Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures held in Munich, Germany, 4-6 August 1997

Transcription

1 CAAD futures 1997

2 CAAD futures 1997 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures held in Munich, Germany, 4-6 August 1997 Edited by Richard Junge Faculty for Architecture, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany SPRINGERSCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

3 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Printed on acid-free paper Ali Rights Reserved 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1997 No part of the materţal pr-qtected by tbill copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form 01 by ooy means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

4 Table of Contents Preface xv Keynote Papers DESIGN MEDIUM - DESIGN OBJECT Gerhard Schmitt Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ZUrich, Switzerland CAD - SO WHAT? Thomas Bock University Karlsruhe, Germany INTEGRATION OF DESIGN APPLICATIONS WIm BUILDING MODELS Chuck Eastman, Tay Sheng Jeng, Roy Chowdhury, Kim Jacobsen Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA; Technical University of Denmark WHAT ARE WE LEARNING FROM DESIGNERS AND ITS ROLE IN FUTURE CAAD TOOLS John S. Gero University of Sydney, Australia Shapes, Grammars and Types GRAMMARS AND ART Dean Bruton University of Adelaide, Australia SPATIUM - A SYSTEM FOR me DEFINITION AND DESIGN OF SHAPE GRAMMARS Michael Heligardt, Sourav Kundu Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Kanazawa University, Japan 71 83

5 vi ARCIDTECTURAL DESIGN-BY-FEA TIJRES los P. van Leeuwen, Harry Wagter Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Origin International Consultancy, Eindhoven, The Netherlands GENERIC REPRESENTATIONS: TYPICAL DESIGN WITHOUT THE USE OF TYPES Henri Achten Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Design Support Design Support ARMILLA5 - SUPPORTING DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX BUILDINGS Ludger Hovestadt, Volkmar Hovestadt University Kaiserslautern, Germany; University Karlsruhe, Germany IMPROVING CAAD BY APPLYING INTEGRA TED DESIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND NEW DESIGN MEmODOLOGIES Sevil Sariyildiz, Harry Volker, Mathias Schwenck Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands REGULATING LINES AND GEOMETRIC RELATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPWRING SHAPE, DIMENSION AND GEOMETRIC ORGANIZATION IN DESIGN Branko Kolarevic University of Hong Kong, HK COMPUTABILITY OF DESIGN DIAGRAMS Ellen Yi-Luen Do Georgia Institute of Tech., Atlanta & University of Colorado, Boulder, USA HAND-EYE COORDINATION IN DESKTOP VIRTUAL REALITY Theodore W. Hall Chinese University of Hong Kong

6 vii A DIGITAL WAY OF PLANNING BASED ON INFORMATION SURVEYING Dirk Donath, Frank Petzold Bauhaus UniversitOt, Weimar, Germany 183 Exploration and Evaluation TOOLS FOR VISUAL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CAD MODELS 189 Ellen Yi-Luen Do, Mark D. Gross Georgia Institute of Tech., Atlanta & University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; University of Colorado, Boulder, USA DESIGN CONVERSATIONS WITH YOUR COMPUTER: EVALUATING EXPERIENTIAL QUALITIES OF PHYSICAL FORM Kimberle Koile Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA MODELING-ASSISTED BUILDING CONTROL Ardeshir Mahdavi Carnegie Mellon University, USA & National University of Singapore ON TIlE PROBLEM OF OPERATIVE INFORMATION IN CAAD Ardeshir Mahdavi, V. Pal Carnegie Mellon University, USA & National University of Singapore; National University of Singapore ON TIlE EVALUATION OF ARCHITECTURAL FIGURAL GOODNESS Alexander Koutamanis Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION AND NEURAL NETWORKS IN ARCIDTECTURAL DESIGN Neander F. Silva, Alan H. Bridges University of Brasilia, Brazil; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

