Curriculum Vita GUSTAVO CARLO

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1 Carlo CV -- 1 Curriculum Vita GUSTAVO CARLO 410 Gentry Hall Telephone: (573) office Department of Human Development and Family Science Fax Number: (573) University of Missouri carlog@missouri.edu Columbia, Missouri EDUCATION Ph.D. Developmental Psychology, Arizona State University, 1994 Pre-Doctoral Training Fellowship. (National Institute of Mental Health Grant 5-T32-MH18387). Center for Prevention Research, Arizona State University, M.A. Developmental Psychology, Arizona State University, 1991 B.A. Psychology, Florida International University, 1986 A.A. Chemistry, Miami-Dade Community College, 1982 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Millsap Endowed Professor of Diversity and Multicultural Studies. Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, 2011-present Co-Director and Founder. Center for Children and Families Across Cultures, University of Missouri, 2012-present Director. Center for Family Policy and Research, University of Missouri, Research Affiliate. Population, Education, and Health Center, University of Missouri, present Faculty Affiliate. Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri, 2013-present Faculty Affiliate. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2011-present Research Affiliate. Population, Education, and Health Center, University of Missouri, present Carl A. Happold Distinguished Professor of Psychology. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Visiting Summer Fellow. Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017 Visiting Summer Fellow. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología, Matemática y Experimental (CIIPME), Argentina, 2009, 2011 Visiting Summer Fellow. National Chung Chen University, Taiwan, 2009 Sabbatical Fellow. Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain, 2008 Professor. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sabbatical Fellow. Department of Psychology, Keele University, UK, 2001 Associate Professor. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Assistant Professor. Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Teaching Assistant. Arizona State University, Research Assistant. Arizona State University, Instructor. Experimental Psychology, Arizona State University, 1987 Research Assistant. Laboratory for Psychosocial Development and Research, Florida International University,

2 Carlo CV -- 2 HONORS AND AWARDS MU Top Achiever, University of Missouri, 2017 Member, Association of State Provincial Psychology Boards Examination Committee, American Psychological Association, 2016-present Fellow Status, American Psychological Society, 2014 Fellow Status, Division 7, American Psychological Association, 2014 MU Life Sciences Faculty Mentor Recognition, University of Missouri, 2016 Nominated for MU Graduate Faculty Mentor Award, University of Missouri, 2015 Recognition for Contributions to Students, UNL Parents Association and Teaching Council, 2009 Certificate of Appreciation for Internship Mentoring, Department of Health and Human Services, 2009, 2010 Nominated for Outstanding Graduate Education Award, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2005, 2008 Organization Award to the Latino Research Initiative for Contributions to the Hispanic Community of Nebraska, Mexican-American Commission and the State of Nebraska, 2008 Positive Psychology Award for Research Excellence (4 th Prize), American Psychological Association and John Templeton Foundation, 2001 Recognition for Contributions to the Community (Latino Research Initiative), Lincoln Hispanic Community Center, 1997, 2001 Center for Great Plains Fellow, University of Nebraska, 2001 Gallup Research Fellow, Gallup Research Center, Lincoln, NE, Gallup Research Professor, Gallup Research Center, Lincoln, NE, Graduate Faculty Fellow, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1996-present Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society Member, 1995 Graduate Faculty Member, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, National Science Foundation Minority Fellowship, Honorable Mention, 1988 Ford Foundation Minority Fellowship, Honorable Mention, 1988 Regents Academic Graduate Scholarship, Arizona State University, Most Outstanding Academic Student Achiever in Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Florida International University, 1986 Who's Who Among American University Students, 1986 Research Journal Articles (all refereed) PUBLICATIONS 131. Knight, G. P., Mazza, G. L., & Carlo, G. (in press). Trajectories of familism values and the prosocial tendencies of Mexican American adolescents. Developmental Psychology 130. Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Streit, C., & Crockett, L. (in press). Considering economic stress and empathic traits in predicting prosocial behaviors among U.S. Latino adolescents. Social Development

