A Handbook of Leisure Studies

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1 A Handbook of Leisure Studies

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3 A Handbook of Leisure Studies Edited by Chris Rojek Faculty of Law and Social Science, Brunel University, West London, UK Susan M. Shaw Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada A. J. Veal School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

4 Selection, editorial matter and chapter 1 Chris Rojek, Susan M. Shaw and A. J. Veal, 2006 All other chapters Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Every effort has been made to clear necessary copyright permissions. Where, however, any copyright holder has been inadvertently overlooked, the Publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest opportunity. First published 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St Martin s Press LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A handbook of leisure studies / edited by Chris Rojek, Susan M. Shaw, A.J. Veal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Leisure Research. I. Rojek, Chris. II. Shaw, Susan M., 1946 III. Veal, Anthony James. GV14.5.H '2 dc

5 Contents Notes on Contributors vii 1. Introduction: Process and Content 1 Chris Rojek, Susan M. Shaw and A. J. Veal Part 1: Origins 2. Leisure, Culture and Civilization 25 Chris Rojek 3. Anthropology/Pre-History of Leisure 41 Garry Chick 4. The History of Western Leisure 55 Benjamin K. Hunnicutt 5. Non-Western Traditions: Leisure in India 75 Kumkum Bhattacharya Part 2: Key Disciplines 6. Sociology and Cultural Studies 93 Hugo van der Poel 7. Psychology and Social Psychology and the Study of Leisure 109 Roger C. Mannell, Douglas A. Kleiber and Marianne Staempfli 8. Geographies of Leisure 125 David Crouch 9. Economics of Leisure 140 A. J. Veal 10. The Duality of Leisure Policy 162 Fred Coalter Part 3: Axial Principles 11. Leisure and Time 185 Jiri Zuzanek 12. Overturning the Modernist Predictions: Recent Trends in Work and Leisure in the OECD 203 Juliet B. Schor 13. Leisure and Gender: Challenges and Opportunities for Feminist Research 216 Karla A. Henderson and Susan M. Shaw 14. Leisure and Ageing 231 Yvonne Harahousou

6 vi A Handbook of Leisure Studies 15. Race and Leisure 250 Valeria J. Freysinger and Othello Harris 16. A Touch of Class 271 Chas Critcher 17. Leisure and Subculture 288 Chris Jenks 18. Leisure and Consumption 304 Daniel Thomas Cook 19. Leisure, Mass Communications and Media 317 David Rowe Part 4: Leisure Forms and Settings 20. Sport and Sport Studies 335 Susan Birrell 21. The Arts and Entertainment: Situating Leisure in the Creative Economy 354 Deborah Stevenson 22. Outdoor Recreation 363 John M. Jenkins and John J. Pigram 23. Tourism 386 Adrian Franklin 24. Eating Out and the Appetite for Leisure 404 Joanne Finkelstein and Rob Lynch 25. Family Leisure 417 Maureen Harrington 26. Leisure and Education 433 Atara Sivan 27. Serious Leisure 448 Robert A. Stebbins Part 5: Indexical Themes 28. Representation 459 Chris Rojek 29. Identity 475 Chris Rojek 30. The Concept of Praxis: Cultural Studies and the Leisure Industries 491 Chris Barker 31. Articulation 504 David Harris 32. Community 518 Alison Pedlar and Lawrence Haworth 33. Resistance 533 Susan M. Shaw Index 547

7 Notes on Contributors Chris Barker is Associate Professor in the Communications and Cultural Studies Program at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He has written extensively in the field of media and cultural studies and his books include: Television, Globalization and Cultural Identities (1999); Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice (2000); Making Sense of Cultural Studies: Central Problems and Critical Debates (2002); and The Sage Dictionary of Cultural Studies (2004). He is currently conducting research concerned with the intersection of culture, identity and emotion. Kumkum Bhattacharya is Professor in the Department of Social Work, Visva- Bharati University, India, founded by Rabindranath Tagore. She has conducted research among the Santals, the third largest tribe in India and among minority groups. She has published research in the field of culture and personality studies. Susan Birrell is a Professor in the Departments of Health and Sport Studies, Women s Studies, and American Studies at the University of Iowa, USA. She studies sport and cultural reproduction from a critical cultural studies perspective. She co-edited Reading Sport (2000) with Mary McDonald and Women, Sport and Culture (1994) with Cheryl Cole. Her current research project explores the cultural meanings of mountaineering by focusing on narratives about Mt Everest. Garry Chick is Professor in the Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Management at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. He holds a PhD in anthropology from the University of Pittsburgh and is a past-president of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research and the Association for the Study of Play. His recent publications include: The Encyclopedia of Leisure and Recreation in America (co-editor, 2004) and a chapter on cultural constraints on leisure (with Erwei Dong) in Constraints on Leisure (ed. E. Jackson, 2005). Fred Coalter is Professor of Sports Policy in the Centre for Sports Research, University of Stirling, Scotland, and was formerly Director of the Centre for Leisure Research at the University of Edinburgh ( ) and Director of the Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies at the Polytechnic of North London ( ). He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management and a Fellow of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. He has published widely in the area of sport and leisure policy, including Recreational Welfare (1988), and Freedom and Constraint: The Paradoxes of Leisure (ed., 1989). Daniel Thomas Cook is Associate Professor of advertising and communications at the University of Illinois, USA. He is the author of The Commodification of Childhood vii

