Early&History&of&ORCA 1 &

Transcription

1 1 Early&History&of&ORCA 1 & Univ.6Prof.&Dr.&Heinz&Duschner& (InstituteofAppliedStructure4andMicroanalysis,UniversityMedicalCentreoftheJohannes4 Gutenberg4University,55131Mainz(Germany) 1) ThismanuscriptispresentedbyProfDuschneratthe50 th anniversarycongressoforcain KonstanzGermany2003.Thetextrelatedtomorerecentoccasionsareaddedandapprovedby theorcaboardinfebruary2011

2 2 The&Foundation& Theinitiativeforthefoundationofan EuropäischeArbeitsgemeinschaftfürFluoridforschung undkariesprophylaxe (EuropeanWorkingGroupforFluorideResearchandCaries Prophylaxis)goesbacktotheSwissdentistHansR.Held,whowasinthethirtiesdental lecturerattheuniversityofgeneva,duringworldwarii(wwii)militarydentistintheswiss armyandafterwwiidentalpractitioner.inbasel,wherehelived,hefrequentlymetwiththe GermandentistHansJoachimSchmidt(Stuttgart)tomakeplanstoestablishthefutureORCA [Schmidt,1951].Bothhadtheirbackgroundinmaxillofacialsurgery.AsmilitarydentistHans HeldwastodevelopastrategyforbuildingupmobileoralsurgeryunitsintheSwissmountains fortheswissarmy.afterthetransatlanticscientificisolationwhichprevailedduringwwii,both dentistswereimpressedbyreportsfromtheusa,e.g.deanetal.[1941],ontheanti4caries effectoffluoride4containingdrinkingwater.theearlyreportsfromtheusaclearlystatedthe optimalbeneficiallevelof1ppmfluoride.intheearlyfiftiesthisinformationcoincidedwith dramaticallyincreasingratesoftoothdecay,whichwereduetotheconsiderableimprovement inthenutritionalstatusoftheeuropeanpopulationafterlong4lastingmalnutritionduringwwii andinthepost4warperiod. Accordingtothefoundationprotocoltheactof birth ofthelaterorcatookplaceonnovember 7,1953,20:30intheHotelHalm,inKonstanz,Germany.Ourfoundingfatherswere: Austria:S.Koller(Wolfsberg),H.Leonhardt(Salzburg) Germany:Drum(Berlin),H.Hafer(Mainz),A.Knappwost(Tübingen),Ott(Stuttgart), Heuser(Marburg),H.J.Schmidt(Stuttgart) Switzerland:H.R.Held(Geneva),Schmid(Zürich),Démole(Préverenge). Excusedwere:A.J.Held(Geneva),Espi,AarauandPiguet(Geneva) Thefoundersmettoconstitutewithunanimousconsentthe Europäische& Arbeitsgemeinschaft&für&Fluorforschung&und&Kariesprophylaxe (EuropeanWorkingGroup forresearchonfluorineanddentalcariesprevention).muchlater,thecongressinperugia (June,548,1966)decidedonthepresentnameofourscientificorganisation: Europäische ArbeitsgemeinschaftfürKariesforschung h EuropeanORganisationforCAriesResearch h ORganismeEuropéendesRecherchessurlaCArie Thefoundingassemblyalsoelectedthefirstexecutivecouncilofthenewscientificorganisation:

3 3 Prof.A.J.Held,Switzerland:PresidentoftheYear,FoundingPresident Dr.H.R.Held,Switzerland:Vice4President Dr.S.Koller,Austria:Reporter Dr.Dr.H.J.Schmidt,Germany:SecretaryGeneral. ThefirstexecutivecouncilofORCA,thentheEuropäischeArbeitsgemeinschaftfür FluorforschungundKariesprophylaxe(fromleft):H.Leonhardt(Co4President ),S. Koller(SecretaryProtocol),A.J.Held(President),H.R.Held(Vice4President),H.J.Schmidt (Secretary4General) Afterdealingwithvariousquestionsofamorelegalkind,anddeterminingthattheseatofthe documentaryofficewastobeingeneva,andtheseatoftheofficeofthesecretarygeneralin Stuttgart,DrHeuser(Marburg,Germany)proposed(afterextendeddiscussions)thatthe organisationshouldhave theaimofpromotingresearchonfluorineanddentalcaries prevention.thisaimwasputdowninamoredetailedformoneyearlaterandapprovedand

4 4 amendedbythegeneralassembliesheldingeneva(switzerland)1955andinmalmö (Sweden)1957: 1. DasStudiumdesFluorproblemszufördern[Topromotestudiesonthefluorine problem] 2. DasAnsehenderFluorforschungundderzahnprophylaktischenMaßnahmenund derenwissenschaftlicheergebnissezuwahrenundzuschützen,sowiedem Missbrauchentgegenzutreten[Topreserveandprotectthereputationoffluorine researchandtoothprophylacticmeasures,aswellastopreventabuse] 3. DieandieserAufgabearbeitendenForscherungeachtetderLandesgrenzen zusammenzuführen[tobringtogetherallresearchersworkingonthistask irrespectiveofnationalborders] Almostfiftyyearsafterthefirstaimshadbeenputdown,theactualaimsofORCAhavebeen onlyslightlymodified(homepageoforca2003): 1. Topromoteresearchintodentalcariesandrelatedmatters. 2. Toevaluatethefindingsofresearchhtoencouragetheirpracticalapplicationandto preventtheirabuse. 3. Toestablishclosecontactsbetweenallindividualsandorganizationswithsimilar aims,withoutdistinctionastonationality Theassemblyalsodebatedonnewmembersandcametotheconclusion: Thus,thewishof theconstitutionalmemberswillbeadheredtoinaratherhighdegree,tokeepunsuitable membersaway and Itshallbetriedtoelecttheprofessorsaspromotingmembersandother academicsasactivemembers. Thevenueofthenextmeeting,thefirstCongress,wasthen determinedtobesalzburg,austria(may29430,1954)anddrleonhardtandhiswifedeclared themselveswillingtotakecareofthepreparations. ThisfirstORCACongressinSalzburg,1954,wasannouncedofficiallyintheDeutsche( Zahnärztliche(Zeitschrift [1954h9: ],togetherwiththescientificprogramme.The announcementalsomentionedthattheladies Programmeandthe specialregulationsforcar driversinaustria werecontainedintheprogrammebooklet.theregistrationfeewas50as (AustrianSchilling)or10DM(thenabout$2.50)formembersand20DMfornon4members.It shouldbeconsideredthatafewyearsafterthemonetaryreformingermanytheaverage monthlyincomewasonlyverylow.