7 viii PATTERN-BASED GENERATION OF CUSTOMIZED, FLEXIBLE BUILDING SIMULATORS Jan Peter Riegel, Martin Schillze, Gerhard Zimmermann, University of Kaiserslautem, Germany AUDITORY NAVIGATION AND THE ESCAPE FROM SMOKE FILLED BUILDINGS Peter Rutheiford University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland I-WALKWAYS: AN EXPLORATION IN KNOWLEDGE VISUALIZATION Daniel C. Glaser University of California, Berkeley, USA A STUDY OF THE LOCATION OF FIRE EGRESS SIGNS BY VR SIMULATION Naai-Jung Shih, ehie-shan Yan National Taiwan Institute of Technology, Taiwan Environment and Simulation A KB CAAD SYSTEM FOR THE PRE-CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BIO-CLIMA TIC AND LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS Abraham Yezioro, Edna Shaviv Israel Institute of Technology, Israel ALGORITHM AND CONTEXT: A CASE STUDY OF RELIABILITY IN COMPUTATIONAL DAYLIGHT MODELING Khee Poh Lam, Ardeshir Mahdavi, V. Pal National University of Singapore; Carnegio Mellon University, USA; National University of Singapore A COMPUTER-AIDED EV ALUA TION TOOL FOR THE VISUAL ASPECTS IN ARCIDTECTURAL DESIGN FOR IDGH-DENSITY AND IDGH-RISE BUILDINGS Thomas S.P. Li, Barry F. Will The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

8 ix A MOBILE AGENT ORIENTED MEmOD OF SIMULATING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND THE OCCUPANTS' ACTION Haruyuki Fujii, Shoichi Nakai Shimizu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 357 CoUaboration in Design MUD: EXPLORING lradeoffs IN URBAN DESIGN Mark D. Gross, Laura Parker, Ame M. Elliott University of Colorado, Boulder, USA; University of California, Berkeley, USA AN INTEGRATED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT FOR COLLABORA TIVE, MULTI-DISCIPLINARY BUILDING DESIGN Lachmi Khemlani, Yehuda E. Kalay University of California, Berkeley, USA HUMAN - MACIllNE - DESIGN MATRIX: A MODEL FOR WEB-BASED DESIGN INTERACTION Daniel E. Tsai, Sungah Kim Harvard University, USA SHARED VIRTUAL REALITY FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Luca Caneparo Politecnico di Torino, Italy THE MULTI-USER WORKSPACE FOR COLLABORATIVE DESIGN 443 Sungho Woo, Eunjoo Lee, Tsuyoshi Sasada Osaka University, Japan A CONCEPTUAL NETWORK FOR WEB REPRESENTATION OF DESIGN KNOWLEDGE Rivka Oxman, Anat Sarid, Shoshi Bar-Eli, Ruth Rotenshtreich Technion, Haifa, Israel 453

9 x AN ADVANCED GROUPWARE APPROACH FOR AN INTEGRA TED PLANNING PROCESS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Christian Maller University Karlsruhe, Germany KNOWLEDGE, AGENCY, AND DESIGN INFORMATION SYSTEMS Jeffrey Huang, Spiro N. PoltaUs Harvard University, Cambridge, USA DATA EXCHANGE IN DESIGNIREAUSATION PROCESS IN BUILDING TRADE, AN EXPERIMENTATION WIm WOOD-FRAME PANELS Y. Sahnouni, J.e. Bignon, D. Leonard School of Architecture oj Nancy, France; School oj Architecture oj Strasbourg, France Product Model and Virtual Exterprises DESIGN AND MODELLING IN A COMPUTER INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION PROCESS - THE BAS-CAAD PROJECT Anders Ekholm, Sverker Fridqvist Lund University, Sweden LIFE CYCLE MODELS OF BUILDINGS - A NEW APPROACH Nildaus Kohler, Bertram Barth, Sandro Heitz, Manfred Hermann University oj Karlsruhe, Germany SOME moughts ON THE EXISTENCE OF A GENERIC BUILDING OBJECT James A. Turner The University of Michigan, USA SORTS: A CONCEPT FOR REPRESENTATIONAL FLEXIBILITY Rudi Stouffs, Ramesh Krishnamurti Swiss Federal Institute oj Technology, Zurich, Switzerland; Carnegie Mellon University, USA

10 xi THE DISTRIBUTED ARCmTECTURAL MODEL FOR CO-OPERATIVE DESIGN Shun Watanabe, Kiichiro Komatsu University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan PRODUCT DATA MODEL FOR INTEROPERABILITY IN AN DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT Richard Junge, Thomas Liebich Technical University Munich, Germany; CAB Research & Consult, Munich, Germany THE VEGA PLATFORM - IT FOR THE VIRTUAL ENTERPRISE Richard Junge, Manfred Kothe, Karsten Schulz, Alain Zarli, Wim Bakkeren Technical University Munich, Germany; Digital Equipment Karlsruhe, Germany; Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment, Sophia Antipolis; TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands A DYNAMIC PRODUCT MODEL - A BASE FOR DISTRIBUTED APPLICA TIONS Richard Junge, Rasso Steinmann, Klaus Beetz Technical University Munich, Germany; Fachhochschule Munich, Germany; Nemetschek Programmsystem GmbH, Munich, Germany Virtual Reality NOT JUST ANOTHER PRETTY FACE: IMAGES AND ARGUMENTS 635 IN AN ANTHROPOWGY WEB SITE Jen S. Lewin, Mark Ehrhardt, Mark D. Gross University of Colorado, Boulder, USA THE PALLADIO WEB MUSEUM: A HETEROGENEOUS DATABASE 655 OF ARCmTECTURE AND HISTORY Daniel E. Tsai Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA MAKING SENSE OF THE CITY Vassilis Bourdakis University of Bath, UK 663

