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1 building as culture

2 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice

3 Skyscrapers: the Empire State; Taipei 101; Eiffel Tower; CN Tower, Toronto, &c Miles Lewis [ed], Architectura (Sydney 2008), p 104 the Burj Dubai, Dubai, by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP,

4 the great bulk of building activity is not at the cutting edge habits persist the building practices of one nation differ from another ideas spread from one nation to another in the same way as practices in cooking, ways of dancing and forms of humour in this sense building is a cultural activity

5 timber building in Europe logs palisades crucks frames

6 the forested areas of Europe Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562

7 log construction

8 principal types of log construction top left: simplest form bottom left: top and bottom notched centre: as used in Sweden right: the corner of a barn, Sandsede village, Swedish Lapland Talbot Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture, II, The Principles of Composition (New York 1952), pp 313-4

9 reconstruction of roofing used in Russian medieval domestic architecture, by M V Krakowski & B D Grekov Rice, Russian Art, p 99

10

11 palisade construction earthfast post & wattle construction reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of Köln- Lindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309

12 early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, Sweden MUAS 5,284

13

14 suggested development of the cruck frame West, The Timber-Frame House, p 22

15 cruck-truss' construction Ronald Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (London 1970), p 53

16 'Cruck Cottage', Didbrook, Stanway, Gloucester-shire, no date Tony Evans & C L Green, English Cottages (London 1982), p 47

17 THE GROUND SILL

18 posts or studs, with and without a ground sill West, The Timber-Frame House, p 21

19 Glastonbury, c 200 BC: overlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one presumably for a corner post John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320

20 interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

21 excavation of a structure at Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21

22 the terra cotta tile

23 the roofing tile A hand made types the crown or shingle tile tegula & imbrex the Flemish or pantile the Spanish or Cordoba tile

24 the tegula [pl tegulae] - the flat or concave tile which covers the roof surface the imbrex [pl imbrices] - the concave tile which protects the joint classical Greek roof tile types J J Coulton, Greek Architects at Work (London 1977), p 34

25 Roman temple, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, Spain, C2nd BC: reconstruction of the terracotta tile roof and revetment F B Yagüe, El Santuario Ibero-Romano de la Encarnacion, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia [leaflet] (Caravaca de la Cruz [Murcia] 1995), no page

26 tile roof in Prague, Czech Republic Miles Lewis

27 roof tiles from the Forbidden City, Beijing, China Miles Lewis

28 Spanish tiles

29 the pantile or Flemish tile roof at Hinxton, England generic drawings Miles Lewis R W Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (London 1970), p 89

30 El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: mould & forme Miles Lewis

31 El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: filling the mould Miles Lewis

32 El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the filled mould El molde lleno Miles Lewis

33 El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: transferring the tile to the fourme Miles Lewis

34 El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the drying ground Miles Lewis

35 Chinese tile making on a tub, Tiangono Kaiway, 1637 Guo Qinghua, 'Tile and Brick Making in China: a Study of the Yingzao Fashi', Construction History, XVI (2000), p 4

36 French Marseille tiles

37 the roofing tile B pressed types (the Marseilles tile) Gilardoni Muller Martin Frères SA des Tuileries, Marseille

38 mould for a tile press Emile Bourry, Treatise on Ceramic Industries (3rd ed, London 1919 [1901]), p 128

39 Gilardoni roofing tiles (Montchanin type, right) Pierre Chabat, Dictionnaire des Termes Employés dans la Construction (Paris 1875), p 1423

40 tile with vent by Muller Frères, Alsace, 1855 (shown at the Paris Exposition) and reconstruction of the basic form Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, XX, 277 (April 1857), p 112 Miles Lewis

41 the Gilardoni tile reconstructed 1855 form as illustrated in E O Lami, Dictionnaire Encyclopédique et Biographique de l'industrie et des Arts Industriels (9 vols, Paris ), VIII, p 845

42 the Marseille tile mystery a roofing tile little known in France, outside Marseille hardly known in Britain or the United States extensively used in Turkey, India, Argentina, Australia

43 tiles exported from Marseille, 1860 (manufacturer not stated) Colonial Mining Journal, 4, September 1860, p 15

44 the first Marseille tile roof in Australia North Park, Melbourne, Miles Lewis

45 Guichard, Carvin & Cie tile David Callow

46 bee brand on the nose of a Guichard, Carvin & Cie tile David Callow

47 turtle brand on Tuileries de la Méditerranée tiles, 1908 ( Warra ), Victoria Miles Lewis

48

49 domed mud brick houses at Abu Ghal Ghal, northern Syria. Miles Lewis domed houses at Harran, southern Turkey. From South-Eastern Anatolia and the Gap Region, no date.