5 5 InDeutsche(Zahnärtzliche(Zeitschrift([1954h9: ]adetailedreportappearedonthefirst meetingofourscientificorganisation.obviously,orca(theabbreviationofficiallywas mentionedfirstintheconstitutionof1954,publishedontheoccasionofthemalmöcongress, 1957)wasprospering.Afteroneyearithad54activemembersfrom17Europeancountriesand theopeningceremonyintheaulaoftheuniversityofsalzburgwasattendedbymorethan100 participants.theexecutivecouncilcouldalsowelcomerepresentativesofvariousgovernments aswellasofhealthdepartmentsofmanycountries.therewerealsodelegatesfromtheusa andargentina.itwasaspecialpleasureforthepresident,a.j.held,towelcomeanoldlady who cameoverfrombad4reichenhall,germany:drstresemann4deninger,whoseancestor, thegermanchemistdradeningerfrommainzrecommendedin1878calciumfluorideasa caries4protectiveagent.in1907heconductedapseudo4epidemiologicalexperimentwithafew panelliststowhomhegavesparinglysolublecalciumfluorideorally.thoughdeninger s statisticswerefarfromoptimum,hefoundbothananti4carieseffectaswellasanappendicitis4 protectiveeffect,becausenoneofthepanellistsgivencalciumfluoridetabletmedicationgot appendicitis[deninger,1907a,b]. ThereportonthefirstCongressofourscientificorganisation[Schmidt,1954]endswiththe conclusionthatsuchanunbelievablesuccesscouldneverhavebeenanticipatedwhenone yearbefore14 men decidedonthefoundationofthelaterorca.theonlywomaninthe foundingassemblywasherthahafer(shebecamehonorarymemberoforca),apharmacist frommainz,germany,whodevelopedthefirstfluoridetoothpaste(1950)andlaterontheearly Blendax(nowblend4a4med)toothpaste[Hafer,1953].Shewasobviouslyignored:anattitudeto womenwhichwasnotunusualin1954 The&first&ten&years&after&the&foundation&of&ORCA& Intheearlyfifties,preventionwasnotontheagendaindentistry,similartomedicineingeneral. DuringWWIIandinthepost4warperiod,repairor(mainly)extractionweredominant. Accordingly,ourfoundingfatherswerefaraheadoftheirtimewiththeirearlyvisionon preventionindentistry.itshouldbeconsideredthatinthisperiod,academicdentistryin Germany(butnotonlythere)wasrepresentedbymaxillofacialsurgery,whichbecamean independentbranchofsurgeryduringandafterworldwari.thespecializationwasduetothe cruelheadinjuriessoldiersexperiencedinwwi,causedbythenewlydevelopedshrapnel weapons.beginningnotearlierthaninthefifties,academicdentistrydiversified,andthefirst independentprofessorsinprothodontics,restorativedentistry,orthodontics,etc.were appointed.

6 6 Itmustbesaid,however,thatthevisionaryideasofourfoundingfathers,focussingonwater fluoridation,saltfluoridationandfluoridatedtoothpastes,werenotnecessarilybackedby scientificstandardsorbyaprofoundscientificeducation.thisisnosurpriseatall,becausetheir dentalormedicaleducationreachedbackintotheperiodsofwwii,whenineuropeindividual scientificpromotion(exceptwhenfocussedontheaimsofthewar)wasnotatthetopofthe agenda.inaddition,thescientificprogressoforcasufferedfromorganizationalweaknesses, mainlybecausetherewerenoclearstructuresfortheorganizationoftheyearlycongresses. Eachorganizerwasfreetoselectthesubmittedpresentationswithrespecttotopicsaswellas quality.similarly,allpresentersattheearlycongressesexpectedtheircontributionstobe published.becauseintheearlydaysorcadidnothaveitsownprintoutletitwasuptothe respectiveorganizerstodevelopstrategiesastohow,whereandwhentopublish(ornot)the Congressmanuscripts.Thuscriteriaofqualityofresearchandofadhesiontotheinitialaimsof ORCAwereatrisk. Neverthelessinthefirsttenyearsaseriesofnamescrystallizedfromtheearlybeginnings.For example,wolfgangbüttnerandhiswife(würzburg),hansrmühlemann(zürich),ottobacker4 Dirks(Utrecht),AdolfKnappwost(Hamburg),WipkoPerdok(Groningen),YngveEricsson (Stockholm)allcontributedtoestablishingthescientificrootsofORCA.Anotherpositiveaspect inthisperiodoforcadevelopmentwastheinternationalinterestintheorcacongresses,so thatgermanaloneas the ORCAlanguagewasnolongerappropriatefordisseminatingthe message.inconsequence,eachcongressparticipanthadtoprovideanenglishandfrench abstractaswell.someevenpresentedadditionalabstractsinitalianandgreek. Bynominatingcorrespondingmembers,HansRHeldestablishedfirstcontactswithscientists outsideeuropeinparticularintheusa,e.g.haroldtrendleydean,finnbrudevoldfrom Rochester,NY(ORCA4RolexPrizewinnerin1983),F.A.Arnold,thendirectoroftheNational InstituteofHealth,DepartmentofHealth,EducationandWelfare,Bethesda,MDandJ.W. Knutson,thenChiefDentalOfficeroftheU.S.PublicHealthService,WashingtonDC TheearlyORCA(inthelatefifties)alsodefinedso4called ORCATeams withtheaimof investigatingtheamericanfindingsontheanti4carieseffectof fluorine andonestablishing strategiesforadaptingtheamericanresearchtotheeuropeansituation.fiveoftheso4called ORCATeams arereported,buttheextantprotocolsdocumentonlytheactivitiesofteami (chair:louisbaume,geneva,switzerland)whichhadtoestablishscientificcriteriaforthe diagnosisofcarieslesionsandtomakecontactswithwho(theworldhealthorganisation)and thefdi(fédérationdentaireinternational).theseeffortslaterresultedintheestablishmentof