11 xii ISSUES OF ABSTRACTION, ACCURACY AND REALISM IN LARGE SCALE COMPUTER URBAN MODELS A. Radford, R. Woodbury, G. Braithwaite, S. Kirkby, R. Sweeting, E. Huang The University of Adelaide, Australia A NETWORK-BASED KIT-OF-PARTS VIRTUAL BUILDING SYSTEM A. Scott Howe The University of Michigan, USA DESIGN SPEECH ACTS. "HOW TO DO THINGS WITH WORDS" IN VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES Anna Cicognani, Mary Lou Maher University of Sydney, Australia THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS Alan Bridges, Dimitrios Charitos University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland THE LEGACY OF SURREALISM IN THE ELECTRONIC DESIGN STUDIO Richard Coyne, Fiona McLachlan University of Edinburgh, Scotland BABYLON S M L XL - THE MISSING LANGUAGE OF CYBERSPACE 749 Florian Wenz Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Learning and Reasoning THE APPLICATION OF CONJOINT MEASUREMENT AS A DYNAMIC 757 DECISION MAKING TOOL IN A VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT J. Dijkstra, H.i. P. Timmermmts Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

12 MANAGING INFORMATION WITH FUZZY REASONING SYSTEM 771 IN DESIGN REASONING AND ISSUE-BASED ARGUMENTATION Quinsan Cao, Jean-Pierre Protzen Virginia Tech., Bl lcksburg, USA; University of California, Berkeley, USA xiii ANALOGICAL REASONING AND CASE ADAPTATION IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: COMPUTERS VS. HUMAN DESIGNERS Mao-Lin Chiu, Shen-Guan Shih National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; National Taiwan Institute of Technology, Taiwan FORMALISING SITUATED LEARNING IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN John S. Gero, Gourabmoy Nath University of Sydney, Australia Design Media REAL-TIME MODELING WITH ARCHITECTURAL SPACE David Kurmann, Nathanea Elte, Maia Engeli Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerl lnd COMPUTABLE FEATURE-BASED QUALITATIVE MODELING OF SHAPE John S. Gero, Soo-Hoon Park University of Sydney, Australia LEVEL-OF-DETAIL VISUALIZATION OF ARCHITECTURAL MODELS S. Belblidia, J.P. Perrin School of Architecture, Nancy, France AN EXPERIMENT ON HYBRID ARCIDTECTURAL FORM MAKING Shuenn-Ren Liou, Emmanuel-George Vakalo, Kuo-Chin Chang Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, University of Michigan, USA

13 xiv HYPERMEDIA STRUCTURING OF THE TECHNICAL 843 DOCUMENTATION FOR THE ARCIDTECTURAL AIDED DESIGN J. C. Bignon, G. Halin, P. Humbert School of Architecture, Nancy, France; School of Architecture, Suasbourg, France HYPERSKETCHING: DESIGN AS CREATING A GRAPHICAL HYPERDOCUMENT Raymond McCall, Erik Johnson, Mark Smith University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 849 Generative Systems and Emergence AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH TO GENERATING CONSTRAINT-BASED SPACE LAYOUT TOPOWGIES Jose C. Damski, John S. Gero University of Sydney, Ausualia EMERGENT SHAPE GENERATION IN DESIGN USING THE BOUNDARY CONTOUR SYSTEM Phil Tomlinson, John S. Gero University of Sydney, Australia A GENETIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO THE SPACE LAYOUT PLANNING PROBLEM Romuald Jagielski, John S. Gero University of Sydney, Australia THE USE OF GENETIC PROGRAMMING IN EXPLORING 3D DESIGN WORLDS T. Broughton, A. Tan, P.S. Coates University of East London, UK SPATIAL COMPUTER ABSTRACTION: FROM INTUITION TO GENETIC ALGORITHMS Adam Jakimowicz, Javier Barrallo, Eliana Maria Guedes Technical University of Bialystok, Poland; The University oj the Basque Country, Spain; University oj Taubate, Brazil Author Index