3 Carlo CV Gülseven, Z., Carlo, G., Streit, C., Kumru, A., Selcuk, B., & Sayil, M. (in press). Longitudinal relations among parenting daily hassles, child rearing, and prosocial and aggressive behaviors in Turkish children. Social Development Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B., Armenta, B., Kim, S. Y., Opal, D., & Streit, C. (in press). The roles of familism and emotion regulation in the relations between acculturative stress and prosocial behaviors in Latino/a college students. Journal of Latino/a Psychology Streit, C., Carlo, G., Ispa, J., & Palermo, F. (2017). Negative emotionality and discipline as long-term predictors of behavioral outcomes in African American and European American children. Developmental Psychology, 53, Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Streit, C., & White, R. M. B (in press). A model of maternal and paternal ethnic socialization of Mexican American adolescents self-views. Child Development 125. Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Hardy, S. A., Olthuis, J. V., & Zamboanga, B. L. (in press). Bidirectional relations between different forms of prosocial behaviors and substance use among female college student athletes. Journal of Social Psychology 124. Carlo, G., White, R. M. B., Streit, C., Knight, G. P., & Zeiders, K. H. (in press). Longitudinal relations among parenting styles, prosocial behaviors, academic outcomes in U.S. Mexican adolescents. Child Development 123. Streit, C., Carlo, G., Killoren, S., & Alfaro, E. C. (in press). Family relationships and prosocial behaviors in U.S. Mexican youth: The mediating effects of cultural processes. Journal of Family Issues 122. Carlo, G., Samper, P., Malonda, E., Tur-Porcar, A. M., & Davis, A. (in press). The effects of perceptions of parents use of social and materials rewards on prosocial behaviors in Spanish and U.S. youth. Journal of Early Adolescence 121. Laible, D., Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Streit, C., Selcuk, B., & Sayil, M. (2017). The longitudinal associations among temperament, parenting, and Turkish children s prosocial behaviors. Child Development, 88, Ispa, J. M., Su-Russell, C., Palermo, F., & Carlo, G. (2017). The interplay of maternal sensitivity and toddler engagement of mother in predicting self-regulation. Developmental Psychology, 53, Ramos, A. K., Carlo, G., Grant, K., Trinidad, N., & Correa, A. (2016). Stress, depression, and occupational injury among migrant farmworkers in Nebraska. Safety, 2, Simpson, J. L., Grant, K. M., Daly, P. M., Kelley, S. G., Carlo, G., & Bevins, R. A. (2016). Psychological burden and gender differences in methamphetamine-dependent individuals in treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 48,

4 Carlo CV Svingen, L., Dykstra, R. E., Simpson, J. L., Jaffe, A. E., Bevins, R. A., Carlo, G., DiLillo, D., & Grant, K. M. (2016). Associations between family history of substance use, childhood trauma, and age of first drug use in persons with methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10, Harmeyer, E., Ispa, J., Palermo, F., & Carlo, G. (2016). Predicting self-regulation and math and pre-literacy skills at kindergarten entry: The roles of maternal parenting stress and mother-child closeness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 37, Carlo, G., Basilio, C., & Knight, G. P. (2016). The associations of biculturalism to prosocial tendencies and positive self evaluations. Journal of Latino/a Psychology, 4, Len-Ríos, M. E., Killoren, S. E., Streit, C., Deutsch, A., Cooper, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2016). U.S. Latino adolescents use of mass media and mediated communication in romantic relationships. Journal of Children and Media, 10, Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Mahrer, N. E., & Davis, A. N. (2016). The socialization of culturally related values and prosocial tendencies among Mexican American adolescents. Child Development, 87, Christ, C. C., Carlo, G. & Stoltenberg, S. F. (2016). Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms indirectly predict prosocial behavior through perspective taking and empathic concern. Journal of Personality, 84, Laible, D., Carlo, G., Davis, A., & Karahuta, E. (2016). Maternal sensitivity and effortful control in early childhood as predictors of adolescents adjustment: The mediating roles of peer group affiliation and social behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 52, Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., Cano, M. A., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Oshri, A., Streit, C., Martinez, M. M., Piña- Watson, B., Lizzi, K., & Soto, D. (2016). The longitudinal associations between discrimination, depressive symptoms, and prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino/a recent immigrant adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, Carlo, G., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Longitudinal bidirectional relations between adolescents sympathy and prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 15, Padilla-Walker, L. M., Carlo, G., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Does helping keep teens protected? Longitudinal bidirectional relations between prosocial behavior and problem behavior. Child Development, 86, Ispa, J. M., Carlo G., Palermo, F., Su-Russell, C., Harmeyer, E., & Streit, C. (2015). Middle childhood feelings toward mothers: Predictions from maternal directiveness at age 2 and respect for autonomy currently. Social Development, 24, doi: /sode.12108

