Kampong Ayer: A Community Living on Water in Brunei Darussalam
|
|
- Sharlene Lindsey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Kampong Ayer: A Community Living on Water in Brunei Darussalam Haji Adenan, R., MA Rodrigues, L., PhD Borsi, K., PhD Kiamba, L., MPhil (Cantab) University of Nottingham University of Nottingham University of Nottingham University of Nottingham ABSTRACT Land scarcity and rising population in developing countries, particularly in the urban parts of Asia, has led to limited livable floor area for domestic mass housing. Developing countries with similar climate and cultural background face common challenges with their comparatively larger population resulting in highrise housing. While this may be a solution to accommodating the increasing density in many cities, issues relating to cultural preservation, vernacular architecture conservation, social structures, environmental comfort and sense of community are often in contradiction with this urban solution. In particular, with for a rural community with different characteristics to an urban intent, the transition might prove stressful. In Brunei Darussalam, encouraging living both on water (in Kampong Ayer) and on land is what is being currently proposed. However, as its population is rapidly increasing and living on land is becoming increasingly popular, in this paper, the authors question if the housing developments on the water in Kampong Ayer, promote a sustainable community. The authors explored if waterside housing development, modelled on traditional settlement patterns, can provide a viable solution for rural housing in parts of Brunei. Domestic and communal relationships of its inhabitants were defined to identify sociospatial patterns of a sustainable community. Findings include the correlations between the formal and spatial organization of the home and patterns of occupation. INTRODUCTION The modernisation of rural communities into the urban ones may have many benefits in theory, but over time and with population growth, this tends to develop limitations. This is largely due to incompatible solutions imposed on these communities, resulting in their inability to adapt to them. To move forward, it is necessary to take a few steps back and examine vernacular architecture for a better understanding of how communities lived independently and built their own houses (Oliver, 1969). In as much as vernacular architecture in housing has often been associated with squatters and illegal settlements such as the favelas in Brazil, these self-built houses frequently offer insights into community spatial requirements. Indeed, learning from the past can encourage a stress-less human adaptability process (Roaf, 2010). The Kampong Ayer, or Water Village, located in Brunei's capital city Bandar Seri Begawan, houses around 39,000 people in self-built homes on stilts that form a unique architectural heritage that has been occupied for over 1300 years. Thirty years ago, the discovery of the urban poor s ingenuity in building their own houses generated a significant amount of research interest and subsequent literature (Ward, 1982). Similarly, studies that covered the technical performance of this type of housing, such as thermal comfort, were undertaken separately. However, it is suggested that a combination of both technical and socio-cultural issues would be more effective (Evans, 1980). For instance, while the performance studies into technology developed to combat climate change have been successful, the technological capability of 1
2 the community to fully utilise such technology is questionable (Hyde, 2008). It is suggested that the compatibility of technical and social solutions with regards to managing the urban poor needs to be in accordance with the local habits and preferences of the people (Labaki and Kowaltowski, 1998). Often we are unsure of what these local habits and preferences are. Nonetheless, a typical place that reveals such information is the house. As such, perhaps the first step towards understanding rural communities is to examine the role of the house and appreciate its significance to the community (Waterson, 1990). Gaining a deeper appreciation and understanding of the meaning and perpetual variables encapsulated in the house by examining patterns of daily domestic activities can give a clearer explanation of how it came to be rather than the end product itself (Rapoport, 1969). Developing countries with similar climate and cultural values face common challenges with their comparatively larger population and often resort to high-rise housing. Brunei Darussalam, with a relatively small population of fewer than 400,000 people, has a less urgent agenda but equal concern for the sustainability of its future housing. In 1910 the attempt to relocate some residents of Kampong Ayer (around 10% of the total population) into housing estates on land began. However, as its population continues to grow and living on land becomes increasingly popular, a tailored sustainable housing approach for communities living on water may be needed to preserve and sustain Kampong Ayer. As the majority of the residents who reside there are low-income earners, it is of even more importance to resolve its housing issue (Sullivan and Ward, 2012). In this paper the authors present an investigation into the evolution of spaces, from the 1950 s to the