Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10744

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1 Lecture Notes in Computer Science Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany

2 More information about this series at

3 Peng Liu Sjouke Mauw Ketil Stølen (Eds.) Graphical Models for Security 4th International Workshop, GraMSec 2017 Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 21, 2017 Revised Selected Papers 123

4 Editors Peng Liu Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA USA Sjouke Mauw University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg Ketil Stølen SINTEF ICT Blindern Oslo Norway ISSN ISSN (electronic) Lecture Notes in Computer Science ISBN ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: LNCS Sublibrary: SL4 Security and Cryptology Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 Preface Welcome to the proceedings of GraMSec 2017, the 4th International Workshop on Graphical Models for Security. This workshop seeks to bring together researchers from academia, government, and industry to report on the latest research and development results on graphical models for security, and to have productive discussion and constructive debate on this topic. The workshop was a single day event co-located with the 30th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF 2017). Out of a total of 19 submissions from Europe and North America, we accepted five regular papers and four short papers. These proceedings also contain the abstract of an invited talk by Anoop Singhal (U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology) on Security Metrics and Risk Analysis for Enterprise Systems. This valuable and insightful talk gave us a better understanding of the topic. In addition, these proceedings include an invited paper by members of the WISER project, entitled Employing Graphical Risk Models to Facilitate Cyber-Risk Monitoring the WISER Approach. We expect that the results and experiences from this project will help the reader to explore the WISER approach to graphical modeling for security. Putting together GraMSec 2017 was a team effort. We thank all authors who submitted papers. We thank the Program Committee members and additional reviewers for their great effort toward a thought-provoking program. We are also very grateful to the invited speaker for his presentation and the financial support received from the Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg (FNR-CORE grant ADT2P). Finally, we thank the IEEE CSF organizers, particularly the general chair, Pedro Adão, for his support and help. December 2017 Peng Liu Sjouke Mauw Ketil Stølen

6 Organization Program Committee Mathieu Acher Massimiliano Albanese Ludovic Apvrille Thomas Bauereiß Kristian Beckers Giampaolo Bella Stefano Bistarelli Marc Bouissou Binbin Chen Frédéric Cuppens Nora Cuppens-Boulahia Hervé Debar Harley Eades Iii Mathias Ekstedt Ulrik Franke Frank Fransen Olga Gadyatskaya Paolo Giorgini Dieter Gollmann Joshua Guttman René Rydhof Hansen Maritta Heisel Hannes Holm Siv Hilde Houmb Sushil Jajodia Ravi Jhawar Henk Jonkers Florian Kammueller Nima Khakzad Dong Seong Kim Barbara Kordy Pascal Lafourcade Jean-Louis Lanet Peng Liu Sjouke Mauw University Rennes 1/Inria, France George Mason University, USA Télécom ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, France University of Cambridge, UK Technical University of Munich, Germany Università di Catania, Italy Università di Perugia, Italy EDF and Ecole Centrale Paris, France Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore Télécom Bretagne, France Télécom Bretagne, France Télécom SudParis, France Augusta University, USA KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Sweden TNO, The Netherlands University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg University of Trento, Italy Hamburg University of Technology, Germany Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA Aalborg University, Denmark University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Swedish Defence Research Agency, Sweden Secure-NOK AS, Norway George Mason University, USA University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg BiZZdesign, The Netherlands Middlesex University London, UK and TU Berlin, Germany Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands University of Canterbury, New Zealand INSA Rennes, IRISA, France Université Clermont Auvergne, France Inria, France Pennsylvania State University, USA University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

7 VIII Organization Per Håkon Meland Jogesh Muppala Simin Nadjm-Tehrani Andreas L. Opdahl Xinming Ou Stéphane Paul Wolter Pieters Sophie Pinchinat Vincenzo Piuri Ludovic Piètre-Cambacédès Marc Pouly Nicolas Prigent Cristian Prisacariu Christian W. Probst David Pym Saša Radomirović Indrajit Ray Arend Rensink Yves Roudier Guttorm Sindre Mariëlle Stoelinga Ketil Stølen Xiaoyan Sun Axel Tanner Alexandre Vernotte Luca Viganò Lingyu Wang Jan Willemson SINTEF, Norway Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, SAR China Linköping university, Sweden University of Bergen, Norway University of South Florida, USA Thales Research and Technology, France Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands University Rennes 1, IRISA, France University of Milan, Italy EDF, France Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland Supélec, France University of Oslo, Norway Technical University of Denmark, Denmark University College London University of Dundee, UK Colorado State University, USA University of Twente, The Netherlands Université Côte d Azur, CNRS, I3S, UNS, France Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway University of Twente, The Netherlands SINTEF, Norway California State University, USA IBM Research - Zurich, Switzerland KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden King s College London, UK Concordia University, Canada Cybernetica, Estonia Additional Reviewers Audinot, Maxime Puys, Maxime Venkatesan, Sridhar

8 Security Metrics and Risk Analysis for Enterprise Systems (Abstract of Invited Talk) Anoop Singhal Computer Security Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Abstract. Protection of enterprise systems from cyber attacks is a challenge. Vulnerabilities are regularly discovered in software systems that are exploited to launch cyber attacks. Security analysts need objective metrics to manage the security risk of an enterprise systems. In this talk, we give an overview of our research on security metrics and challenges for security risk analysis of enterprise systems. A standard model for security metrics will enable us to answer questions such as are we more secure than yesterday or how does the security of one system compare with another? We present a methodology for security risk analysis that is based on the model of attack graphs and the common vulnerability scoring system (CVSS).

9 Contents Graphical Modeling of Security Arguments: Current State and Future Directions Dan Ionita, Margaret Ford, Alexandr Vasenev, and Roel Wieringa Evil Twins: Handling Repetitions in Attack Defense Trees: A Survival Guide Angèle Bossuat and Barbara Kordy Visualizing Cyber Security Risks with Bow-Tie Diagrams Karin Bernsmed, Christian Frøystad, Per Håkon Meland, Dag Atle Nesheim, and Ørnulf Jan Rødseth CSIRA: A Method for Analysing the Risk of Cybersecurity Incidents Aitor Couce-Vieira, Siv Hilde Houmb, and David Ríos-Insua Quantitative Evaluation of Attack Defense Trees Using Stochastic Timed Automata René Rydhof Hansen, Peter Gjøl Jensen, Kim Guldstrand Larsen, Axel Legay, and Danny Bøgsted Poulsen Probabilistic Modeling of Insider Threat Detection Systems Brian Ruttenberg, Dave Blumstein, Jeff Druce, Michael Howard, Fred Reed, Leslie Wilfong, Crystal Lister, Steve Gaskin, Meaghan Foley, and Dan Scofield Security Modeling for Embedded System Design Letitia W. Li, Florian Lugou, and Ludovic Apvrille Circle of Health Based Access Control for Personal Health Information Systems Ryan Habibi, Jens Weber, and Morgan Price New Directions in Attack Tree Research: Catching up with Industrial Needs Olga Gadyatskaya and Rolando Trujillo-Rasua Employing Graphical Risk Models to Facilitate Cyber-Risk Monitoring - the WISER Approach Aleš Černivec, Gencer Erdogan, Alejandra Gonzalez, Atle Refsdal, and Antonio Alvarez Romero Author Index

Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7007

Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7007 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University,