14 Preface Since the establishment of the CAAD futures Foundation in 1985 CAAD experts from all over the world meet every two years to present and at the same time document the state of art of research in Computer Aided Architectural Design. The history of CAAD futures started in the Netherlands at the Technical Universities of Eindhoven and Delft. where the CAAD futures Foundation came into being. Then CAAD futures crossed the oceans for the first time, the third CAAD futures in '89 was held at Harvard University. Next stations in the evolution where in '91 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the ETU. ZUrich. in '93 the conference was organized by Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh and in '95 by National University Singapore. CAAD futures '95 marked the world wide nature by organizing it for the first time in Asia. The seventh CAAD futures is the first being organized by a German University. For the as small as newly and only provisional established CAAD group at the Faculty for Architecture at Technical University MUnchen it is honor and challenge at the same time to be the organizer of CAAD futures '97. Keynote Papers At CAAD futures '97 four keynotes papers are delivered. All four are dealing with quite diverse aspects of the CAAD universe. Gerhard Schmitt in his paper 'DESIGN MEDIUM- DESIGN OBJECT' is reflecting on the impact that computer applications of design, if not only regarded to be 'a tool only', that partially replaces the traditional pencil, but regarded and used as a medium for design that is offering new and before unknown possibilities, will have on the designed object. This is an issue that is discussed by far too little and not many facts are known. Thomas Bock in 'CAD- SO WHAT?' points at a weak point of the CAAD community: the prefix 'CA-' in connection with architecture should not only be thought of as referring to design. Design should be seen as a step in creating the built environment. it leads to the construction process. In other industries 'CA-' in design and 'CA-' production are a closely inter-woven system. What if not a human bricklayer is interpreting a drawing but a robot - a type of computer machine- has to do the bricklaying? Chuck Eastman in his paper is dealing with 'INTEGRATION OF DESIGN APPLICATIONS WITH BUILDING MODELS'. In technical detail he is discussing issues of conversions and of translations between heterogeneous applications using different data and naturally different semantics as well. Proposed is to use a common building data model xv

15 xvi John Gero's paper 'WHAT ARE WE LEARNING FROM DESIGNERS AND ITS ROLE IN FUTURE CAAD TOOLS' is focusing on how knowledge about the activities and behaviors of human designers could find a way into applications where computational processes are modeled after the human design processes. He is providing examples from research on design and some early implementations. For reasons of structuring the conference program papers had to be divided into ten major thematic categories, although these assignments sometimes may seem to be somewhat arbitrary. Shapes, Grammars and Types This part contains four papers with topics ranging from: the discussion of the existence of grammars and art as a base for computation, an prototype implementation based on shape grammars, the use of features for architectural design, to the design of typical buildings without the use of 'types'. Design Support This section is made of six papers on issues of: a prototype of a generic CAD tool supporting cooperative design, an integrated design support systems based on new design methodologies, using lines and geometric relations as a framework for design, the computability of design diagrams as in early sketching, the coordination of hand and eye in VR systems, and information survey as base for design applications. Exploration and Evaluation This chapter contains ten papers dealing with a wide range of issues starting from: software tools for the analysis of spatial architectural design, a prototype using the designers own hypothesis to evaluate his design, a simulation- assisted building control strategy, a discussion of potential of aggregated space-time performance indicators for operative information. Very demanding issues are: the investigation into the quantification and computability of architectural aesthetics in a framework of a descriptive approach to architectural analysis and design, the application of neural networks as a means of human- computer interaction in architectural design, and a technique to generate flexible building simulators using proposed 'patterns' as basis. The remaining three papers are more strictly on evaluation issues: the use of 'virtual acoustic' techniques for navigating and escape of unfamiliar smoke filled buildings, a prototype implementation exploring designed pedestrian walkways, and a study of simulating the optimal location of fire egress signs. Environment and Simulation This section contains four papers dealing with issues of: applying a KB CAAD system for pre-conceptual design of bio- climatic and low energy buildings, to a discussion on the reliability of computational daylight modeling, to a computer evaluation tool for visual aspect of architectural design for high- density and high- rise buildings, and