present day, of six houses in Brunei Darussalam, by analysing the daily life patterns registered on the floor plans of each house using a system developed by the authors. As there is limited detailed evidence of the daily activities, which occurred in the houses historically, it was not be possible to make any definite comparisons. Therefore, most of the work described in this paper was based on the actual findings from the field investigations. Background According to the Brunei Malay Technology Museum, 1989, there are five basic house types found in Kampong Ayer. Of these, the plan layout of two houses, Tungkup and Berlanggar, best showed similarities to the case study houses, as they bore a strong resemblance to the current houses (Fig. 1). These simple open plan layouts suggest a communal use of gathering space as is typical of Malay houses found in the Malay Archipelago region. Typical characteristics of this house type were considered to create a datum for this discussion. In reference to a typical Malay house (Fig. 2), it is suggested that the floor plans demonstrate its multi-functional purpose, influenced by the time of day and year, minimal physical partitioning and furniture, and with most activities utilising the floor (Lim, 1987). Physically, the interior spaces are not defined by walls and are instead distinguished by differences in floor levels, varying floor sizes, orientation and location. Figure 1 Two Houses types, Tungkup (left) and Berlanggar (right) in Kampong Ayer, Brunei Darussalam as recorded by the Brunei Museum (Redrawn by authors). 2
3 Figure 2 Use of Interior Spaces in Traditional Malay house (Source: Lim, Page 36) METHODOLOGY The houses were randomly selected and the house owners were each required to sign a study participation agreement. Of the houses investigated, house 1, 2, 4 and 6 were found to have more traditional layouts, whereas house 3 and 5, built in the last four years, were found to have a modern layout (Fig. 3). A summary of the characteristics of each house is given in Table 1. The investigation involved having the house occupants mark occupancy charts for each room in their houses, so as to map the frequency of and time when the rooms were occupied. The information marked on these charts showed the most commonly used rooms in the house as well as the number of people occupying the room at hourly intervals throughout the day, for period of 4-6 weeks. Additionally, using Tinytag data loggers, the recording of internal temperature and relative humidity of the four most occupied rooms in each house was conducted simultaneously. To shed more light on the results of the occupancy investigation, interviews (partly based on findings from initial results of the study) with the house owners were undertaken. In addition to this, a survey was carried out with the intention of giving a general view on the living conditions of the people in Kampong Ayer. Some results from this survey as related to the selected houses are discussed later. Figure 3 House plans of six houses (Source: House 1, 2, 4 & 6 from authors; House 3 & 5 from Public Works Department and Housing Development Department, Brunei Darussalam, respectively). 3
4 Table 1: Brief Descriptive Comparison of the Six Houses HOUSES Number of people living in the house Main House materials Timber Timber Mixed Timber Concrete Timber Concrete Number of bedrooms Total floor area (m 2 ) Number of families Living in the house Self-build / New build Self-build Self-build New build Self-build New build Self-build OBSERVATIONS Sleeping arrangements were found to depend on the number of people living in the house and number of bedrooms available. For households with sufficient bedrooms, everyone was assigned to a group sleeping area. For instance, for a typical family living in a three-bedroom house, the parents shared a bedroom, while groups of the male children and female children had a room each. Babies and younger children often share a room with their parents whereas young male and female children can share a room only if there is no other room. Segregating the children at an early age is partly influenced by the Islamic religion - the main religion practiced in Brunei Darussalam. Often, in deciding who gets a bedroom, female children are given priority over male children. Such was the case in House 3 where a family of fourteen living in a four-bedroom house allocated rooms in the following manner: Bedroom 1 parents; Bedroom 2 three daughters; Bedroom 3 eldest daughter, her husband and their two young children; Bedroom 4 second eldest daughter who is engaged to be married (her future husband will share the room with her); Living Room - three sons (one son sleeps in the communal space in the bedroom lobby at night). It was found that an insufficient number of bedrooms compelled families make use of other rooms in the house for sleeping, commonly the living room or family TV area. The bedrooms have beds while the living room or family room will have mattresses on the floor, which are rolled up and put away during the day. Areas for sharing meals varied in all six houses. House 1 had a dining area next to the kitchen area, used for the main meals. On the other hand, House 5 had a dining table in an area separate from the kitchen, which was also used for main meals. House 2, 3, 4 and 6 each had a small table in the kitchen where the families could