7 7 thedmftindicesandwereevenappreciatedbythewho.teamv(chairman:hansjoachim Schmidt,Stuttgart,Germany)hadtoreportonEuropeanandAmericaneffortsin fluorine researchandonfluoridationofdrinkingwater[schmidt,1957].hansjoachimschmidt,with scrupulousexactitude,collectedallinformationavailableintheearlyfiftiesonfluorine(ashe said)andinparticularonitsanti4carieseffect.hisuniquecollectionoftheliteraturewasthe basisforthefoundationofthe"dokumentationszentrumfürpräventivezahnheilkunde" [DocumentationCenterforPreventiveDentistry]inVienna.Tragically,aheartattacktookhim awayatthethresholdofhislife sachievement,namelyattheopeningceremonyofthecenter. Duringthefiftiesthefluoridationofdrinkingwaterwasintroduced,in1953inTheNetherlands (promotedbyottobackerdirks)andin1952ingermany,inkassel(promotedbyhans Hornung,aveteranGeneralSurgeonoftheGermanArmyandassuchnotnecessarilya scientist).thegermanapproachwassoonabandonedbecauseofvariousinadequacies.inthe firstyearsorcawasalmostexclusivelyfinancedwiththehelpofthe FluorineFactory Zyma, whichwasthenownedbythewifeofhansheld.hansheldservedorcaasfounding president,president,vice4president,generalsecretaryandtreasurer.closepersonal relationshipsofhisfamilywiththeownersoftheswisswatchmanufacturerrolexwerethe basisforthelong4standingorca4rolexprize(seebelow).hansheldbecamethefirstorca honorarymember.hediedondecember3,1998.klauskönigwroteanobituarynoticeonhim incaries(research[1999h33:251). HansHeldatthe1956ORCAcongressinMarburg

8 8 The&period&of&search&and&consolidation& & InthefilesofORCA,thisperiodischaracterizedbyaremarkablefluctuationinthemembership andbyseverecontroversiesbetweenthemembersontheaimoftheorganisation.somewere disappointedbecausewhatintheirapprehensionshouldhavebeenthemajoraimoforca namelydrinkingwaterfluoridation hadsomewhatmovedoutofthefocus.someofthe foundingmembersandfoundingofficersevenleftorcaindisappointment(heggers4lura,h4j Schmidt,AJHeld).ThenewincomingmembersofORCA,mostlyscientistswithasolid backgroundinsystematicresearch,propagatedmoreintensiveresearchonthevariousaspects oftheanti4cariesmechanismsoffluorideandoncariesitself.theseintra4orcacontroversies addedtocontroversiesfromoutside,namelythefoundationoftheinternationalsocietyon FluorideResearch,aninternationalorganizationofanti4fluoridationists. The&most&urgent&structural&problems&and&their&solution& Analyzingthissituation,theExecutiveCouncilofORCArealizedthatoneofthemain weaknessesoftheorganizationwastheunstructuredpublicationofthecongressreports. Internationally,especiallyintheUSA,ORCAwasevenregardedwithdismay.Afirstapproach tosolvingtheproblemwasthepublicationoftheproceedingsassupplementstoarchives(of( Oral(Biology.Theefficientpublisher(theEnglishnewspapertycoonRobertMaxwell)didthe printingthe cheap way,namelyinhiseasterneuroperesultinginchaoticcascadesofprinting errors.from1965to1966,thecontributionstothecongressesappearedinsuccessiveissues ofaseparateseries,advances(in(fluorine(research(and(caries(prevention(editorsleslie Hardwick,HansR.HeldandKlausKönig).Nevertheless,oneproblemremained:thestrong oppositionofauthorsoflow4qualitypresentationstonothavingtheirmanuscriptspublished. ThisstilldilettantepublicationpolicyendedabruptlywhenYngveEricssonsuggestedtothe executivecouncilthatorcaimplementitsownpublicationmedium,caries(research,and HansHeldnegotiatedthecontractualbasiswiththeinternationallyrenownedKargerPublishers. Theaimwasarigorous[hardcoreinoriginal]journalwithapeerreviewsystemanda publicationpolicyindependentoftheyearlycongresses.thepolyglotdisseminationof CongressabstractsinGerman,EnglishandFrenchwasabandonedandEnglishalonebecame theofficialpublicationlanguagefororca.thefirstissueofvolume1appearedin1967,with YngveEricssonastheEditor.Ericssonperformedhisjobwithuniquescrutiny,resultinginsuch enormousdelaysintheappearanceofindividualarticlesthatthecontinuedexistenceofthe newlyfoundedjournalwasatrisk.therefore,in1969theboardnominatedklauskönig,then AssistantSecretary,tofollowEricssonastheEditorofCaries(Research.BecausetheEditoris

9 9 exofficioamemberoftheboard,königthusservedforafurther18yearsasanofficerof ORCA.TheEditorsofCaries(ResearcharegiveninTable1. Table&1& EditorsofCaries(Research, Period& Editor& YEricsson 1964, KGKönig JMtenCate JTenovuo RPShellis DBeighton & Reformation&of&the&ORCA&Congress& ThetwentiethanniversaryCongressofORCAwascelebratedin1973inZürich,Switzerland.At thatperiod,orcahadabout230membersfrom29nations.thecongresswasdedicatedto HansHeld.TheCongressprogrammecontainedastatisticalsummaryonthenationalitiesofthe ORCApresentersinthefirst20yearsoftheORCAhistory(Table2). Table&2& Analysisofgeographicaloriginofpresentersatthe1973ORCACongress. Country& %& Germany,Switzerland,Austria 35.0 UnitedKingdom 20.5 Scandinavia 18.0 Switzerland 7.5 Italy 5.0 USA+Canada 5.0 TheNetherlands 5.0 Table2showsthatORCAintheseventiesstillwasdominatedbytheGerman4speaking countries.inthesameyearameetingonthestateoftheartincariesresearchwasheldin Düsseldorf,GermanyandpublishedbyGerman4speakingauthorsonly[Naujoksetal.,1978] Butthischangeddrasticallyinthenextdecades,withsteadilyincreasingfractionsofBritish,

10 10 Scandinavian,DutchandAmericanscientists.InthebeginningoftheORCACongresseseach individualmeetingwasallocatedtoaspecifictopic.thusintheseventiesoneofthemost drasticchangesinorcawasthere4organizationofthecongress.aftershelbykashket (ForsythDentalCenter,Boston,MA,USA)hadintroducedpostersessionsintheIADR/AADR Congresses,JohnWeatherelldidthesameforORCAandthusgavetheyearlyCongressesa muchmoreprofessionalappearance.thus,evenbeforeits25th birthday thedreamofthe foundingfatherhansheld,ofaprofessionallyorganizedorca withabudget,itsownjournal, memberswithremarkableexpertise,anattractivecongressandgoodconnectionstoother scientificorganizationsinitsbasicprinciples wasalmostareality.