5 Carlo CV Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2015). Perceived maternal parenting styles, cultural values, and prosocial tendencies among Mexican American youth. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176, Mestre, M. V., Carlo, G., Samper, P., Tur-Porcar, A., & Mestre, A. L. (2015). Psychometric evidence of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behaviors for Spanish adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176, Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Basilio, C. D., & Jacobson, R. P. (2014). Familism values, perspective taking, and prosocial moral reasoning: Predicting prosocial tendencies among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, Laible, D., Carlo, G., Panfile, T. & Augustine, M. (2014). Predicting children s prosocial and cooperative behavior from their temperamental profiles: A person-centered approach. Social Development, 23, Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Opal, D. (2014). The protective role of prosocial behaviors on antisocial behaviors: The mediating effects of deviant peer affiliation. Journal of Adolescence, 37, Newton, E., Laible, D., Carlo, G., Steele, J., & McGinley, M. (2014). Do sensitive parents foster kind children, or vice versa? Bidirectional influences between children s prosocial behavior and parental sensitivity. Developmental Psychology, 50, Raffaelli, M., Iturbide, M., Carranza, M., & Carlo, G. (2014). Maternal distress and adolescent well-being in Latino families: Examining potential interpersonal mediators. Journal of Latino/a Psychology, 2, Lapsley, D. & Carlo, G. (2014). Moral development at the crossroads: New trends and possible futures. Developmental Psychology, 50, Rudy, D., Carlo, G., Lambert, M. C., & Awong, T. (2014). Undergraduates perceptions of parental relationship-oriented guilt induction versus harsh psychological control: Does cultural group status moderate their associations with self-esteem? Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 45, Laible, D., McGinley, M. M., Carlo, G., Panfile, T. & Augustine, M. (2014). Does engaging in prosocial/cooperative behavior make you see the world through rose colored glasses? The links between social information processing and prosocial/cooperative behavior. Developmental Psychology, 50, Nelson, T. D., Kidwell, K. M., Armenta, B. E., Crockett, L. J., Carlo, G., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2013). Rural Latino adolescent health: Preliminary examination of health risks and cultural correlates. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, Stoltenberg, S. F., Christ, C. C., & Carlo, G. (2013). Afraid to help: Social anxiety partially mediates the association between 5-HTTLPR triallelic genotype and prosocial behavior. Social Neuroscience, 8,

6 Carlo CV Shen, Y-L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2013). Relations between parental disciplines, empathy-related traits, and prosocial moral reasoning: A multi-cultural examination. Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M., Tur-Porcar, A., Samper, P., & Streit, C. (2013). The structure and correlates of a measure of prosocial moral reasoning in adolescents from Spain. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, Crockett, L., Carlo, G., Wolff, J. M., & Hope. M. D. (2013). The role of pubertal timing and temperamental vulnerability in adolescents internalizing symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 25, Brittian, A. S., O'Donnell, M., Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Roosa, M. W. (2013). Associations between adolescents perceived discrimination and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of Mexican American values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Davis, A., & Streit, C. (2012). Behaving badly or goodly: Is it because of what I feel or think? In T. Malti (Ed.), New Directions for Youth Development: Adolescent Emotions: Development, Morality, and Adaptation (pp ). Jossey Bass. 89. Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., & Wolff, J. M. (2012). The role of pubertal development, emotional reactivity, and self-regulation in adolescents prosocial behaviors. Social Development, 21, de Guzman, M. R. T., Brown, J., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2012). Parental beliefs about prosocial behaviors among European Americans and first and second generation Mexican Americans. Psychology and Developing Societies, 24(2), Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2012). Prosocial development among Mexican American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6, (authors contributed equally) 86. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Carlo, G., Christensen, K. J., & Yorgason, J. (2012). Bidirectional relations between authoritative parenting and adolescents prosocial behaviors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., & Martinez, M. (2012). Empathy as a mediator of the relations between parent and peer attachment and prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors in Mexican American college students. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29, Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Sandman, D. (2012). The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, Koller, S., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2012). Conducting research about sensitive subjects: The case of homeless youth. Universitas Psicologicas, 11,

7 Carlo CV Grant, K. M., Le Van, T. D., Wells, S. M., Ming, L., Stoltenberg, S., Carlo, G., & Bevins, R. (2012). Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: A review. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 7, Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Mestre, V., & Samper, P. (2012). Prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behavior among Turkish and Spanish adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality, 40, Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., & Hayes, R. (2011). The roles of parental inductions, moral emotions, and moral cognitions in prosocial tendencies among Mexican American and European American early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, Carlo, G., Crockett, L., Wilkinson, J., & Beal, S. (2011). The longitudinal relations between rural adolescents prosocial behaviors and young adult substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, Hardy, S., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity: Conceptualization, development, and outcomes. Child Development Perspectives, 3, Carlo, G., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Day, R. D. (2011). A test of the economic strain model on adolescents prosocial behaviors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 40, Armenta, B. E., Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., & Jacobson, R. P. (2011). The relation between ethnic group attachment and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of ethnically related cultural values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2010). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, Calderón, C. O., Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2011). The socialization of prosocial behaviors among Mexican American adolescents: The role of familism. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, Laible, D., Carlo, G., Panfile, T., Eye, J., & Parker, J. (2010). Negative emotionality and emotion regulation: A person-centered approach to predicting socioemotional adjustment in young adolescents. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, McGinley, M., Lipperman-Kreda, S., Byrnes, H., & Carlo, G. (2010). Parental, social and dispositional pathways to Israeli adolescents' volunteering. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31, McGinley, M., Carlo, G., Raffaelli, M., Crockett, L., Torres-Stone, R., & Itubirde, M. (2010). Stressed and helping: The relations among acculturative stress, gender, and prosocial behaviors in Mexican Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 150,