16 using a mobile agent oriented method for simulation of interaction between a built environment and occupants actions. xvii Collaboration in Design In this section nine papers are dealing with a topic that is still of growing interest for the research community. A system that is exploring participants understanding and negotiation in the process of urban design is among one of the few papers that is not using the web as a base. A group of papers are concentrating on models for collaboration: an integrated computing environment for collaborative, multidisciplinary building design, a model for web- based design interaction based on a human- machine- design matrix, research on a multi- user workspace for inter university collaboration, the implementation of shared virtual reality on the web for a large- scale project, and a conceptual network for web representation of design knowledge. Others papers are dealing with: an advanced groupware approach for an integrated planning process in building construction, research on an intra- and interorganizational design information system, and an experiment on data exchange in the design and realization process. Product Model and Virtual Enterprises This chapter contains six papers reflecting on topics of more abstract to reasonably pragmatic nature. Themes are: the existence of a generic building object, questions of life cycle models of buildings, a model for a computer integrated construction process. A second part is presenting three interrelated papers based on work carried out in the ESPRIT project VEGA. Included are architectures of product models for an environment of distributed applications and models, to the necessary IT base for enabling 'virtual enterprises' to implementation of a dynamic product model and it's application. Two more papers are dealing with the issue of a distributed architectural model for co-operative design, and with a concept for multiple, flexible representations of design. Virtual Reality This section has nine papers dealing with the buzzword 'virtual reality' which, as the nature of buzzwords, is used for a very diverse set of issues. The presentations start with things like: Images and arguments in an anthropology web site which is a VR of an archaeological finding in EL Salvador, and with a web museum of architecture and history. Part two is dealing with 'virtual cities': with a web based model of the City of Bath an d London's West End, and with issues of abstraction, accuracy and realism especially in large scale computer urban models. Another two papers are dealing with explorations of design systems based on the web: a network based kit-of-parts virtual building system, and the role of language in design based on virtual communities. Other papers are discussing the use of precedents from architecture, urban design and film for improvements of navigation in virtual environments, the development of a three dimensional semantic codes as a proposal in the discussion of a missing language

17 xviii of cyberspace, and a examination of the legacy of surrealism in the electronic design studio. Learning and Reasoning This section contains four papers dealing with issues from: dynamic decision making based on conjoint measurement, a system for managing information using fuzzy reasoning methods, the discussion of human analogical reasoning and case adaptation and it's applicability to computers, and formalized situated learning applied to an agent based framework. Design Media This section has six papers dealing with: the extension of a modeling tool to deal with architectural space, and with feature based qualitative modeling of shapes for use in early stages of design, and with the level of detail in interactive walkthroughs and the elimination of useless details in large scale models. With topics ranging from an experiment in hybrid architectural form- making, to an universal structuring model of technical documentation.in architectural design using hypermedia structures, and a proposal to use hypersketching in early design phases creating a graphical hyperdocument are dealing three more papers. Generative Systems and Emergence This section has five papers. A first group is dealing with issues ranging from: an evolutionary approach to generating constraint- based space layout topologies, to emergent shape generation in design using the boundary contour system, and to a genetic programming approach to the space layout planning problem. The other two papers are about the use of genetic programming in exploring 3D design worlds, and the application of genetic algorithms to intuitive designs as Gehry's Bilbao Museum. Thanks to all members of the team that helped to make CAAD futures 97 become reality, especially to: Christof Lintl, Dimitris Economides, Fabian Scheurer, Brigitte Rampp, Martin Muschkiet; Alexander Pilz, Manfred Lang, Norbert Ruf, Melanie Meyer, Tonja SchOtz,Kathrin Leuze and Martha Hipp. Richard Junge Mai, 1997 Moochen

18 International Review Committee Akin. Omer. Augenbroe, Godfried Bridges, Alan Caneparo, Luca Christiansson, Per Coyne, Richard Eastmann, Charles Flemming, Ulrich Gero, John Junge, Richard Kalay, Yehuda E. Kohler, Niklaus KouUUn~,Alexander Maher, Mary Lou Maver, Thomas McCullough, Malcolm Tan, Milton Oxman,Rivka Oxman, Robert Sasada, Tsuyoshi Schmitt, Gerhard. Carnegy Mellon University, USA Technical University Delft, Netherlands University of Strathclyde, UK Politecnico di Torino, Italy Lund Institute of Technology, Sweeden University of Edinburgh, UK Georgia Tech, USA Carnegy Mellon University, USA University of Sydney, Australia Technical University Miinchen, Germany University of Berkeley, USA Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany Delft University of Technology, Netherlands University of Sydney, Australia University of Strathclyde, UK Harvard University, USA National University of Singapore, Singapore Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Technical University Eindhoven, Netherlands Osaka University. Japan Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland 1

19 2 Shariv,Edna Wiesmann, Stefan Woodbury, Robert. Zreik, KhaIdoun. Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Fachhochschule Darmstadt, Germany University of Adelaide, Australia University Nantes, France