8 viii A Handbook of Leisure Studies (2004), which explores the rise of children as consumers, and editor of Symbolic Childhood (2002), a compendium of original research addressing the politics of representation of children. His articles have appeared in academic journals such as Leisure Sciences, Sociological Quarterly and the Journal of Consumer Culture and in more popular publications like Global Agenda (2006) and LiP Magazine. Chas Critcher is Professor of Communications and Head of the Humanities Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. He is author/editor of The Devil Makes Work (1985); Sociology of Leisure: A Reader (1995); Out of the Ashes? Decline and Regeneration in Britain s Mining Communities (2001); and Moral Panics and the Media (2003). David Crouch is Professor of Cultural Geography, Tourism and Leisure, and Director of The Culture, Lifestyle and Landscape Research Centre at the University of Derby. He is author/editor of: Leisure/ Tourism Geographies (1999); Visual Culture and Tourism (2003); and The Media and the Tourist Imagination: Convergent Cultures (2005). He is coeditor of Leisure Studies and has published numerous articles and chapters on cultural geography, leisure, tourism, space and performance and research methods. Joanne Finkelstein is Executive Dean and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education, Human Development, Victoria University, Australia. She is author of: The Sociological Bent : Inside Metro Culture (with Susan Goodwin, 2005); After a Fashion (1996); Slaves of Chic: An A-Z of Consumer Pleasures (1994); The Fashioned Self (1991); and Dining Out: A Sociology of Modern Manners (1989). Adrian Franklin is Professor of Sociology in the School of Sociology and Social Work, University of Tasmania, Australia. His current interests include tourism theory, place making and the wider ordering effects of tourism. He is Editor of Tourist Studies and author of: Animals and Modern Cultures (1999); Nature and Social Theory (2002); Tourism: An Introduction (2003); and Animals Nation: The True Story of Animals and Australia (2006). Valeria J. Freysinger is Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Studies at Miami University of Ohio, USA. Her scholarly interests include leisure and life course development/ageing and social (in)equality in leisure (specifically, gender, race and age inequalities). She is a co-author of Both Gains and Gaps: Feminist Perspectives on Women s Leisure (1995) and 21st Century Leisure: Current Issues (2000) and author of a number of book chapters and articles on leisure and life course development/ageing. Yvonne Harahousou is a Professor in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Democritus University of Thrace, Greece. Her research interests are in the area of sports sociology, leisure and physical activity. She is a board member of the Women Sport International Association, Chair of the World Leisure Committee on Leisure in Later Life and President of the Hellenic Association for Advancing

9 Contributors ix Women and Sport. She has published a number of research papers on women and sport and leisure and the elderly. Her current projects explore the ageing well issue cross-culturally and ageing and physical activity. Maureen Harrington is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport Management, and team leader of the Work and Life Balance stream of the Centre for Work, Leisure and Community Research at Griffith University, Australia. Her most recent publication, Sport and Leisure as Contexts for Fathering in Australian Families, appeared in a special issue of Leisure Studies on Fathering through Leisure (2006). David Harris is Senior Lecturer in the School of Sport, Physical Education and Leisure, College of St Mark and St John, UK. He is the author of several textbooks, including From Class Struggle to the Politics of Pleasure (1992), Teaching Yourself Social Theory (2003) and Key Concepts in Leisure Studies (2005), and has contributed to the UK Higher Education Academy s website on Leisure, Hospitality and Tourism Education. He has his own website at < Othello Harris is Associate Professor in the Departments of Physical Education, Health and Sport Studies and Black World Studies at Miami University, Ohio, USA. His research interests include race relations, social stratification and race and sport involvement. He is co-editor of two books: Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States (2000) and Impacts of Incarceration on the African American Family (2002). His work has been published in journals such as: The Black Scholar; Sociology of Sport Journal; Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Journal of African American Men; Masculinities; and Sociological Focus. Lawrence Haworth is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo, Canada, and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He is the author of books on work and leisure, the idea of autonomy, risk assessment and the philosophy of the city, among others. Most recently he co-authored A Textured Life: Empowerment and Adults with Developmental Disabilities (1999). Karla A. Henderson is Professor in the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management at North Carolina State University, USA. She has been active in many professional organizations, including President of the Academy of Leisure Sciences and the Society of Park and Recreation Educators, has published in a number of professional journals and is currently co-editor of Leisure Sciences. She has been co-author of several books including Both Gains and Gaps: Feminist Perspectives on Women s Leisure (1995); Introduction to Recreation and Leisure Services; and Evaluating Leisure Services: Making Enlightened Decisions (1996). Her research interests include gender and diversity, physical activity and active living, youth development and camping, and qualitative research approaches.