8 Carlo CV Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., Zamboanga, B. L., & Jarvis, L. (2010). The multidimensionality of prosocial behaviors: Evidence of measurement invariance in early Mexican American and European American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2010). Feelings or cognitions? Moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, Hardy, S., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2010). Links between adolescents expected parental reactions and prosocial behavioral tendencies: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, Itubirde, M. I., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2009). Protective effects of ethnic identity on Mexican American college students psychological well-being. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 31, Laible, D., Eye, J., & Carlo, G. (2008). Dimensions of conscience in mid-adolescence: Links with social behavior, parenting, and temperament. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, Hardy, S. A., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2008). Parenting dimensions and adolescents internalization of moral values. Journal of Moral Education, 37, de Guzman, M. R. T., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2008). Prosocial behaviors in context: Examining the role of children s social companions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Roesch, S. C., & Kaminski, J. (2008). Culture group, age, and gender measurement invariance in prosocial moral reasoning among adolescents from Brazil and the United States. Journal of Moral Education, 37, Crockett, L. J., Iturbirde, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., & Carlo, G. (2007). Buffering effects of social support and coping on the relations between acculturative stress and psychological adjustment among Mexican Americans. Culture, Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., & Wilkinson, J. (2007). Parenting styles or practices? Parenting, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors among adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, Raffaelli, M., Torres Stone, R. A., Iturbirde, M. I., McGinley, M., Carlo, G., & Crockett, L. J. (2007). Acculturation, gender, and alcohol use among Mexican American college students. Addictive Behaviors, 32, Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2007). The role of positive maternal and peer expectations on adolescents prosocial values and behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 21,

9 Carlo CV Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., Randall, B. A., & Roesch, S. C. (2007). Parent and peer correlates of prosocial development in rural adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, Carlo, G., Koller, S., Raffaelli, M., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2007). Culture-related strengths among Latin American families: A case study of Brasil. Marriage & Family Review, 41, McGinley, M., & Carlo, G. (2007). Two sides of the same coin? The relations between prosocial and physically aggressive behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, Zamboanga, B. L., & Carlo, G. (2007). Applying problem behavior theory to Latinos: Theoretical and methodological issues. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 34, Goodvin, R., Carlo, G., & Torquati, J. C. (2006). The role of child emotional responsiveness and maternal negative emotion expression in children s coping strategy use. Social Development, 15, Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2006). Adolescent perceptions predicting appropriate parental reactions across moral and conventional social domains. Social Development, 15, Raffaelli, M., Zamboanga, B. L., & Carlo, G. (2005). Acculturation and sexuality among Cuban-American college students. Journal of American College Health, 54, Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Adolescent religiosity, prosocial values, and prosocial behaviors: A mediational analysis. Journal of Moral Education, 34, Hardy, S., & Carlo, G. (2005). Identity as a source of moral motivation. Human Development, 48, Hart, D., & Carlo, G. (2005). Moral development in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, (the sixth most downloaded article of JRA, 2005) 48. de Guzman, M. R. T., Edwards, C. P., & Carlo, G. (2005). Prosocial behaviors in context: A study of Gikuyu children of Ngecha, Kenya. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, Carlo, G., Okun, M., Knight, G. P., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). Prosocial value motivation as a mediator and moderator of the relations between agreeableness, extraversion and volunteering. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, Rotenberg, K. J., Fox, C., Green, S., Ruderman, L., Slater, K., Stevens, K., & Carlo, G. (2005). Construction and validation of a children's interpersonal trust belief scale. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23,

10 Carlo CV Kumru, A., Carlo, G. & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Relational, cultural, cognitive, and affective correlates of prosocial behaviors [Olumlu sosyal davranislarin iliskisel, kültürel, bilissel ve duyussal bazi degiskenlerle iliskisi]. Turkish Journal of Psychology (Türk Psikoloji Dergisi) 19, Cukur, C. S., de Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: A study on Turkey, the USA, and the Philippines. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 27, Laible, D., Carlo, G., Torquati, J., & Ontai, L. (2004). Children s perceptions of family relationships as assessed in a doll story completion task: Links to parenting, social competence, and externalizing behavior. Social Development, 13, de Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). Family, peer, and acculturative correlates of prosocial development among Latino youth in Nebraska. Great Plains Research, 14, Zamboanga, B. L., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2004). Problem behavior theory: An examination of the behavior structure system in Latino and non-latino college students. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 38, Laible, D. J., & Carlo, G. (2004). The differential relations of maternal and paternal support and control to adolescent social competence, self-worth, and sympathy. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, de Guzman, M. R. T., Carlo, G., Ontai, L. L., Koller, S. H., & Knight, G. P. (2004). Gender and age differences in Brazilian children s friendship nominations and peer sociometric ratings. Sex Roles, 51, Abstract reprinted in CSA Sociological Abstracts. 37. Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2004). It s not fair! Adolescents constructions of appropriateness of parental reactions to antisocial and prosocial situations. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B. A. (2003). Sociocognitive and behavioral correlates of a measure of prosocial tendencies for adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, Carlo, G., & Bevins, R. A. (2002). The need for proximal mechanisms to understand individual differences in altruism (Commentary). Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, Wyatt, J. M., & Carlo, G. (2002). What will my parents think? Relations among adolescents expected parental reactions, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17,