gather at mealtimes. Sometimes this involved moving furniture to accommodate everyone. Occupants of House 1, 5 and 6 had all their meals at their table at regular times of the day, whereas occupants of House 2, 3 and 4 had irregular meal times with some meals taken in different parts of the house such as the family TV room. With the exception of House 3 where the head the family occasionally used meal times as an opportunity to hold family discussions, it was noted that meal times were viewed mostly as a time for eating instead of dialogue. In addition to providing space for informal dining, the kitchen was used for cooking and as such its floor area is sufficient to accommodate just this. Also, the kitchen is usually modified to accommodate kitchenware storage and large freezer units. As fresh meat is not readily available, families bought in bulk to store until the next shopping trip in the city. Common to all six houses was the popularity of the family TV area as the main gathering zone for family members. This took place mainly in the evening, after dinner and the last prayer of the day, at around 8.00PM. Rarely used for informal family gatherings, the living room is mostly used to receive guests. During special occasions and events involving many guests, all the communal areas in the house are occupied to accommodate everyone - including in the corridors. Furniture is moved to create more open spaces and carpets are rolled out on the floor for guests to sit on. As with the sleeping arrangements, females and males tend to group separately further highlighting gender segregation in spatial use, as is influenced by Islam. Traditionally, the front of the house has an outdoor area, the veranda, which is used for less formal gatherings or as an introductory area before entering the house. Usually, this is the first area to be 4
5 renovated so as to extend the living room area. As a small roof or a large over-hanging roof already covers this space, it requires only three external walls, windows and a new entrance to do so. This newly extended room is commonly utilised as a living room or small shop (Fig. 4). In House 4, the existing living room is large enough to accommodate a small shop indoors (Fig. 4). However, the extension option was found to be more common possibly due to occupants wanting to keep indoor areas inaccessible to the public. Figure 4 Left: House 3 before and after conversion of the veranda into a shop (a) December 2012 (b) January Right: Showing the living room in House 4 that has been modified to accommodate a small shop (Source: Author). RESULTS FROM THE OCCUPANCY INVESTIGATIONS Tables 2 and 3 show some results of the occupancy investigations. Table 2 reveals the bedrooms and the family TV room to be the most frequented spaces. Specifically, a large duration of the time spent in the bedrooms is spent sleeping (between 9.00PM and 5.00AM) but is also occupied for short afternoon naps and performance of daily prayers during the day. As was highlighted earlier, the family TV area is occupied more frequently than the living area as it is less formal and allows the families to gather there to rest, watch TV and carry out a variety of activities. Also shown is the amount of time spent in other areas in each house where/when each family conducts other daily activities. Table 2: The Most Frequently Occupied Rooms in Each House Three Most Occupied Rooms in Each House with Percentage of Occupancy (On average in a day) House As recorded between 6th January 2014 to 13th February Family TV 71% Bedroom 2 67% Dining 67% 2 Bedroom 1 92% Family TV 71% Bedroom 2 63% 3 Bedroom 1 100% Bedroom 3 100% Family TV 100% 4 Living 100% Family TV 100% Kitchen 100% 5 Bedroom 2 100% Bedroom 3 100% Bedroom 1 92% 6 Bedroom 1 100% Living 96% Family TV 88% To get an indication of the thermal comfort conditions in the houses, the temperature and relative humidity measures of selected rooms in each house was recorded. As the houses are located within the warm-humid climate zone, discomfort is more likely to be as a result of relatively high temperatures and relative humidity levels. More often than not, the main means of relief for occupants in this climate is airmovement for physiological cooling (Koenigsberger, 1974). As is typical of the Malay House, the more traditional houses were found to be structurally responsive to the climate through the provision of lightweight construction (to prevent storage of heat in the fabric), large window openings to enhance cross ventilation and air-movement as well as wide overhangs/eaves that act as sun shading elements. Some of the bedrooms had air-conditioners - only used occasionally during the night. Thermal discomfort during this time was suggested to be due to the increased number of occupants within the spaces. While the more recently built houses feature fewer passive cooling controls, it is suggested that structural modifications, 5
