kh<hml< fqjzjlgt<okimihiglqgf<kng<gjxbme<-jkfie< wpkgqoxe</fqr<gt<fe<xiounxqf<kqvg<gqe<xhc?sqxiigt< hzuf<klighqcg<gh<hm<mnbkolikz<gtqz<=mhmk<kl< osbx<him<cz<hzqgt<-bg<gliekokimis<sqbig=mhm<m uf<kqvh<hkl<.siuoksleqkihqlies<sm<mk<jkbl<leqk dvqjls<sm<mk<jkbl<olisliglqxgqe<x-k<kjgb osbx<him<jmleqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hiek okimis<sqbigul<gmjlbigul<g{<ck<kuf<kt<tk/neiz<? nokuqkliefmucg<jggtqz<dlknj{bqe<gqp<dt<t hjmbqevl<=mhmukiglqgul<lejks<sr<szh<hmk<kgqe<x Nkivr<gt<n{<jlbqz<wlg<Ggqjmk<Kt<te/ gqpg<gh<hgkqbqz<gv{igpuqeiokimisqbigsqxiigjtg< gmk<kukig?nbkolikz<gtqz<ngh<hm<mt<tsqxiigt< okimihigosbzitifibgk<kqe<uqosmhqvkqfqkqbqe<?uqosm NOzisgvie?K~KuInze<ovig<nuIgt<gmf<kuivl< nxqg<jgobie<jxoutqbqm<cvf<kii/unicefnjlh<hqe< nxqg<jgbqe<hc?ng<gpuiek3117\`e<likk<kqz<lm<ml< lm<mg<gth<hlium<mk<kqz<261g<golx<hm<msqxiigjtgmk<kqs< ose<xt<tk/wjebhzgmk<kz<gt<?nl<hijxlx<xl< kqvogi{ljzlium<mr<gtqz<fmk<kh<hm<mt<te/nvsir<gliek -g<gmk<kz<gtg<gdmf<jkbig-vh<hokimsqzoujtgtqz< nkqz<ofvcbighr<ogx<gqxkwe<xl<?k~kuiovig<olzl< %xqbqvg<gqxii/ leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<hiekskf<kqvlig Olx<ogi{<mkguz<Nb<UgTl<?K~KuIovig<gqEjmb Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 95 BERLIN BRUSSELS CHICAGO GENEVA LONDON LOS ANGELES MOSCOW NEW YORK SAN

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98 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 th Floor New York, NY Tel: Fax: Kenneth Roth, Executive Director Michele Alexander, Development & Outreach Director Carroll Bogert, Associate Director Barbara Guglielmo, Finance & Administration Director Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director Iain Levine, Program Director Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel James Ross, Senior Legal Advisor Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director Wilder Tayler, Legal and Policy Director Program Directors Brad Adams, Asia Holly Cartner, Europe & Central Asia Peter Takirambudde, Africa José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East & North Africa Jamie Fellner, United States Joseph Amon, HIV/AIDS Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies Bruni Burres, International Film Festival Richard Dicker, International Justice Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy Arvind Ganesan, Business & Human Rights Steve Goose, Arms LaShawn R. Jefferson, Women s Rights Scott Long, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Rights Joanne Mariner, Terrorism & Counterterrorism Lois Whitman, Children s Rights Advocacy Directors Steve Crawshaw, United Nations Mariette Grange, Geneva Marianne Heuwagen, Berlin Lotte Leicht, European Union Tom Malinowski, Washington DC Tom Porteous, London Board of Directors Jane Olson, Chair Bruce J. Klatsky, Vice-Chair Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair John J. Studzinski, Vice-Chair Omar Amanat Lloyd Axworthy David M. Brown Jorge Castañeda Tony Elliott Michael G. Fisch Michael E. Gellert Richard J. Goldstone Vartan Gregorian James F. Hoge, Jr. Wendy Keys Robert Kissane Joanne Leedom-Ackerman Josh Mailman Susan Manilow Kati Marton Linda Mason Barry Meyer Pat Mitchell Joel Motley Samuel K. Murumba Catherine Powell Sigrid Rausing Victoria Riskin Kevin P. Ryan Darian W. Swig John R. Taylor Shibley Telhami Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, ( ) Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair ( ) Bruce Rabb, Secretary hqe<eqj{h<hiii.hzqgt<-bg<gk<kqx<g neh<hh<hm<mgckl< 3117?ful<hI39 S/h/klqp<osz<ue< ohiks<osbziti Hzqgt<-bg<gnvsqbz<hqvqU gqtqofis<sq >Qzr<gi -z/: :6:x<gokijzlmz<(facsimile*&zl< neh<hh<hm<mk ne<hme<kqv?klqp<osz<ue<? -zr<jgbqz<nbkg<gpg<gtiz<sqxiigt<gmk<kh<hml< fqjzjlgt<okimihiglqgf<kng<gjxbme<-jkfie< wpkgqoxe</gv{igpuqeisqxiigt<lx<xl<-jtrigjt gmk<kukokimihigul<nkx<g-zr<jg-vi[uk<kqevl< ohizqsivl<dmf<jkbig-vh<hkokimihigul<fil< uqlisqk<kqvf<okil</sqxiigt<hzuf<klighqcg<gh<hm<mnbk Olikz<gtqz<=MhMk<kh<hMuKfQ{<mgizligguek<kqz< wmg<gh<hm<mhqjvs<sqjebig-vg<gqe<xk/siuoksleqkihqlies< sm<mk<jkbl<leqkdvqjls<sm<mk<jkbl<olisliglqxgqe<x -k<kjgbosbx<him<jmleqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<h njlh<hiekokimis<sqbigul<gmjlbigul<g{<ck<k uf<kt<tk/ -zr<jgbqz<sqxiigt<gmk<kh<hm<mnbkg<gpg<gtiz< hiuqg<gh<hmukokimihigleqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<h njlh<hiekgmf<klikk<kqz<skf<kqvligkguz<osgvqh<h Nb<ouie<jxOlx<ogi{<mK/wlKhb{k<kqe<OhiKkqvm<mh<hm<m kguz<gtqe<nch<hjmbqz<fil<nxqg<jgobie<jx outqbqmut<otil</nu<uxqg<jgjboutqbqmukx<gle<ei?fil< dr<gt<gvk<kg<gjtnxqbnuzib<dt<otil</uqosmlig? Hzqgt<-bg<gk<kqe<slikieosbzgk<kqeiz<3117Ng^<m<cz< Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 97 BERLIN BRUSSELS CHICAGO GENEVA LONDON LOS ANGELES MOSCOW NEW YORK SAN