11 Carlo CV Carlo, G., Carranza, M. A., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2002). Culture, ecology, and Latinos on the Great Plains. Great Plains Research, 12, Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Cumberland, A. Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Zhou, Q., & Carlo, G. (2002). Prosocial development in early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, Carlo, G., Roesch, S. C., Knight, G. P., & Koller, S. H. (2001). Between or within-culture variation? Culture group as a moderator of the relations between individual differences and resource allocation preferences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, Elbogen, E. B., Carlo, G., & Spaulding, W. (2001). Hierarchical classification and the integration of self-structure in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 24, Schroeppel, N. J., & Carlo, G. (2001). Sympathy and perspective taking as mediators of gender differences in altruism. Journal of Psychological Inquiry, 6, Carranza, M. A., Carlo, G., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2000). The role of research and scholarship in enhancing the quality of life for Latinos on the Great Plains. Great Plains Research, 10, Gonzalez-Kruger, G., Zamboanga, B. L., Carlo, G., Raffaelli, M., Carranza, M. A., Hansen, D. J., Cantarero, R., & Gajardo, J. (2000). The Latino Research Initiative: A multidisciplinary and collaborative community-university outreach and scholarship model. Great Plains Research, 10, Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The differential relations of parent and peer support on adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, Carlo, G., Fabes, R. A., Laible, D. J., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70, Carlo, G., Roesch, S., & Koller, S. H. (1999). Cross-national and gender similarities and differences in prosocial moral reasoning between Brazilian and European-American college students. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 33,

12 Carlo CV Carlo, G., Raffaelli, M., Laible, D. J., & Meyer, K. A. (1999). Why are girls less physically aggressive than boys? Personality and parenting mediators of physical aggression. Sex Roles, 40, Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Kupanoff, K., & Laible, D. J. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior I: The role of individual processes. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, Carlo, G., Allen, J., & Buhman, D. (1999). Facilitating and disinhibiting prosocial behaviors: The nonlinear interaction of trait perspective taking and trait personal distress on volunteering. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, Carlo, G., & Koller, S. (1998). Desenvolvimento moral pro-social em criancas e adolescentes: Conceitos, metodologias, e Pesquisas no Brasil (Prosocial development in children and adolescents: Concepts, methodologies, and research in Brazil). Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa (Psychology: Theory and Research), 14, Carlo, G., Koller, S., & Eisenberg, N. (1998). Prosocial moral reasoning in institutionalized delinquent, orphaned, and noninstitutionalized Brazilian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, Carlo, G., Roesch, S. C., & Melby, J. (1998). The multiplicative relations of parenting and temperament to prosocial and antisocial behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, Dienstbier, R., Roesch, S., Lott, R., Mitzumoto, A., Hemenover, S., & Carlo, G. (1998). Effects of weapons on guilt judgments and sentencing recommendations for criminals. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Carlo, G., & Wosinski, M. (1996). Relations of school children s comforting behavior to empathy-related reactions and shyness. Social Development, 5, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., Carlo, G., & Junhke, C. (1996). The relations of children s dispositional prosocial behavior to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Child Development, 67, Carlo, G., Koller, S. H., Eisenberg, N., Da Silva, M. S., & Frohlich, C. B. (1996). A crossnational study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, Reprinted in G. Adams (Ed.), Adolescence: The Essential Reading. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Reprinted in P. Smith & A. Rutland (Ed.), Childhood Social Development. Sage Publications. 11. Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66,

13 Carlo CV Knight, G. P., Johnson, L. G., Carlo, G., & Eisenberg, N. (1994). The multiplicative relations of cognitive and affective antecedents to prosocial behavior: Predicting more of the people more of the time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Bernzweig, J., Speer, A. L., & Carlo, G. (1994). Socialization of children's vicarious emotional responding and prosocial behavior: Relations with mothers' perceptions of children's emotional reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 30, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Speer, A. L., Switzer, G., Karbon, M., & Troyer, D. (1993). The relations of empathy-related emotions and maternal practices to children's comforting behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55, Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., & Knight, G. P. (1992). An objective measure of adolescents' prosocial moral reasoning. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2, The measure has been translated into several languages including Spanish, Turkish, Tagalog, Korean, Mandarin, German, Japanese, Hebrew, Ibo (Nigerian), Russian, and Portuguese. 6. Karbon, M., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., & Martin, C. L. (1992). Preschoolers' gender and age related stereotypes about others' emotions. Sex Roles, 27, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Troyer, D., Speer, A. L., Karbon, M., & Switzer, G. (1992). The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children's vicarious emotional responsiveness. Child Development, 63, Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., Troyer, D., Switzer, G., & Speer, A. L. (1991). The altruistic personality: In what contexts is it apparent? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, Abstract reprinted in CDP File: Health and Psychosocial Instruments- CD: HaPI Item. 3. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Miller, P., Carlo, G., Poulin, R., Shea, C., & Shell, R. (1991). Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Carlo, G., & Miller, P. A. (1991). The relations of parental characteristics and practices to children's vicarious emotional responding. Child Development, 62, Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., Eisenberg, N., & Rotenberg, K. J. (1991). Cognitive processes and prosocial behaviors among children: The role of affective attributions and reconciliations. Developmental Psychology, 27, Edited Volumes Crockett, L. J. & Carlo, G. (Eds.) (2016). Rural Ethnic Minority Youth and Families in the United States: Theory, Research, and Applications. New York: Springer.