6 such as indoor partitions have contributed to inefficiency in maintaining comfort naturally. Also, as these houses were more compact in plan, their layouts have significantly reduced the opportunities for, and efficiency, of natural cross-ventilation. Additionally, the results from the recordings were matched against the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE Standard to determine whether any of the readings were within the predicted thermal comfort zone. Table 3 presents a snapshot of recordings taken a selected typical day temperatures that fall within the standard are highlighted. Table 3: The Internal Temperatures/RH levels at 2.00AM, 10.00AM and 6.00pm intervals for three most frequently occupied rooms in each house as recoded on (where available). Internal Temperature o C and Relative Humidity % House Rooms 2.00 AM AM 6.00 PM 1 (on water) 2 (on water) 3 (on water) 4 (on water) 5 (on land) 6 (on land) Family TV Bedroom Dining 30 o C / 63.9% 27 o C / 77.1% 31 o C / 66% Bedroom 1 22 o C / 71% 22 o C / 71% 22 o C / 57% Family TV 25 o C / 86% 25 o C / 86% 28 o C / 75% Bedroom 2 25 o C / 87% 25 o C / 92% 30 o C / 65% Bedroom 1 19 o C / 59% 22 o C / 91% 26 o C / 80% Bedroom Family TV 25 o C / 64% 26 o C / 77% 27 o C / 78% Living Family TV 25 o C / 86% 27 o C / 77% 28 o C / 73% Kitchen 25 o C / 88% 26 o C / 85% 29 o C / 72% Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom 1 27 o C / 73% 27 o C / 78% 27 o C / 74% Bedroom 1 27 o C / 79% 27 o C / 78% 29 o C / 67% Living 26 o C / 83% 28 o C / 73% 29 o C / 68% Family TV Although most of the readings shown fall outside of the thermal comfort zone of ASHRAE Standard , it is suggested that the use of structural controls (large fenestration, orientation, space volume, floor area and in some cases mechanical ventilation) and self-adjustment mechanisms helps to make existing conditions tolerable. At first glance, the readings from the houses located in the water have lower temperature readings than the houses on land. It is suggested that this is as a result of the micro-climate conditions. As the surrounding ground area the houses on water is less likely to retain heat, then it is less likely for the houses to absorb heat via radiation/reflection from the ground surface, as might be the case in the houses on land. During the study it was found that external temperature levels taken in both areas showed those on land to be higher than for that of the houses on water. However, the extent to which the comparison of water and land ground surfaces and their influence on the thermal comfort in the houses will require further investigation to reach a more valid conclusion. RESULTS FROM THE SURVEY Results from the survey regarding the houses revealed some information about the renovations of these houses (Fig. 5). A majority of the participants taking part in this survey, live in timber houses on water, and have at some point made renovations and extensions to their house - most of which are self-built and constructed with timber. Some have integrated other materials including brick and steel. Employing contractors or foreign labourers to build the extensions is becoming increasingly popular too, which is subsequently diminishing the timber-building skill amongst the local community. 6
7 Figure 5: Results of Part: House; Questions 9, 11, 13 and 14. DISCUSSION ON OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION For houses with larger families, limited sleeping areas and gathering areas leave occupants with the need to utilise other areas of the house for these activities. The living and family TV areas are normally used for sleeping by the older single male members of the family with the priority of occupation of bedrooms given to the married couples and female family members. This indicates a type of hierarchy within the families which is distinctly determined by age, gender and marital status. It is suggested that the nature of gathering has evolved due to the size of the kitchen. Traditionally, the open floor plan of the houses accommodated all household activities. All family members would gather in this open area where they would - together or in their own time - rest, sleep, pray, eat and talk. There was rarely any furniture in these houses and everyone sat on mats/carpets on the floor, which also helped to define space. This was useful during big occasions as they were able to fit large numbers of people in the communal areas of the open interior. In contrast to the set up in the houses today, internal walls and furniture have compromised the previously free-flowing nature of house and reduced its flexibility. While bedrooms are off limits to guests and visitors, all communal parts of the house are used; as such, furniture is often shifted to give an open space. The traditional way of gathering is still favoured and practiced in some houses in Kampong Ayer. The daily family gathering space in traditional open layouts was only ever in one space. In the current layouts the gathering area consists of two spaces; the living area (mainly for receiving guests) and the family TV area (for casual family gatherings). How often the living area was used depended on how frequently they had guests. The family TV area is mainly for watching television, meaning less interaction amongst family members. From a structural viewpoint, traditional houses in Kampong Ayer, with their open plans and minimal internal partitions, were able to enhance the cooling effect of natural ventilation with the light, constant breeze flowing freely through the houses. Nowadays, the houses, and more so those on land, have evolved into complex layouts with more internal wall partitions. Although this gives more visual privacy within the house, opportunities for efficient natural cross ventilation may be compromised. Renovation of the veranda 7