11 11 InTable3arelistedtheORCACongressesupto2015,togetherwiththeORCAPresidentsand theco4presidentsresponsiblefororganizingthecongresses. Table&3&& ORCACongresses Year&& Congress&City& &Country&& President& &Co6President& 1953&& Konstanz GermanFederalRepublic HRHeld 1954&& Salzburg Austria AJHeld HLeonhardt 1955&& Geneva Switzerland AJHeld HRHeld 1956&& Marburg GermanFederalRepublic HRHeld HHeuser 1957&& Malmö Sweden HRHeld ASyrrist 1958&& Brüssel Belgium HRHeld MJoachim 1959&& Pavia Italy OBackerDirks SPalazzi 1960&& Hamburg GermanFederalRepublic OBackerDirks FBramstedt 1961&& London UK ASyrrist JForrest 1962&& Paris France ASyrrist JDelibéros 1963&& Geneva Switzerland ASyrrist AJHeld 1964&& Sandefjord Norway GToverud GToverud 1965&& Utrecht TheNetherlands GToverud OBacker4Dirks 1966&& Perugia Italy RWeill ASeppilli 1967&& Würzburg GermanFederalRepublic RWeill RNaujoks 1968&& Basel Switzerland RNaujoks MGutherz 1969&& Stockholm Sweden JLHardwick YEricsson 1970&& Debrecen Hungary JLHardwick PAdler 1971&& Århus Denmark GNJenkins IJMøller 1972&& Leipzig GermanDemocraticRepublic GNJenkins WKünzel 1973&& Zürich Switzerland HRHeld HRMühlemann 1974&& London UK HRMühleman LMSilverstone 1975&& Wien Austria HRMühleman KBinder 1976&& Szeged Hungary YEricsson KTóth

12 && Megève France YEricsson RWeill 1978&& Turku Finland LMSilverstone KMäkinen 1979&& Stirling UK LMSilverstone KWStephen 1980& Marburg GermanFederalRepublic WKünzel GAhrens 1981&& Erfurt GermanDemocraticRepublic WKünzel H4JMaiwald 1982&& Annapolis USA TEricson JPCarlos 1983&& Dublin Ireland TEricson DMO'Mullane 1984&& Noordwijkerhout TheNetherlands GAhrens JDStoppelaar 1985&& Stenungsund Norway GAhrens TEricson 1986&& Ullensvang Sweden RZMTriller GRølla 1987&& Budapest Hungary RZMTriller JBánóczy 1988&& Angers France JAWeatherell RZMTriller 1989&& York UK JAWeatherell MEJCurzon 1990&& Lubljana Yugoslavia(Slovenia) JArends VVrbic 1991&& Corfu Greece JArends AAthanassoulis 1992&& Helsinki Finland KGKönigI KPaunio 1993&& Dresden Germany KGKönig LStösser 1994&& Cork Ireland DAMGeddes HWhelton 1995&& Noordwijkerhout henetherlands DAMGeddes CvanLoveren 1996&& Århus Denmark DMO`Mulane BNyvad 1997&& DundeeUK DMO`Mulane CMPine 1998&& Stockholm Sweden JMtenCate BEAngmar4Månsson 1999&& Barcelona Spain JMtenCate IMartínez4Lizán 2000&& Alghero Italy(Sardinia) CRobinson GFalcolini 2001&& Graz Austria CRobinson PStaedtler 2002&& Turku Finland BEAngmar4Månsson JTenovuo 2003&& Konstanz Germany BEAngmar4Månsson HDuschner 2004&& Marburg Germany BNyvad KPieper 2005&& Indianapolis USA BNyvad GStookey 2006&& Glasgow UK ALussi AHall

13 && Helsingör Denmark ALussi KEkstrand 2008&& Groningen TheNetherlands NBPitts M4CDNJM Huysmans 2009&& Budapest Hungary NBPitts ZsTóth 2010&& Montpellier France CvanLoveren PTramini 2011&& Kaunas Lithuania CvanLoveren VMachiulskiene 2012& CaboFrio Brazil CGanss SGroisman 2013& Liverpool UK CGanss SHigham 2014& Greifswald Germany ASchulte C""Splieth 2015& Brussels Belgium ASchulte J"Carvalho" & "

14 14 Steering&mechanisms&of&the&Board&and&the&Editor&to&improve&the&quality&of&ORCA& K.König(privatecommunication)hassummarizedthesteeringmechanismsandconcepts whichinthetransitionperiodledfromlackofcontroltowardsanactivedefinitionoftheaims.in thisprocessoneshouldbearinmindthatthedemocraticprinciplesofthepracticeofscience limitthesteeringcapacityoftheboard.inparticular,thisappliestotheeditoroftheofficial publicationmedium,themostpermanentandoutwardly4orientedmemberoftheboard. ThoughCaries(ResearchwastheofficialpublicationmediumofORCA,itwasopenfor submissionsofmanuscriptstoallscientistsworldwide,includingnon4membersaswell.onthe otherhand,thepresentationofapaperontheyearlymeetingwasnolongeraguarantee [privilegeintheoriginal]ofgettingmanuscriptspublished.despitethisopennesstheeditor succeededinguaranteeinggeneralsteeringmechanisms.theeditorinanycaseparticipated activelyontheboardoforcaandplayedastrongroleinallactionsoftheboard.sincethe foundationofcaries(researchtheeditorwastheheadofasmallcommitteewhich,6months priortotheyearlycongresses,selectedtheabstractsaccordingtoqualityonly.thus,onthe onehandlowerqualityabstractscouldbeeliminatedandontheotherhandespeciallytopical, interestingorbrilliantresearchresultscouldbeputtogetherintheopeningsession:a particularlyprominentplaceofpresentation.toacertaindegreetheeditorcouldsteerthe publicationpolicyofcaries(research,byrejectingarticlesnotfittingintothe scopeofthe journal.positivelyspeaking,toattractattentiontooutstandinglygoodarticleshecouldplace themonthefirstpagesintherespectiveissues. ComplementarytothesteeringtoolsoftheEditor,theBoarddefined4majorinstrumentsto influencetheactivitiesoforca: Historicallythemostimportantinstrumentwastheinaugurationofsocalled taskforces : committeesofoutstandinglyexperiencedscientiststodealwithastrictlydefinedproblem. AccordingtoK.König,theearliestexampleofsuchaworkinggroupwastheonewhichhad toworkoutcriteriaforpracticaluseindiagnosingcarieslesions.thisgroupgoesbacktothe earlysixtiesandseemstothisauthortohavebeenidenticalwiththeabove4mentioned ORCATeamI chairedbylouisbaume. ThesecondinstrumentwasadecisionoftheBoardtopromotedesirabledevelopments,for exampleincommunitydentistry.again,anearlyexampleofthisaretwo Statementsof ORCA presentedbytheboardtothegeneralassemblyofthedebrecenorcacongress andacceptedonjuly7,1970.onewasa StatementofORCAconcerningcariesprophylactic