14 Carlo CV Padilla-Walker, L. & Carlo, G. (Eds.) (2014). Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach. New York: Oxford University Press Book Award, AERA Moral Development and Education SIG Committee. Carlo, G., & Lapsley, D. (Eds.) (2014). Moral development [Special Section]. Developmental Psychology, 50. Carlo, G., Crockett, L., & Carranza, M. (Eds.) (2011). 57 th Annual Symposium on Motivation: Health Disparities in Youth and Families: Research and Applications. New York: Springer Publications. Villaruel, F., Carlo, G., Azmitia, M., Grau, J., Cabrera, N., & Chahin, J. (Eds.) (2009). Handbook of U.S. Latino Psychology. Sage Publications. Carlo, G., & Hart, D. (Eds.) (2005). Moral development during adolescence [Special Issue]. Journal of Research on Adolescence. Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (Eds.) (2005). 51 st Annual Symposium on Motivation: Moral Development Across the Lifespan. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Carlo, G., & Carranza, M. (Eds.) (2002). The Latino experience on the Great Plains [Special Issue]. Great Plains Research, 12 (1). Carlo, G., & Carranza, M. (Eds.) (2000). The Latino experience on the Great Plains [Special Issue]. Great Plains Research, 10 (2). Carlo, G., & Fabes, R. A. (Eds.) (1999). Prosocial and moral development in early adolescence, Part II [Special Issue]. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2). Fabes, R. A., & Carlo, G. (Eds.) (1999). Prosocial and moral development in early adolescence, Part I [Special Issue]. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(1). Book Chapters Carlo, G., & Conejo, L. D. (in press). Traditional and culture-specific parenting of prosociality in U.S. Latino/as. T appear in D. Laible, L. Padilla-Walker & G. Carlo (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Carlo, G., & Pierotti, S. (in press). The development of prosocial motives. To appear in L. J. Arnett (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Moral Development: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., Streit, C., & Cardenas, R. (2016). Rural Latino/a youth and parents on the Northern Great Plains: Preliminary findings from the Latino Youth Care Project (LYCP). In L. J. Crockett & G. Carlo (Eds.), Rural Ethnic Minority Youth and Families in the United States: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp ). New York: Springer.

15 Carlo CV Crockett, L. J., Carlo, G., & Temmen, C. (2016). Ethnic and Racial Minority Youth in the Rural United States: An overview. In L. J. Crockett & G. Carlo (Eds.), Rural Ethnic Minority Youth and Families in the United States: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 1-12). New York: Springer. Carlo, G., Christ, C., Laible, D., & Gulseven, Z. (2015). An evolving and developing field of study: Prosocial morality from a biological, cultural, and developmental perspective. In T. K. Shackelford & R. D. Hansen (Eds.), The evolution of morality (pp ). New York: Springer. Carlo, G. & Davis, A. (2016). Benevolence in a justice-based world: The power of sentiments in predicting prosocial behaviors. In J. Annas, D. Narvaez, & N. E. Snow (Eds.), Developing the Virtues: Integrating Perspectives (pp ). New York: Oxford University Press. Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2015). Moral Identity. In R. A. Scott & S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource (pp. 1-14). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2014). Predicting prosocial tendencies among Mexican American youth: The intersection of cultural values, social cognitions, and social emotions. In Padilla-Walker, L. & Carlo, G. (Eds.) Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press. Padilla-Walker, L., & Carlo, G. (2014). The study of prosocial behavior: Past, present, and future. In Padilla-Walker, L. & Carlo, G. (Eds.) Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach. Oxford University Press. Carlo, G. (2014). The development and correlates of prosocial moral behaviors. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (2 nd ed.) (pp ). New York: Psychology Press. Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., Roesch, S. C., Sandman, D., & Davis, A. (2013). Personality across cultures: A critical analysis of Big 5 research and current directions. In F. T. L. Leong (Ed.), Handbook of Multicultural Psychology (pp ). Washington, DC: APA Publications. Carlo, G., Iturbide, M. I., Martínez, M., & Wilkinson, J. (2011). Cómo está el vaso: medio lleno o medio vacío? Definiendo y conceptualizando las cualidades de riesgo y de protección de las variables culturales para los Latinos [Is the glass half full or half empty? Defining and conceptualizing cultural variables as risk or protective in Latino/as]. In M. C. Richaud y V. Lemos (Eds.), Psicología y otras ciencias del comportamiento. Compendio de investigaciones actuales. Vol 1 (pp ). Buenos Aires: Ediciones CIIPME- CONICET y Universidad Adventista del Plata Editorial. Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., Carranza, M., & Martinez, M. M. (2011). Understanding ethnic/racial health disparities in youth and families in the U.S. In G. Carlo, L. J. Crockett,