8 into another room may have also compromised the advantage of utilising it as a heat buffer. Nonetheless, despite the results from the internal temperature and relative humidity recordings showing that most of the conditions were outside the prescribed thermal comfort range, occupants still managed to feel comfortable with the minimal help of fans/air-conditioning units as a result of using existing passive controls. With self-building skills becoming less popular in Kampong Ayer, the locals are seeking expertise elsewhere. Not only is this more expensive, but it also means that the sense of community that is tied to self-help/self-build is disappearing. This can have a dramatic effect on the sustainability of the water village, as a huge part of their resilience in the past centuries has been through community cooperation. As most of the houses in Kampong Ayer today are originally self-built, its design intent stems from the house owners own desires and necessities. The contents of the houses and the modifications made to the houses over time are clear indications of the constantly changing life stages of each family. The flexibility of the houses in allowing the house extensions and renovations to suit the families changing structure has allowed them to remain comfortable in the same houses for many generations (Friedman, 2011). As has been suggested in numerous other studies, the design of climate responsive houses is often ignored when developing mass-housing proposals and may be dominated by cost, availability of land and population as is common in the aforementioned high-rise typologies. Also, it has been noted that sociocultural issues tend to influence the occupancy and morphology of their houses. It has been suggested that more suitable approach would be to examine both technical and socio-cultural factors side by side so as to derive an approach that would lead to the future development and maintenance of sustainable communities in Brunei Darussalam effectively. CONCLUSION Communities usually survive most environmental challenges they face; as long as the adaptability period and means to adapt is within its capability and that there is cooperation amongst the community members to achieve a joint goal to survive. However, some challenges that prove to go beyond the community s resilience can result in a defeated end. The people living in Kampong Ayer appear to want to continue living there as they have adapted well despite the challenges imposed on the village, such as scarcity of local materials, economics or employment. Their undeniably strong sense of independence and individuality, apparent in the make up of their houses, shows confidence in their spirit to be sustainable. However, the extent of their resilience is yet to be determined. There are certainly other factors influencing the sustainability of such a community, some of these may be future threats. On that note, this paper opens doors to investigate what the limits are to this community s sustainability in this context. REFERENCES EVANS, M Housing, climate, and comfort / Martin Evans. FRIEDMAN, A Decision making for flexibility in housing / Avi Friedman, Urban International Press. HYDE, R Bioclimatic housing: innovative designs for warm climates / edited by Richard Hyde, Earthscan. KOENIGSBERGER, O. H., 1974, Manual of tropical housing and building / O.H. Koenigsberger... [et al.]. / Longman. LABAKI, L. C. & KOWALTOWSKI, D. C. C. K Bioclimatic and vernacular design in urban settlements of Brazil. Building and Environment, 33, LIM, J. Y The Malay house: rediscovering Malaysia's indigenous shelter system / Lim Jee Yuan, Institute Masyarakat. OLIVER, P Shelter and society / edited by Paul Oliver, Barrie & Rockliff the Cresset Pres. RAPOPORT, A House form and culture / Amos Rapoport, Prentice-Hall. ROAF, S Transforming markets in the built environment: adapting to climate change, Earthscan. SULLIVAN, E. & WARD, P. M Sustainable housing applications and policies for low-income selfbuild and housing rehab. Habitat International, 36, WARD, P. M Self help housing: a critique / edited by Peter M. Ward, Mansell. WATERSON, R The living house: an anthropology of architecture in South-East Asia / Roxana Waterson., Singapore ; Oxford : Oxford University Press,
DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXIBLE OPEN SPACES IN HOUSING CONCEPTS FOR YANGON REGARDING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS IN MYANMAR
O&SB2010 Open and Sustainable Building Chica, Elguezabal, Meno & Amundarain (Eds.) 2010, Labein -TECNALIA. ISBN 978-84-88734-06-8 DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXIBLE OPEN SPACES IN HOUSING CONCEPTS FOR YANGON REGARDING
More informationASSESSMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY IN APARTMENT MIXED-USE HOUSING -IN THE CASE OF KABUL
ASSESSMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY IN APARTMENT MIXED-USE HOUSING -IN THE CASE OF KABUL Naweed Ahmad Hashemi 1, Nobuyuki Ogura 2 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture 1 University of the Ryukyus 2
More informationAalborg Universitet. CLIMA proceedings of the 12th REHVA World Congress volume 7 Heiselberg, Per Kvols. Publication date: 2016
Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: januar 22, 2019 Aalborg Universitet CLIMA 2016 - proceedings of the 12th REHVA World Congress volume 7 Heiselberg, Per Kvols Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's