50 flat plate adobes drying at Uragli, Turkey. Miles Lewis

51 block-shaped adobe of the Urartu culture, Tesheban citadel, Armenia, 732 BC. Miles Lewis

52 The Arab village of Balaban, southern Turkey. Miles Lewis

53 Kurdish mud bricks at Çavustepe village. Photo: author Kurdish mud brick mould at Yalindamlar Photo: author

54 the monolithic arch

55 the principle of the arch Miles Lewis

56 Arch of Constantine, Rome, AD 312 Miles Lewis

57 the monolithic arch: the church at Sitt-er-Rum, Syria, 6 th century AD. Miles Lewis.

58 Sitt-er-Rum

59

60 S Pedro de la Nave, late C7th S Paul, Jarrow, c 685

61 The monolithic arch: S Pedro de la Nave, near Zamora, Spain, late century AD. Photos: author.

62 The monolithic arch: East church at Jarrow, England, c 685: arches in the north wall. Photo: author. Engraving from M A S Hickmore, St Paul s Church, Jarrow, p 74.

63 the Mayan false arch

64 Mayan false arch at the Governor s Palace, Palenque, Mexico, c AD, and in the cloister of the Convent of La Recoleccion, Antigua, Miles Lewis

65 lehmwickel

66 half-timbered house in Hildersham Cambridgeshire MUAS 8,380 fachwerk cottage of a German-Swiss immigrant, Columbiana County, Ohio, USA, c 1847 E V Gillon, Early Illustrations and Views of American Architecture (New York [1971]), p 43

67 fachwerk house, Hahndorf South Australia John Archer, Building a Nation (Melbourne 1987), p 54

68 wine grower's house from Sachsenflur 1562 Hohenloher Frieland Museum view and detail in the attic Miles Lewis

69 Haus Sachsenflur view and detail of the lehmwickel Miles Lewis

70 139 Main Street, Lobethal South Australia Gordon Young et al, Lobethal 'Valley of Praise (Adelaide 1983), p 99 Burgers' farmhouse near Penshurst Victoria, c 1854 Miles Lewis

71 the Burger farm, photograph of the 1870s (held at the property)

72 the Burger stables external panel internal details Miles Lewis

73 ceiling of the Burger cottage Miles Lewis 1974

74 house at Paechtown, South Australia: view and detail of lehmwickel ceiling Robert Moore & Sheridan Bourke, Australian Cottages (Port Melbourne 1989), p 45

75 reconstructing a lehmwickel ceiling Szentendre Museum Hungary Sabján Tibor

76 Fachwerk construction at Harmonie, Indiana, USA Don Blair, Harmonist Construction, plate VII & p 59

77 Dutch biscuits at Harmonie, Indiana, USA Don Blair, Harmonist Construction, p 55

78 lehmwickel & quenouille ceilings Schloss Huhen-Tübingen, Germany, C16th detail of ceiling: Dr Hubert Krins L'Abbaye de la Lucerne, Western Normandy, C16th: J-C I Yarmola Chateau of Chateaudun, Loire Valley France: Allan Willingham

79 La Ville-Cotterel, Montauban, France, 1729: detail of quenouilles Miles Lewis

80 Europe in 528 McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 25

81

82 320 Buckley Street, Essendon Miles Lewis

83 the apotheosis of the brick veneer 32 Gilbertson Street, Essendon, designed and built by J J Clift, c 1928 Joe Clift in 1983 Miles Lewis

84 F T Hodgson et al, Architecture, Carpentry, and Building (5 vols, Chicago [1910]), II, p 139

85 the Burj Dubai, Dubai, by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, er.com/

86