15 15 measures andtheothera Statementconcerningdrinkingwaterfluoridation.Therationale forthefirststatementwasthedesireoforcatopubliciseandtorecommendtohealth authoritiesworld4wideprophylacticmeasuresbackedbyawealthofscientificandclinical researchfrominstitutionsandscientistswithauniqueexpertiseintheirfield.thesecond statementwasthedesperateattempttosalvagetheintroductionofdrinkingwaterfluoridation despitethelong4standingresistanceofitsopponents.bothstatementswerepublishedin Caries(Research[1971h5:246].Exceptionally,thestatementswerepolyglotinGerman, EnglishandFrench. Thethirdinstrumentwas(andstillis)theorganisationofsymposiaoncurrenttopicswiththe underlyingintentionoftheboardtoattractmoreattention.thesesymposiawerepreparedby puttingtogetherexistingscientificresultswhichwerethenallocatedtospecializedscientists. Sometimesindividualspecialistswereaskedoneortwoyearspriortoasymposium,tobridge gapsintheexistingknowledgebyfocussedresearch.theresultswerethenpresentedatthe respectivesymposia.threeexamplesbelongingtothiscategorywillbementionedhere: 4 CariostaticMechansimsofFluoride heldin1976innaples,fl,usa,jointly organizedbytheamericandentalassociationhealthfoundation,thenational InstituteforDentalResearchandinparticularbytheBoardofORCAandbyORCA members.thevoluminousproceedings(327pages)wereeditedbykgkönigand WEBrown,andwerepublishedinCaries(ResearchasSupplement1toVol.11, 1977.Thenecessarytransatlanticcooperationstrengthenedthe Americanisation of ORCA. 4 MonofluorophosphatePerspectives heldin1983attheforsythdentalcenterin Boston,MA,USA,andpublishedasSupplement1toVol17,1983ofCaries( Research(GuesteditorsPGron,YEricsson).Therationaleforthismeetingwasthe coincidenceofthegrowingimportanceofthiscomplexcompoundasanadditiveto toothpasteswithfragmentaryknowledgeofthereactionmechanisms. 4 2ndEuropeanCongressonDiet,NutritionandDentalCaries organizedbymartin CurzoninYork,U.K.,1989,andpublishedasSupplement1toVol24ofCaries( Research.GuesteditorswereMEJCurzonandJMtenCate. ThemostrecentinstrumenthasbeentheSummerSchoolsforthepromotionofyoung researchers.thesewereorganizedfrom1980onandwerehelddirectlyaftertheyearly

16 16 Congress.TheSummerSchoolsareannouncedinCaries(Researchasofficialstatementsof ORCA. Increasing& Americanisation &in&the&second&half&of&the&eighties& Intheeighties,ORCAgrewconstantlyandattractedmoreandmoretheinterestofAmerican scientists,mainlyforthreereasons: TheworkofORCAwasmoreandmoreappreciatedbyAmericanscientists,resultinginthe above4mentionedactivitiesandjointmeetings. SeveralORCAmembersleftEurope,forinstanceBillBowen(toUSA),TonyHargreaves, GeorgeBowden(toCanada).HaraldLinkehadevenmuchearlieremigratedtotheUSA SomeAmericanscientistshadfamilyrootsinEurope.ErnieNewbrun sparentsoriginated fromvienna.jimcarloswasmarriedtoagerman.heandhiswifeusedorcameetingsfor familyreunions.heevensucceededingettingtheorcacongressoneyeartotheusa:to Annapolis,thefirstcapitol.Afterwardshewasalong4standingmemberoftheBoard. TheincreasingAmericaninterestinORCAintheseventiesandeightieswithverypositive impulsesunderlinedtheappreciationoftheworkoforcabythescientificeliteworldwide.itis notasurprisethattheamericansalsotriedtoacquiremoreinfluenceovertheworkoforca. AfterKlausKönigendedhiseditorshipofCaries(Researchontheoccasionofthe1987 CongressinBudapest,theinnercircleoftheBoardagreedonBob(J)MtenCateashis successoranditwasassumedthathewouldbepresentedtothegeneralassemblyfor election.thenextday,inoneofitslongestsessions,theboardvoted,with9votesforbobten Cate. OnereasonfortheinterestoftheAmericans,inparticularoftheIADR,focussedonthe publicationorganoforca,caries(research.iadrhadfoundeditsown,maybetooexpensive, publicationoffice,andapossibleintegrationofcaries(researchintotheiadrjournalswould alsohavehelpedtoalleviatethefinancialsituationoftheiadrpublishingbranch. The&ORCA&Prizes& The&ORCA6Rolex&Prize& From1957on,anotherveryimportantsteeringmechanismforfocussingresearchontotheaims oforca,andforattractinginterestontheexcellenceofscientificworkconductedbyorca

