France in an Era of Global War,

Transcription

1 France in an Era of Global War,

2 This page intentionally left blank

3 France in an Era of Global War, Occupation, Politics, Empire and Entanglements Edited by Ludivine Broch European University Institute, Italy Alison Carrol Brunel University, UK

4 Selection and editorial matter Ludivine Broch and Alison Carrol 2014 All remaining chapters respective authors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

5 Contents Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors vii viii Introduction 1 Ludivine Broch and Alison Carrol Part I Experiencing Occupation 1 War through the Eyes of the Child: Children Remember the German Occupation of Northern France, Miranda Sachs 2 The History of Occupied Northern France in the First World War 31 James E. Connolly 3 Martyred Towns of the Liberation: The Case of the Massacre d Ascq 50 Ludivine Broch Part II The Reconfiguration of the Politics of Left and Right 4 The Shooting at Chartres: A Case Study in French Political Violence 73 Chris Millington 5 International Communism in Interwar France, Thomas Beaumont 6 The Silent Minority: Working-class Conservatism in Interwar France 111 Joe Starkey Part III The New Politics of Empire 7 Global Recruitment: The Wartime Origins of French Mandate Syria 133 Simon Jackson 8 Entangled Enemies: Vichy, Italy and Collaboration 152 Karine Varley v

6 vi Contents Part IV Entanglements with the Anglophone World 9 Prehistory and Palaeontology in France, Chris Manias 10 The French maquis and the Allies during the Second World War 192 Raphaële Balu 11 Not by Bread Alone? UNRRA and the Displaced Persons in Gutach 210 Laure Humbert Epilogue: A Historiographical Overview 231 Robert Gildea Select Bibliography 241 Index 250

7 Acknowledgements The chapters assembled here originated in a conference which took place in Oxford in June We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which gave us the financial and material support to organise it: the Society for the Study of French History, the Royal Historical Society, the Society for French Studies, St Hugh s College (Oxford) and of course the Maison Française d Oxford. Special thanks to Anne Simonin and Robert Gildea for their material and intellectual support. Thanks also to Clare Mence and Emily Russell at Palgrave for making the transition from conference to publication such a smooth process, and to all the contributors for meeting the tight deadlines we required of them. vii

8 Notes on the Contributors Raphaële Balu is a PhD candidate in history at the University of Caen and a fellow of the Direction de la Mémoire, du Patrimoine et des Archives (Ministère de la Défense). She is writing a thesis about the relationship between the French maquis, Free France and the Allies between 1943 and 1945, under the supervision of Professors Jean Quellien and Olivier Wieviorka. She holds a teaching qualification in history (agrégation d histoire, 2008) and was formerly a teaching assistant at the University of Caen ( ) and a fellow at the Foundation de la Résistance (2013). Thomas Beaumont is Teaching Fellow in Modern European History at the University of Bristol. His doctoral thesis examined communist political culture in interwar France through the lens of trade union activity among the railway workers. Several publications have emerged from this research and a book manuscript examining interwar communism and the Popular Front is currently in preparation. His current research focuses upon the role of France as a leading centre of international communism in the period of the Communist International. This research is part of a broader reassessment of the Comintern in collaboration with Dr Tim Rees (University of Exeter). Ludivine Broch is currently a Max Weber Research Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence. She completed an AHRCfunded doctoral thesis on French railway workers in the Second World War at the University of Oxford in She has since held teaching and research fellowships at Birkbeck, University of London and the University of Bristol. She is currently finishing her monograph, entitled Ordinary Workers: French Railwaymen, Vichy and the Holocaust, which will be coming out in 2015, and will be translated into French with Tallandier. Alison Carrol is Lecturer in European History at Brunel University, specialising in the Franco German border region of Alsace and the dynamics of its return to French rule in Her publications in this area include articles in the Journal of Contemporary History, French Historical Studies, European History Quarterly, the European Review of History and the Revue d Alsace. She is currently working on a monograph on the return of Alsace to France. viii

9 Notes on the Contributors ix James E. Connolly completed his PhD at King s College London in February 2013, for which his thesis was entitled Encountering Germans: The Experience of Occupation in the Nord, His research has been funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, King s College London, the Institute of Historical Research, and the Historial de la Grande Guerre. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher and research coordinator at Université Paris IV-Sorbonne for the research axis L Europe des guerres et des traces de guerre (War and Traces of War in Europe), part of the LabEx project Écrire une histoire nouvelle de l Europe (Writing a New History of Europe). Robert Gildea is a Professor of Modern French History at the University of Oxford. Author of Marianne in Chaines (2002). He has written widely on the history of France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He is currently working on a history of foreigners within the resistance. Laure Humbert has recently completed an AHRC-funded PhD dissertation titled From Soup-kitchen Charity to Humanitarian Expertise? France, the United Nations and the Displaced Persons Problem in Postwar Germany. Her research considers how French diplomats, administrators and relief workers approached the question of Eastern European Displaced Persons (DPs) in postwar Germany, in cooperation with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and later the International Refugee Organisation (IRO). The thesis demonstrates that distinctive diplomatic constraints, economic requirements and cultural differences influenced the thought and practice of refugee humanitarianism, shaping alternate ways of arranging interim provision and rehabilitating DPs in the French zone of occupation. Simon Jackson is a historian of colonial empire, specialising in the study of French colonialism in the twentieth-century Mediterranean and Middle East. Currently a Jean Monnet postdoctoral fellow at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, he is completing a book on the political economy of French rule in Syria and Lebanon after the First World War. He has taught at the European University Institute and at Sciences-Po, Paris. He holds a PhD in History from New York University. In 2014 he will take up a position as a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellow at the University of Birmingham. Chris Manias is Lecturer in Modern European History at the University of Manchester, specialising in the development and wider influence of the human, biological and medical sciences in Britain, France, the USA and German-speaking Europe from the eighteenth to the early

10 x Notes on the Contributors twentieth century. He studied for his PhD at Birkbeck, University of London, and has previously held academic positions at the German Historical Institute London, the University of Bristol and the University of Exeter. He is the author of Race, Science and the Nation: Reconstructing the Ancient Past in Britain, France and Germany, Chris Millington is a lecturer in twentieth-century history at Swansea University. His current research concerns political violence in France during He is author of From Victory to Vichy: Veterans in Interwar France, a groundbreaking re-examination of the French veterans movement. Miranda Sachs is a PhD candidate in the Yale University History Department specialising in nineteenth-century France and the history of childhood. Her dissertation examines the lives of working-class Parisian children under the Third Republic. She received her undergraduate degree from Princeton University where she won the Laurence Hutton Prize in History as the top history student in her graduating class. This work derives from research conducted for her senior thesis, Children under the German Occupation of Northern France, , which won the Walter Phelps Hall Prize in European History and the thesis prize from the Center of Excellence in French Studies. Joe Starkey is a research student at Cardiff University. He holds a BA and MA in History from the same institution. His PhD thesis, entitled Working-class Conservatism in Interwar France, , is due for completion in 2015 and is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. His main research interests concern the history of popular politics during the interwar period. Karine Varley is Lecturer in European History at the University of Strathclyde. She is the author of Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of in French Memory (Palgrave, 2008). Her previous publications have included articles in the Journal of Contemporary History, European History Quarterly and French History. She is currently writing a book exploring French encounters with Italy during the Second World War. The project analyses the relations between Vichy France and Fascist Italy at a government level and locally in France and North Africa, as well as the Italian occupation of south-eastern France and Corsica between 1940 and 1943.