More informationCHANGE IN VALUE ALTERATIONS MADE OCCUPANCY CHANGES
INTRODUCTION This assignment is based on a residential house situated on 104 Rochester Road in Salt River, Cape Town. The house has an erf size of 238m 2 and floor size 350.82 m 2 with two storeys. The
More informationDense housing and urban sustainable development
The Sustainable City VI 443 Dense housing and urban sustainable development B. Su School of Architecture, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand Abstract There are close relationships between urban
More informationFigure 1. The chart showing how the effort and cost of the design changes are affected as the project progresses (Anon.) Simulation tools are a key co
Survey for the Development of an Early Design Tool for Architects H.Rallapalli 1*, V.Garg 1, and R.Rawal 3 1 Centre for IT in Building Science, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad,
More informationEMERGENCE OF MIXED-USE HOUSING IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN Part-2 (Contemporary Mixed-use House)
EMERGENCE OF MIXED-USE HOUSING IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN Part-2 (Contemporary Mixed-use House) Naweed Ahmad Hashemi 1, Nobuyuki Ogura 2 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture 1 University of the
More informationTo Improve Space Utilization Efficiency: Periodic Renting Strategies of Residential Open Buildings
UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress P-0769 To Improve Space Utilization Efficiency: Periodic Renting Strategies of Residential Open Buildings Chunyu Wang *1 1 Master Degree Candidate, College of Architecture
More informationWATERFIX STRATA PROVIDES SAVINGS FOR CUSTOMERS IN HI-RISE TOWERS
WATERFIX STRATA PROVIDES SAVINGS FOR CUSTOMERS IN HI-RISE TOWERS Andre Boerema Sydney Water, Sydney, NSW, Australia KEYWORDS Water Efficiency, leak repairs, cost savings, hi-rise, performance contracting,
More informationHigh-density housing in Palestine: learning from traditional typologies
The Sustainable City IX, Vol. 1 87 High-density housing in Palestine: learning from traditional typologies M. Itma School of Architecture, University of Minho, Portugal Abstract The need for high-density
More informationCustomization of Public Housing Schemes in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
Proceedings ofcontinuous Cnstomization in Houshig 16-18 October 2000 Tokyo, Japan Customization of Public Housing Schemes in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) Dr Falah H. Mustapha, Buildinq Management Expert,
More informationImpacts of Maximum Allowable Building Footprint on Natural Ventilation in Apartment Building
PLEA2013-29th Conference, Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future, Munich, Germany 10-12 September 2013 Impacts of Maximum Allowable Building Footprint on Natural Ventilation in Apartment Building
More informationABSTRACT. Keywords: Adaptive behavior, Wind flow, Energy-saving, Energy consumption, Coastal areas
The 7 th International Seminar on Sustainable Environment & Architecture, 2-21 November 26, Hasanuddin University Makassar Indonesia USAGE OF AIR-CONDITIONERS AND WINDOWS IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN JOHOR
More informationTraditional Palestinian Architecture. Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf. Palestinian Architecture Lecture 5
University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning School of Architecture Palestinian Architecture Lecture 5 Traditional Palestinian Architecture Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf University of Palestine
More informationUniversal Housing Evaluation of the Spatial Qualities of Apartments in Albania
DOI: 10.14621/tna.20150305 Universal Housing Evaluation of the Spatial Qualities of Apartments in Albania Anna Yunitsyna Epoka University Rruga Tiranë-Rinas Km 12, 1039 Tirana, Albania, ayunitsyna@epoka.edu.al
More informationHOUSING NEED SURVEY 2017
HOUSING NEED SURVEY 2017 For further information please contact Amy Gregory Clerk Selattyn and Gobowen Parish Council Hawthorn Cottage Porthywaen Oswestry Shropshire SY10 8LX 01691 829571 INTRODUCTION
More informationLITTLE MOUNTAIN ADJACENT AREA REZONING POLICY
LITTLE MOUNTAIN ADJACENT AREA REZONING POLICY JANUARY 2013 CONTENTS 1.0 INTENT & PRINCIPLES...1 2.0 APPLICATION...2 3.0 HOUSING TYPES, HEIGHT & DENSITY POLICIES...3 3.1 LOW TO MID-RISE APARTMENT POLICIES...4
More informationEnergy variations in apartment buildings due to different shape factors and relative size of common areas
Energy variations in apartment buildings due to different shape factors and relative size of common areas I. Danielski * Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden * Corresponding author. Tel: +46 (0)63
More informationDeterminants of residential property valuation
Determinants of residential property valuation Author: Ioana Cocos Coordinator: Prof. Univ. Dr. Ana-Maria Ciobanu Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to understand and know in depth the factors that cause
More informationCONRAD ENGINEERS Description of Scheme. The disciplines imposed upon the design and grouping of off-site preassembled residential units follow:
CONRAD ENGINEERS Description of Scheme The disciplines imposed upon the design and grouping of off-site preassembled residential units follow: 1. All plumbing and utilities will consist of one stack for