17 17 members,wastheorcarolexprize.hansheldcanbeconsideredthe father ofthishighly esteemedawardforoutstandingresearchonthefieldofcariesresearch.heusedhisandhis wife sexcellentpersonalconnectionstotheownersoftherolexwatchmanufacturersto establishthefirstlong4lastingdonationofacommercialcompanytotheyoungorca.healso workedoutthefirststatutes,whichinthebeginningforesawthreeprizesyearlyintheformofa RolexChronometer.Awardeesweretobeselectedbythemembershipbywayof questionnaireshandedouttotheparticipantstogetherwiththecongressabstracts. ThefirstrecipientoftheRolexPrizewasthephysicalchemistDr.AdolfKnappwost(Tübingen, Germany)oneofthefoundingmembersofORCA.Hecanbeconsideredasbeingthe intellectualfatherofthedemineralization/remineralizationtheory.fromtheobservationthat tuberculosispatientsencounteredamuchhighercariesrisk,andthefactthattuberculosisis alwaysaccompaniedbyxerostomia,heconcludedthatconstituentsofsalivamustcontributeto remineralization.actually,hereceivedtherolexprizeforhisorcalectureatthecongressin Marburg,Germany,1956,onsilicicacid(H 2 SiO 4 )indentalhardtissues.exceptfortwoorca JuniorRolexPrizes(A.KrönckeandW.Büttner,1965)AdolfKnappwosthasbeentheonly Germanrecipientoftheprize. InthefilesofORCAthereisnofurthermentionoftheORCA4RolexPrizeuntil1963,when LeslieHardwicknewlydefinedtherulesforthePrize,whichwasnowsubdividedintothree categories: Open&Rolex&Prize:Awardedforthebestpresentationatthepreviousyears Congress. Evaluatedwerethescientificmeritsandthepresentationofthelectureaswellasthegeneral scientificworkofthecandidate. Junior&Rolex&Prizes:TwoprizesforORCAmembersaged40yearsoryounger: o Prizeforthebestlectureonclinicalandepidemiologicalfactorsofcaries o Prizeforthebestlectureonbasicmechanismsofcaries From1968on,onlyoneORCAprizewasawardedexceptin1969when,inadditiontothe normalorcaprize,aspecialprizewasgiventoyngveericsson. From1984on,therulesfortheORCAPrizewereagainmodified.FromthenonthePrizewas nolongerawardedforthebestpresentationatanorcacongressbutwasmeanttohonour longstandingscientificengagementforresearchinthefieldofcaries.

18 18 Afteraverylongperiodoftime Rolexdonatedtheprizeforalmost50years thefamousand prestigiouswatchmanufacturerwithdrewfromorcain2000. ThefirstORCAPrizeWinner,Prof.DrAKnappwost(left)togetherwithDrDrHansJoachim Schmidt(right)andProf.ASyrrist(ORCApresidentfrom ).ORCACongress, Hamburg,1960.

19 19 ORCA6Zsolnay&Prize& FollowingtheannouncementbyRolexthattheywishedtosevertheirlinkswiththeORCA4 RolexPrize,theORCABoard,throughtheofficesofZenoGintner,negotiatedanagreement withthezsolnaycompanyofpécs,hungary,thattheywouldprovideapieceoftheirfinepottery eachyear.thiswasknownastheorca4zsolnayprizeandwasdonatedbetween2000and 2009.Initsfirstyear,theprizetooktheformofapotteryowl,reflectingtheinterestsofits recipient,jaaptenbosch.sincethen,theprizewasalwaysahighlydecoratedplate.fittingly, thelastorca4zsolnayprizewaspresentedatthecongressinthehungariancapital, Budapest. The&ORCA&Prize& TheZsolnayCompanyceasedtodonateaprizein2009.OnbehalfoftheBoard,AdrianLussi negotiatedfavourabletermsforpurchaseofawatchfromtheswisswatchmakersswatch, whichwouldbeawardedastheorcaprize. The&Young&Investigator s&prize&& In2006theBoardconsideredthat,whiletheseniorORCA4ZsolnayPrizerecognizedthe achievementsofexperiencedscientistsinresearchandothercaries4relatedactivities,therewas aneedtoencourageyoungercariesresearchers.ayounginvestigatorprizewastherefore initiated.thiswasaprizetobeawardedtothepresenteroftheposterconsideredbythejudges (Vice4Presidentandsessionchairs)tobethebestamongthecompetitionentrantsateach Congress.ThePrize,whichconsistsofacertificateandpaymentofregistrationforthe succeedingorcacongress,wasfirstawardedin2007. In remembrance of late Nathan Cochrane, board member and the first winner of the "ORCA Junior Scientists' Award", it was proposed and approved to rename the award into "ORCA NathanCochraneJuniorScientists'award"attheGAof4July2014inGreifswald,Germany. Prizewinners&and&their&research& Table4liststhewinnersofthevariousORCAprizes.ThelaudationsfortheORCAprizeswould haveofferedafantasticchancetodocumentorcaandtheprogressofresearchgoingonin ORCA.Itmustbesaid,however,thatthelaudationsfortheindividualprizewinnerswerenot archivedappropriatelyorwerelost.someoftheearlyprizewinnersevendidnotrememberfor whichoftheirscientificworkstheyreceivedtheprize.additionally,forthefirsttenyearsof

20 20 ORCA,from1953to1963,onlyveryfewwrittendocumentsareavailable.Nevertheless,in Table4,anattempthasbeenmadetoallocatetotheknownprizewinnersashort characterizationoftheirwork.

21 21 Table&4.& ORCAPrizewinners Year& Prize& Prizewinner& Country& Reason&for&Award& 1957& ORCA4Rolex AKnappwost& Germany Silicicacidinhardtissues 1964& ORCA4Rolex RJGibbons& USA Aetiologyofcaries 1964 JuniorRolex HSchüle? ORCA4Rolex JEEastoe UK JuniorRolex AKrönke,WBüttner Germany ORCA4Rolex ABoyde UK JuniorRolex TMMarthaler Switzerland ORCA4Rolex WGArmstrong UK 1967 JuniorRolex SALeach, DNeff UK,?? 1968& ORCA4Rolex JAWeatherell& UK Phosphatesinenamel 1969 ORCA4Rolex PCritchley UK SpecialPrize YEricsson Sweden 1970 ORCA4Rolex JMBirkeland Sweden 1971 ORCA4Rolex GCimasoni Italy 1972& ORCA4Rolex BGuggenheim& Switzerland BiochemistryofPlaque 1973 ORCA4Rolex LMSilverstone UK 1974 ORCA4Rolex TMikx The Netherlands 1975 ORCA4Rolex JABeeley UK 1976 ORCA4Rolex GSIngram UK 1977 ORCA4Rolex WHBowen& USA AntibodiesofPrimates 1978 ORCA4Rolex JPatz? 1979 ORCA4Rolex 1980 ORCA4Rolex HRHeld Switzerland 1981 ORCA4Rolex JArends& The Netherlands Anticarieseffectoflowfluoride concentrations 1982 ORCA4Rolex CRobinson& UK 1983 ORCA4Rolex FBrudevold USA 1984 ORCA4Rolex GRølla Norway 1985 ORCA4Rolex JEkstrand Sweden 1986 ORCA4Rolex JMtenCate& The Netherlands Solubilityisothermsofcalciumphosphates 1987 ORCA4Rolex JPCarlos& USA CooperationbetweenORCAandIADR 1988 ORCA4Rolex OFejerskov& Denmark Anticariesmechanismsoffluoride