10 x A Handbook of Leisure Studies Benjamin K. Hunnicutt is Professor in the Department of Leisure Studies at the University of Iowa, USA. He received his MA and PhD in American history from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill. He is a member of the Academy of Leisure Sciences and is author of several books, book chapters and articles, including: Kellogg s Six-Hour Day (1996); Work Without End: Abandoning Shorter Hours for the Right to Work (1988); The Economic Constraints of Leisure, in The Constraints of Leisure (2004); and The New Deal: The Salvation of Work and the End of the Shorter Hour Movement, in Worktime and Industrialization: An International History (1989). John M. Jenkins is Associate Professor of Leisure and Tourism Studies and Research Associate at the Centre for Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, Australia. He has written more than 50 book chapters and journal articles on issues concerning leisure, outdoor recreation and tourism policy and planning and is coauthor and editor of several books, including: The Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation (2004); Outdoor Recreation Management (1999); Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas (1997); and Tourism and Public Policy (1995). Chris Jenks is Professor of Sociology and Vice-Chancellor at Brunel University, UK. His most recent books are: Cultural Reproduction (1993); Visual Culture (1995); Core Sociological Dichotomies (1998); Theorizing Childhood (1999); Images of Community: Durkheim, Social Systems and the Sociology of Art (2000); Aspects of Urban Culture (2001); Culture (2002); Transgression (2003); Subculture: The Fragmentation of the Social (2004); Culture (2nd edn, 2004); Childhood (2nd edn, 2004); Urban Culture (2004); Qualitative Complexity (2006); and Transgression (2006). Douglas A. Kleiber is Professor of Recreation and Leisure Studies in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia, USA. He holds academic degrees in psychology and educational psychology from Cornell University and the University of Texas, respectively, and is a Charter member of the American Psychological Society and past President of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. His book Leisure Experience and Human Development (1999) reflects most of his research interests. Rob Lynch is Professor of Leisure and Tourism Studies and Dean of the Faculty of Business, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. He was founding chair of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Leisure Studies and founding Managing Editor of Annals of Leisure Research and is co-author of: Dynamics of Collective Conflict (1989); Leisure and Change: Implications for Museums in the 21st Century; and Australian Leisure (3rd edn, 2006). Roger C. Mannell is a psychologist and Professor of Leisure Studies, Health Studies and Gerontology at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His research deals with factors that influence leisure and lifestyle choices and their impact on health and well-being. He has authored numerous publications and co-authored the book, A Social Psychology of Leisure (1997), which has been translated into Japanese and