More informationCOMFORT WITH COURTYARDS IN DHAKA APARTMENTS
BRAC University Journal, Vol. IV, No. 2, 2007, pp. 1-6 COMFORT WITH COURTYARDS IN DHAKA APARTMENTS Zainab Faruqui Ali Department of Architecture BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh ABSTRACT
More informationDraft for Public Review. The Market and Octavia Neighborhood Plan
Draft for Public Review The Market and Octavia Neighborhood Plan San Francisco Planning Department As Part of the Better Neighborhoods Program December 00 . Housing People OBJECTIVE.1 MIXED-USE RESIDENTIAL
More informationChapter 37. The Appraiser's Cost Approach INTRODUCTION
Chapter 37 The Appraiser's Cost Approach INTRODUCTION The cost approach for estimating current market value starts with the recognition that a parcel of real estate contains two components - the land and
More informationThe Impact of Balconies on Wind Induced Ventilation of Singlesided Naturally Ventilated Multi-storey Apartment
The Impact of Balconies on Wind Induced Ventilation of Singlesided Naturally Ventilated Multi-storey Apartment M. F. MOHAMED 1, D. PRASAD 1, S. KING 1, K. HIROTA 2 1 Faculty of the Built Environment, University
More informationPLANNING. Cairngorms National Park Local Development Plan POLICY 1 - NEW HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Non-statutory Planning Guidance
PLANNING Cairngorms National Park Local Development Plan POLICY 1 - NEW HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Non-statutory Planning Guidance Cairngorms National Park Local Development Plan Policy 1 New Housing Development
More informationHow to Read a Real Estate Appraisal Report
How to Read a Real Estate Appraisal Report Much of the private, corporate and public wealth of the world consists of real estate. The magnitude of this fundamental resource creates a need for informed
More informationMichael Rotondi Billard Leece Partnership Pty Ltd HKS
Michael Rotondi is internationally recognized as an innovative architect/educator. He has continuously practiced and taught architecture for 30 years. First as a co-founding partner of Morphosis along
More informationRELOCATION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT: HOUSING DESIGN AS AN ENABLER OF BELONGING
RELOCATION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT: HOUSING DESIGN AS AN ENABLER OF BELONGING Author: SANDRA COSTA SANTOS, KYUNG WOOK SEO Affiliation: UNIVERSITY OF NORTHUMBRIA, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, UK INTRODUCTION Place
More informationA MODEL FOR POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION: THE CASE STUDY IN DINAR/TURKEY
A MODEL FOR POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION: THE CASE STUDY IN DINAR/TURKEY Evren Burak Enginoz Department of Architecture, Kultur University of Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Post-disaster occupants may have
More information2007 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Pennsylvania Report
2007 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Report Prepared for: Association of REALTORS Prepared by: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Research Division December 2007 2007 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers
More informationAppendix 1: Gisborne District Quarterly Market Indicators Report April National Policy Statement on Urban Development Capacity
Appendix 1: Gisborne District Quarterly Market Indicators Report April 2018 National Policy Statement on Urban Development Capacity Quarterly Market Indicators Report April 2018 1 Executive Summary This
More informationRBC-Pembina Home Location Study. Understanding where Greater Toronto Area residents prefer to live
RBC-Pembina Home Location Study Understanding where Greater Toronto Area residents prefer to live RBC-Pembina Home Location Study: Understanding where Greater Toronto Area residents prefer to live July
More informationOur Focus: Your Future A HERITAGE PROPERTY TAX RELIEF PROGRAM FOR THE TOWN OF FORT ERIE
Town of Fort Erie Our Focus: Your Future Corporate Services Prepared for Council-in-Committee Report No. CS-24-07 Agenda Date September 17,2007 File No. 230517 Subject A HERITAGE PROPERTY TAX RELIEF PROGRAM
More informationVillage of Perry Zoning Ordinance Update Draft Diagnostic Report
Village of Perry Zoning Ordinance Update Draft Diagnostic Report Background The Village of Perry began work on a new comprehensive plan in 2014. After a year of committee meetings and public outreach,
More informationVilla Angelina. bol, island brač
Villa Angelina bol, island brač island brač Brac is the largest among the central Dalmatian islands. Symbol of the island is Zlatni rat in Bol, on the island's south side. It is not possible to avoid the
More informationValuation Methodology of Unregistered Properties in East Africa
FIG KL 2014 Valuation Methodology of Unregistered Properties in East Africa James Kavanagh MRICS John Tracey-White FRICS Valuation Methodology of Unregistered Properties in East Africa Origin of the Study
More informationPassive Cooling Measures for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings
REPORT Passive Cooling Measures for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings Vancouver, BC Presented to: Patrick Enright, P.Eng., LEED AP BD+C City of Vancouver Report No. 5161088 April 11, 2017 M:\PROJ\5161088\8.