16 Carlo CV & M. Carranza (Eds.), 57 th Annual Symposium on Motivation: Health Disparities in Youth and Families. New York: Springer Publications. Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity: Where identity formation and moral development converge (pp ). In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. New York: Springer. Knight, G. P., Berkel, C., Carlo, G., & Basillo, C. (2011). The socialization of culturally related values and the mental health outcomes of Latino youth. In N. Cabrera, F. Villarruel, & H. E. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Latina/o American children s mental health: Volume 2: Prevention and treatment. (pp ). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Publishing. Carlo, G., Randall, B. R., Rotenberg, K., & Armenta, B. A. (2010). A friend in need is a friend indeed : Exploring the relations among trust beliefs, prosocial tendencies, and friendships. In K. Rotenberg (Ed.), Trust and trustworthiness during childhood and adolescence (pp ). Cambridge University Press. Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., Goodvin, R., & Roesch, S. C. (2010). Understanding the developmental relations between perspective taking and prosocial behaviors: A metaanalytic review. In J. Carpendale, G. Iarocci, U. Muller, B. Sokol, & A. Young (Eds.), Self- and social-regulation: Exploring the relations between social interaction, social cognition, and the development of executive functions (pp ). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., & Shen, Y-L. (2009). The role of values in prosocial moral development: Validation of a measure of prosocial values to use with Mexican American early adolescents. In M. C. Richaud & J. E. Moreno (Eds.), Investigación en Ciencias del Comportamiento: Avances Iberoamericanos, Tomo II (Investigations in the Behavioral Sciences: Ibero-American Advances, Vol. 2) (pp ). Buenos Aires: Ediciones CIIPME-CONICET. Carlo, G., Villaruel, F., Azmitia, M., & Cabrera, N. (2009). Perspectives and recommendations for future directions in U.S. Latino psychology. In F. Villaruel, G. Carlo, M. Azmitia, J. Grau, N. Cabrera, & J. Chahin (Eds.), Handbook of U.S. Latino Psychology (pp ). Sage Publications. Carlo, G., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2009). Theories and research on prosocial competencies among US Latinos/as. In F. Villaruel, G. Carlo, M. Azmitia, J. Grau, N. Cabrera, & J. Chahin (Eds.), Handbook of U.S. Latino Psychology (pp ). Sage Publications. Carlo, G., PytlikZillig, L., Roesch, S. C., & Dienstbier, R. A. (2009). The elusive altruist: The psychological study of the altruistic personality. In D. Narvaez & D. Lapsley (Eds.), Moral Personality, Identity, and Character: An Interdisciplinary Future (pp ). Cambridge University Press. Carlo, G., Koller, S., Raffaelli, M., & de Guzman, M. R. T. (2007). Culture-related strengths among Latin American families: A case study of Brasil. In J. DeFrain & S. Assay (Eds.), The family strengths perspective: Strong families around the world. (pp ). New

17 Carlo CV York: Haworth Publishers. Reprinted as journal article in Marriage & Family Review, 41, Carlo, G. (2006). Care-based and altruistically-based morality. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Edwards, C. P., & Carlo, G. (2005). Moral development research in the 21 st century. In Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (Eds.), 51 st Annual Symposium on Motivation: Moral development across the lifespan (pp. ix-xxvi). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Raffaelli, M., Carlo, G., Carranza, M. A., & Gonzales-Kruger, G. E. (2005). Understanding Latino children and adolescents in the mainstream: Placing culture at the center of developmental models. In R. Larson & L. Jensen (Eds.), New horizons in developmental research: New directions for child and adolescent development (pp ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Carlo, G., & Randall, B. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research, Volume II (pp ). Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers. Knight, G., Bernal, M., & Carlo, G. (1995). Socialization and the development of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic behaviors among Mexican American children. In E. E. Garcia & B. M. McLaughlin (Eds.), Meeting the challenge of linguistic and cultural diversity in early childhood education, Vol. 6: Yearbook in Early Childhood Education (pp ). New York: Teachers College Press. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., & Karbon, M. (1992). Emotional responsivity to others: Behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents. In N. Eisenberg and R. A. Fabes (Eds.), Emotion and its regulation in early development (pp ). New York: Jossey- Bass. Kurtines, W. M., Mayock, E., Pollard, S. R., Lanza, T., & Carlo, G. (1991). Social and moral development from the perspective of psychosocial theory. In W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 1: Theory (pp ). New York: Erlbaum. Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G. & Knight, G. P. (1991). Empathy-related responding and cognition: A "chicken and the egg" dilemma. In W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 2: Research (pp ). New York: Erlbaum. Pollard, S. R., Kurtines, W. M., Carlo, G., Dancs, M., & Mayock, E. (1991). Moral education from the perspective of psychosocial theory. In W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 3: Application (pp ). New York: Erlbaum.