22 ORCA4Rolex CDawes& Canada Theoreticalandexperimentalstudiesof salivarysugarclearance 1990 ORCA4Rolex KWStephen& UK Researchonplaque 1991 ORCA4Rolex PDMarsh& UK Metabolismofplaquebacteria 1992 ORCA4Rolex GMWhitford& USA Metabolismandtoxicityoffluoride 1993 ORCA4Rolex GHBowden& Canada Microbiologyoftheoralcavity 1996 ORCA4Rolex AJRugg4Gunn& UK Plaque 1998 ORCA4Rolex DAMGeddes& UK Plaque 1999 ORCA4Rolex BAngmar4Månsson& Sweden Fluorosisandmechanismsoffluoride 2000 ORCA4Zsolnay JJtenBosch& The Netherlands 2001 ORCA4Zsolnay BNyvad& Denmark Opticalandfluorescencepropertiesof dentalhardtissues Etiologyofcariesandcompositionofthe biofilm 2002 ORCA4Zsolnay JDBFeatherstone& USA Lasersincariesresearch 2003 ORCA4Zsolnay DMO'Mullane& Ireland Epidemiologyandpreventionofcaries 2004 ORCA4Zsolnay JTenovuo& Finland Defencefactorsinsaliva 2005 ORCA4Zsolnay NBPitts& UK Cariestreatmentandmanagement 2006 ORCA4Zsolnay BClarkson& USA ORCA4Zsolnay GStookey USA De4andre4mineralizationofdentalhard tissues Outstandinglifetimeachievementincaries research YoungInvestigator: NCochrane& Australia RemineralizationwithCPP4ACP ORCA4Zsolnay HWhelton& Ireland YoungInvestigator PTschoppe& Germany Salivasubstitutes ORCA4Zsolnay ALussi& Switzerland Dentalerosionandcariesdiagnostics YoungInvestigator MMantzourani& UK Bifidobacteriainplaque 2010 YoungInvestigator N.Schlueter, Germany ORCAPrize P.Shellis UK YoungInvestigator N.Charadram Australia ORCAPrize J.Cury Brazil Junior sscientistaward N.Mohammed, UK Cariogenicbiofilmandstrategiesforcaries prevention 2013 Junior sscientistaward T.Winterfeld& Germany ToothbrushingHabits ORCAPrize D.Beighton UK Oralmicrobiology Junior sscientistaward L.Hilgert Brazil CariesPreventiveEffectofSupervised Toothbrushing,CompositeResinandART SealantsAfterThreeYears. ORCAPrize C.Pine UK Preventionofchildhooddentalcaries Junior sscientistaward Y.Liao China Identificationandfunctionalanalysisof genomemutationsinafluoride4resistant Streptococcusmutansstrain

23 23 ThistableshowstheimmensetransatlanticscientificinfluenceofNorthAmericanscientistson ORCA(8seniorprizewinnersfromUSAand2fromCanada).Seventeenseniorprizewinners werefromtheunitedkingdom,8fromscandinavia,4fromthenetherlands,3from Switzerland,2fromIreland,twofromGermany,onefromItalyandonefromBrazil. & The&Yngve&Ericsson&Prize& & TheYngveEricssonPrize,previouslyknownasThePatentRevenueFund sprizefor ResearchinPreventiveOdontology,isawardedonceevery3yearsinacknowledgement ofoutstandingcontributionstopreventionoforaldiseases.establishedin1963,the SwedishPatentRevenueFundforResearchinPreventiveOdontologywasoriginally foundedonroyaltiesfrompatents,primarilypatentsforadditionoffluorideto dentifricestopreventorarrestdentalcaries.thefundisthelargestnon4publicgranting sourcefordentalresearchinswedenthroughitscontinuedsupportofresearchinto preventionofdentalandoraldiseases.since2010theprizewillbeawardedincollaboration withorcaandbepresentedattheopeningsceremonyoftheorcameeting.theprize awardeesareselectedbyafive4memberprizecommitteeappointedbythepatentrevenue FundandORCA. Year& Prize& Prizewinner& Country& Reason&for&Award& 2010& YngveEricssonPrize HHausen& Finland Oeuvre 2010& YngveEricssonPrize J.A.Cury& Brazil Oeuvre 2013 YngveEricssonPrize B.Nyvad Denmark Oeuvre 2013 YngveEricssonPrize V.Baelum Denmark Oeuvre & ORCA&in&the&nineties& TheninetieswerecharacterizedbythepoliticalturnoverintheEasternEuropeancountries,in thefirstplacebytheunificationbetweenthegermanfederalrepublicandthegerman DemocraticRepublic.Beforethisperiod,thecountriesbehindtheso4calledIronCurtainwere drasticallyunder4representedinorca.neverthelesstherewerelong4standingconnections betweenindividualscientistsinthevariouscountriesoftheeasternbloc.itwastheoutspoken policyoforcatosupporttheexistingbutrarecontacts,aconsequenceoftheseveretravel restrictionswhichthepeoplebehindtheironcurtainhadtoendure.inthisverysadsituationthe