99 kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;g mikg;g 98 outqbqmh<hm<m? -zr<jgbqe<umg<ggqpg<gh<hqvoksr<gtqz<nbkolikz<gtqz< sqxiigt<? we<el<nxqg<jgg<gh<hqe<eihzqgt<-bg<gl<we<efmucg<jggjt wmk<kt<tkwenxqbuqvl<hgqoxil</nk<kqgkqbqz<-vf<kwk<kjesqxiigt< Hzqgt<-bg<gk<kiz<uqMkjzosb<bh<hm<MklKGMl<hr<gtqml<kqVl<hqh< -bg<gnr<gk<kuigtg<gwkqvigwe<euqklieypg<gfmucg<jggt<hzqgt< OlOz%xh<hm<mjuokimIhigdr<gt<hqvkqhzqh<Hgt<csl<hIlikl<5l<kqgkqg<G Le<eIwlg<Ggqjmg<gh<ohx<xiz<?wlKnxqg<jgkbivqg<gh<hMl<OhiKnju guek<kqz<wmk<kg<ogit<th<hml<we<hkme<?njuokimihigwlkfe<xqgjtbl< okvquqg<gqoxil</-g<gx<xs<sim<mg<gt<okimihigul<wjebleqkdvqjl uqmbr<gt<okimihigul<dr<gotimokimis<sqbigohsukx<gkbivig -Vg<gqOxil<we<hjkBl<nxqbk<kVgqOxil</-zr<jgbqz<fQ{<mgizligNBk Olikz<gt<okimIf<Kogi{<cVg<Gl<fqjzbqz<?nr<Gsikiv{squqz<lg<gTg<G Wx<hMl<hikqh<Hg<gjt-be<xtUGjxh<hkx<Gdkug<%cbkiefmucg<jggjt wmh<hkx<gfil<wl<jlnih<h{qk<kt<otil<we<hjk%xuqvl<hgqoxil</ d{<jlbt<t Brad Adams Nsqbh<hqvqUh<h{qh<hitI leqkdvqjlgt<g{<gi{qh<hnjlh<h

100 hqe<eqj{h<hiv.klqp<osz<ueqmlqvf<kgqjmg<gh<ohx<xgckl< Mr Brad Adams Asia DivisionDirector Human Rights watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 th Floor New York, NY ne<hme<kqv/hqvm<nml<^<? -zr<jgk<kquqz<ubkgjxf<kfhigt<?nbkg<gpg<gtiz<hjmgtqz< OsIg<gh<hMuKhx<xqbuqmbl<okimIhig3117/ful<hI39l<kqgkqfQr<gt<nEh<hqb gckk<kqx<gfe<xq/ubkgjxf<kfhigt<wlk-bg<gk<kqz<osvilz<-vh<hkx<gig fil<wmk<kt<tlbx<sqgt<okimihignxqbk<kvukx<gig-f<ksf<kih<hk<jkh< hbe<hmk<kukqz<fie<lgqp<sqnjmgqoxe</ n{<jlbqz<fil<nxquqk<kt<tsqxii<hikgih<hsm<mliek?3118?\euvq8l< kqgkqnlzg<guvut<tk/nh<hkqbsm<mk<jknr<gqzk<kqx<golipqohbih<hkqz< sx<xg<gizkilkl<wx<hm<mt<tk/wu<uixibqel<?sqxiihikgih<hnkqgiv sjhbieknh<hkqbsm<mk<jkdr<gtg<gklqp<olipqbqz<uqjvuqz< neh<hqjug<gl</ -s<sm<ml<nlz<hmk<kh<hmujkg{<gi{qh<hkx<gigfil<sqxiihikgih<hnkqgiv sjhjbhzh<hmk<kqbt<otil</sqxii<hikgih<hnkqgivsjhbqe<fqhf<kje uqtg<gr<gt<(terms of Reference)-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/ Fw;wr; nrayf;f cle;ij 99

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102 H UMAN R I GHTS WATCH 350 Fifth Avenue, 34 th Floor New York, NY H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H 2006 Fred Abrahams/Human Rights Watch