18 Carlo CV Other Publications Martinez, M. M., Hines, L., Pierotti, S., & Carlo, G. (2016, August). School nursing in Missouri. Policy Brief. Center for Family Policy and Research, University of Missouri. Martinez, M. M., Hines, L., & Carlo, G. (2015, December). Battling childhood asthma in Missouri schools. Policy Brief. Center for Family Policy and Research, University of Missouri. Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., & Streit, C. (2015). Explaining the relations between acculturative stress and prosocial behaviors in Latino youth from the Midwest. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Cambio de Colores Conference, Columbia, MO. Streit, C., Carlo, G., Killoren, S. E., Len-Rios, M. E., Cooper, L., Deutsch, A., & Davis, A. N. (2015). Buffering effects of moral identity on the links between peer relationship quality and problem behaviors. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 146, e110. Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., & Streit, C. (2015). Effects of family relationships quality on drug use: Mediating effects of moral conviction. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 146, e259. Carlo, G., Simpson, J., Grant, K., Martinez, M. M., Pudiak, C., & Bevins, R. (2015). Risk and protective correlates of METH-associated externalizing problems among European- American and US Latino/a METH-dependent users. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 146, e240. Davis, A., Streit, C., & Carlo, G. (in press). Familism. In Shehan, C. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. Carlo, G., & Conejo, L. (2014). Central and South American Immigrant Families. In Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. (Eds.). (2014). The social history of the American family: An encyclopedia, Volumes 1-4. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Christ, C., Carlo, G., & Stoltenberg, S. (2013). Sex specific associations between OXTR polymorphisms and altruistic helping behavior, perspective taking and empathic concern. Behavior Genetics, 43, 512. Streit, C., Knight, G., Carlo, G., Davis, A. (2012). Links among inductions, empathy, and prosocial moral reasoning in Mexican- and European-American adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 258. Davis, A., Streit, C., Knight, G., & Carlo, G. (2012). Fostering prosocial behaviours in Mexican-and European-American adolescents: Parenting and gender roles considered. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 262. Carlo, G. (2012). Expected parental reactions, empathy-related traits and prosocial behaviors among Argentinian and European American adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 275.

19 Carlo CV Carlo, G. (2012). Parental styles and roles attributed by teenage schoolmates. International Journal of Psychology, 47, Carlo, G., & Sandman, D. (2012). Prosocial learning in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (p. 916) Springer. Laible, D., Carlo, G., & Eye, J. (2011). Conscience. In R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence. (pp ). Springer Science+Business Media. Carlo, G., & Hayes, R. (2009). Helping behaviours. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology (pp ). Cambridge University Press. McGinley, M., & Carlo, G. (2009). Prosocial behaviours. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology (pp ). Cambridge University Press. Carlo, G. (2008). The relations between parenting practices and prosocial behaviors in Mexican American early adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 43, Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2008). Parental disciplining practices, sympathy and prosocial behaviors among Mexican American and European American families. International Journal of Psychology, 43, 185. Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (2008). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Social and Emotional Development, 2, 276. Randall, B. A., & Carlo, G. (2008). Prosocial reasoning. In T. C. Hunt, R. J. Nuzzi, F. C. Power, D. K. Lapsley, & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral Education: An Encyclopedia (pp ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company. de Guzman, M. R. T. & Carlo, G. (2008). Nancy Eisenberg. In T. C. Hunt, R. J. Nuzzi, F. C. Power, D. K. Lapsley, & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral Education: An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company. Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2007). Once more, with feeling: Recent progress in the study of moral development. The American Journal of Psychology, 120, Carlo, G., & Armenta, B. (2007). Book review of The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Moral Education, 36, Carlo, G., de Guzman, M. R. T., & Padilla-Walker, L. (2006). Prosocial behaviors. In L. Sherrod, C. Flanagan, & R. Kassimir (Eds.), Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia, Vol. 2 ( ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company. Carlo, G., Hardy, S., & Alberts, M. (2006). Moral exemplars. In L. Sherrod, C. Flanagan, & R. Kassimir (Eds.), Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia, Vol. 2 (pp ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company.