24 24 responseoforcawastoencouragethescientistsintheeasttoorganizeoneoftheyearly Congressintheircountries.ThesuccessofthisstrategyisseeninTable5.Itcouldnothave beenforeseenbytheorcacommitteesthatthecongressinlublijanawouldcoincidewiththe upheavalintheeasternbloc. & Table&5& ORCACongressesheldinEastEuropeancountriesbeforetheremovaloftheIronCurtain Year& Town& Country& Co6President& 1970 Debrecen Hungary PAdler 1972 Leipzig GermanDemocraticRepublic WKünzel 1976 Szeged Hungary KTóth 1981 Erfurt GermanDemocraticRepublic WKünzel 1986 Budapest Hungary JBánoczy 1990 Ljubljana Yugoslavia(Slovenia) VVrbic InmostcountriesoftheEasternBloc,scientificcariesresearchwasunderdevelopedfor economicandpoliticalreasons(exceptionsweretheinstitutionsoftheabovementionedorca Co4Presidents).Becauseoftheexistingcontactswithkeycariologistsintheeast,ORCAwas wellpreparedtoinitiateimmediateassistancebyhelpingyoungresearcherstobecome acquaintedwithmodernresearchtechniques.moreover,althoughenglishwasnotsowell acceptedintheeasternbloc,languagebarrierswerenotaninsurmountableproblem,because mostofthelongstandingorcamembersfromtheeastwerebi4andeventri4lingual,speaking EnglishandatleastoneEastEuropeanlanguage(mostlyRussian),helpingtobridgelanguage barriers.inadditiontherewasalongexperienceinorcaoforganizingspecialmeetings focussedonindividualtopics(seeabove).thiscouldnowbeextendedtoorganizethe traditionalorcasummerschoolsineasteuropeancountries.duringthepresidencyofklaus König( ),ORCAdevelopeda GoEast policywiththeaimofencouragingcaries researchincountrieswithineasterneuropeananddevelopingcountries.followingsuccessful SummerSchoolsinPragueand1994,inLatviain1996andinPolandin1998,ORCAhasalso establishedfundedinitiatives.thefirstistheorcaconferencetravelfellowshipwhich enablesawardeestoattendanorcacongressandtopresentapaperoraresearchproposal.

25 25 TheotheristheORCAConsultancyServicewhichprovideshelpintheactualexecutionof researchataninternationallevel.thisprogrammeofsummerschoolsisaimedatthe stimulationofcariesresearchandthepromotionofcontactsbetweenorcamembersand scientistsfromeasterneurope. The&ORCA&Family& ThoughtheORCACongressesimmediatelyattractedaremarkableinterestinresearchers worldwide,thenumberofparticipantsafterthefirstfewcongressessoonstabilizedataround 300.TheintimateatmosphereattheORCACongressesopenedthechanceforpersonal friendshipsandmosttypicalfororcaalsofamilyfriendships.membersoftheexecutive CouncilandoftheAdvisoryCounciloftenmetseveraltimesperyear.ForalotofORCA members,thefactthatfromthebeginningthecongresswasheldatattractiveplaceswas reasonenoughtotravelwiththeirwivesandevenwiththewholefamily. ORCAfoundingfatherHansJoachimSchmidttogetherwithhiswifeandhisdaughter(right)and otheraccompanyingladiesattheorcacongress,hamburg,germany,1960.

26 26 Fromthebeginningattractiveplaces(Table3)werefoundfortheyearlyCongresses.In addition,asmentionedbefore,someoftheamericanmembershadfamilytiestoeurope,either becausetheyhademigratedafterwwiiorbecausetheyhadeuropeanroots,sothattheorca Congressesprovidedagoodopportunitytocombinescientificinterestsandfamilyaspects.It mustbeconsideredthatinthefirstyearsoforca,sciencewasdominatedbymalessothat normallyonlyveryfewwomenparticipatedinscientificcongresses.inorca,matterswere totallydifferent,becausefromthefirstfewmeetingsonaso4called Ladies Programme wasa fundamentalpartofeachcongress,mostlywithitsownladies ProgrammeCommittee constitutedfromthewivesofthemalecongressparticipants.thereforetheterm ORCAfamily wasalmostformallyintroducedbyorcamembersintheearlysixties. ThestrongfamilytiesofORCAarebestdemonstratedbythereceptionofallparticipantsofthe 1956CongressinGeneva,organizedbyHansHeldinhisownprivatevilla.HerthaHaferof Mainz,oneofthefewstilllivingfoundingmembersofORCAvividlyremembersthateveningas auniquesignofpersonalfriendship(privatecommunicationhmainz,2001).thatgestureof HansHeldalsocharacterizestheintimaterelationshipbetweenhimand his ORCA. References& DeanHT,JayP,ArnoldFA,ElvoveS:Reportofepidemiologicalinvestigationsinover7000 schoolchildren.publ.healthrep1941h56: DeningerA:DasFluor.EinMittelgegenZahnkrankheitenundvielleichtauchgegen Blinddarmentzündung[Fluorine.Anagentagainstdentaldiseasesandpossiblyalsoagainst appendicitis].dtschezahnärztlwochenschrift1907h10: DeningerA:ÜberdieWirkungendesFluoraufZähneundBlinddarm[Ontheeffectsoffluorine onteethandtheappendix].dtschezahnärztlz1907h6:143. HaferH:PhosphataseaktivitätundihreHemmungdurchFluorid[Phosphataseactivityandits inhibitionbyfluoride].arzneim4forsch1953h3: NaujoksR,BergmannKE,NeweslyH,KnappwostA,BüttnerW,AhrensG,SchmidtHFM, BüchsH,GülzowHJ,MarthalerTM:KariesprophylaxemitFluorid.Einewissenschaftliche

27 27 Standortbestimmung,VortragstexteeinerFortbildungsveranstaltung.[Cariespreventionwith flouride.ascientificpositioning.lecturersofcontinuingeducationevent].düsseldorf,1978. SchmidtHJ:KariesprophylaxedurchFluortherapie[Cariesprophylaxisthroughfluorinetherapy] Heidelberg,HüthigVerlag,1951. SchmidtHJ:ErsteTagungderEuropäischenArbeitsgemeinschaftfürFluorforschungund Kariesprophylaxe[FirstCongressoftheEuropeanWorkingGroupforFluorineResearchand CariesProphylaxis].DtscheStomatologie1954h11:338. SchmidtHJ:DieErgebnissezehnjährigerTrinkwasserfluoridierungindenUSA[Resultsoften years drinkingwaterfluoridationintheusa],1957.