11 Contributors xi Chinese. He was elected a Fellow of the US Academy of Leisure Sciences in 1986 and he was 1989 recipient of the Allen V. Sapora Research Award and the 1991 National Parks and Recreation Association s Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt Research Excellence Award. Alison Pedlar is Professor in the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada, and a member of the Academy of Leisure Sciences. Her work has principally focused on community development and quality of community life for individuals with disabilities and other marginalized populations. Recent publications include: Moving Beyond Individualism in Leisure Theory: A Critical Analysis of Concepts of Community, and Social Engagement (Leisure Studies, 2003); and A Textured Life: Empowerment and Adults with Developmental Disabilities (1999). John J. Pigram is Adjunct Professor attached to the Centre for Ecological Economics and Water Policy Research, University of New England, Australia. He has longstanding research and teaching interests in outdoor recreation and tourism and is co-author of several books including: Outdoor Recreation Management (1999), and the Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation (co-editor, 2005). Chris Rojek is Professor of Sociology and Culture, Brunel University, UK. He is author/editor of: Capitalism and Leisure Theory (1985); Leisure for Leisure (1989); Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process (1992); Ways of Escape (1993); Decentring Leisure (Sage, 1995); Leisure and Culture (Macmillan, 2000); Celebrity (2001); Stuart Hall (2003); Frank Sinatra (2004); Leisure Theory: Principles and Practice (2005); and Cultural Studies (2006). David Rowe is Director and Professor, Centre for Cultural Research at the University of Western Sydney, Australia, and was formerly Director of the Cultural Industries and Practices Research Centre at the University of Newcastle, Australia. His books include: Popular Cultures: Rock Music, Sport and the Politics of Pleasure (1995); Tourism, Leisure, Sport: Critical Perspectives (1998); Globalization and Sport: Playing the World (2001); Sport, Culture and the Media (2nd edn, 2004); and Critical Readings: Sport, Culture and the Media (2004). Juliet B. Schor is Professor in the Department of Sociology, Boston College, USA and was formerly at Harvard University and the UN World Institute for Development Economics Research. She is author of: The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (1991); The Overspent American: Why we Want What we Don t Need (1999); and Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture (2004). She is a co-founder of the Center for a New American Dream ( newdream.org). Susan M. Shaw is a Sociologist and Professor in the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. She is past president

12 xii A Handbook of Leisure Studies of the Academy of Leisure Sciences and the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies. Her research publications, which include Both Gains and Gaps: Feminist Perspectives on Women s Leisure (co-author 1995), have focused on leisure and gender, time use, the intersection of work, family and leisure, and the implications of leisure for social and cultural change. Atara Sivan is Professor in the Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong. She has been investigating the area of leisure education and serves as scientific adviser for the development of leisure education curricula. She is author of numerous articles, book chapters and books, including: Leisure Eduction Towards the 21st Century (1993); Leisure Education, Community Development and Populations with Special Needs (2000); and Leisure Education in School Systems (2002). Marianne Staempfli is Assistant Professor in the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at Brock University, Canada. Her research interests include safe risks and youth development, the interrelationship between personality and environmental stressors, as well as gender constraints/stereotypes in outdoor recreation for youth and young adults. She received her PhD in leisure behaviour from the University of Waterloo where she examined the role of playfulness in the perception of environmental stressors during adolescent leisure. She has worked nationally and internationally with youth and young adults in different capacities. Robert A. Stebbins is Faculty Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Calgary, Canada, and Visiting Professor at the University of Luton, UK. He received his PhD in 1964 from the University of Minnesota and has written over 160 articles and chapters and written or edited 32 books, including: Between Work and Leisure (2004), and Challenging Mountain Nature: Risk, Motive, and Lifestyle in Three Hobbyist Sports (2005). He is a Fellow of the Academy of Leisure Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Deborah Stevenson is Associate Professor and Director of the Cultural Industries and Practices Research Centre in the School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. She is author of: Agendas in Place: Cultural Planning for Cities and Regions (1998); Art and Organisation: Making Australian Cultural Policy (2000); and Cities and Urban Cultures (2003). Hugo van der Poel is Educational Director of leisure studies curricula in the Department of Social-cultural Sciences, Tilburg University, Netherlands, lecturer in Leisure and Sport Management, NHTV University of Applied Sciences, Breda, Netherlands, and member of the Board of the W. J. H. Mulier Institute (the Dutch Social Scientific Centre for Sport and Society). He is author of Tijd voor vrijheid (An Introduction to Leisure Studies, 3rd edn, 2004). His research interests and publications are in the field of leisure theory and leisure and sport policy.

13 Contributors xiii A. J. (Tony) Veal is Adjunct Professor in the School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia. He is past president of the Leisure Studies Association (UK) and of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Leisure Studies and is author/editor of: Leisure and the Future (1987); The Olympic Games: A Social Science Perspective (2000); Australian Leisure (3rd edn, 2006); Leisure and Tourism Policy and Planning (2nd edn, 2002); Work and Leisure (2004); Free Time and Leisure Participation: International Perspectives (2006); and Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism (3rd edn, 2006). Jiri Zuzanek is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo, Canada, and formerly held appointments in the University of Lund, Sweden, Queen s University, New York, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada, and was Research Director of the UNESCO European Centre for Leisure and Education, Prague. He has researched and written extensively on the sociology of leisure and popular culture and time-use, time-pressure, stress and health. He is author of: Social Research and Cultural Policy (1979); Work and Leisure in the Soviet Union (1980); World Leisure Participation (co-editor, 1996); The Effects of Time Use and Time Pressure on Child Parent Relationships (2000); and Free Time and Leisure Participation: International Perspectives (co-editor, 2005).