More informationFundamental Study on Thermal Surface Analysis
MANZAR, 10 (45): 18-25 / January 2019 DOI: 10.22034/manzar.2018.80492 Research Fundamental Study on Thermal Surface Analysis of Late Modern Styles Apartments with Case Studies in Malaysia Ahmad Sanusi
More informationTruax Park Apartments
Truax Park Apartments Master Planning and Site Development Study Prepared by The Community Development Authority of the City of Madison In association with SMITH & SMITH ASSOCIATES, Inc CONSTRUCTION COST
More informationReview of the Prices of Rents and Owner-occupied Houses in Japan
Review of the Prices of Rents and Owner-occupied Houses in Japan Makoto Shimizu mshimizu@stat.go.jp Director, Price Statistics Office Statistical Survey Department Statistics Bureau, Japan Abstract The
More informationUpcoming Apartment Projects with No On-Site Parking Frequently Asked Questions June 2012
Upcoming Apartment Projects with No On-Site Parking Frequently Asked Questions June 2012 Recent proposals to construct apartment buildings with no on-site parking along many of Portland s commercial streets
More informationInstitutional Analysis of Condominium Management System in Amhara Region: the Case of Bahir Dar City
Institutional Analysis of Condominium Management System in Amhara Region: the Case of Bahir Dar City Zelalem Yirga Institute of Land Administration Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia Session agenda: Construction
More information86 years in the making Caspar G Haas 1922 Sales Prices as a Basis for Estimating Farmland Value
2 Our Journey Begins 86 years in the making Caspar G Haas 1922 Sales Prices as a Basis for Estimating Farmland Value Starting at the beginning. Mass Appraisal and Single Property Appraisal Appraisal
More informationPROCEEDINGS - AAG MIDDLE STATES DIVISION - VOL. 21, 1988
SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATION WITHIN A SOVIET CIlY Natalia B. Barbasho Department of GeographY Kutztown University Kutztown, PA 19530 The territory of the Soviet city is differentiated in terms
More informationSubject. Date: 2016/10/25. Originator s file: CD.06.AFF. Chair and Members of Planning and Development Committee
Date: 2016/10/25 Originator s file: To: Chair and Members of Planning and Development Committee CD.06.AFF From: Edward R. Sajecki, Commissioner of Planning and Building Meeting date: 2016/11/14 Subject
More informationThe Texas 2005 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers. Prepared by: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Research Division
The Texas 2005 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Prepared by: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Research Division February, 2006 The 2005 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers
More informationWe thank you for the opportunity to provide our services, and we look forward to discussing the report with you at your earliest convenience.
565 East Swedesford Road, Suite 300 Wayne, PA 19087 Office: 610.995.0260 Fax: 888.502.5726 www.walkerparking.com Mr. Maury Stern Partner Road & Washington, LLC c/o Insight Property Group 4601 N Fairfax
More informationGraphical Representation of Defeasible Logic Rules Using Digraphs
Graphical Representation of Defeasible Logic Rules Using Digraphs Efstratios Kontopoulos and Nick Bassiliades Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
More informationSecurity of Tenure Review of the Residential Tenancies Act 1997
Overview Fairer Safer Housing is a Victorian Government initiative to ensure that all Victorians have access to safe, affordable and secure housing. One of the key elements of the initiative is a review
More informationPlanning Rationale. 224 Cooper Street
Submitted by: Robertson Martin Architects Tel 613.567.1361 Fax 613.567.9462 216 Pretoria Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 1X2 Planning Rationale 224 Cooper Street Planning Rationale Application to City of Ottawa
More informationLand Use. Land Use Categories. Chart 5.1. Nepeuskun Existing Land Use Inventory. Overview
Land Use State Comprehensive Planning Requirements for this Chapter A compilation of objectives, policies, goals, maps and programs to guide the future development and redevelopment of public and private
More informationARCH 222 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II PRESENTATION ZEYNEP YAĞCIOĞLU THE ATHENS CHARTER (1943) LE CORBUISER
ARCH 222 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II PRESENTATION 11.05.2017 ZEYNEP YAĞCIOĞLU THE ATHENS CHARTER (1943) LE CORBUISER The Athens Charter is a written manifesto which published by the Swiss architect and
More informationThe South Australian Housing Trust Triennial Review to
The South Australian Housing Trust Triennial Review 2013-14 to 2016-17 Purpose of the review The review of the South Australian Housing Trust (SAHT) reflects on the activities and performance of the SAHT
More informationR E Q U E S T F O R P R O P O S A L S
P.O. Box 3209, Houghton, 2041 Block A, Riviera Office Park, 6-10 Riviera Road, Riviera R E Q U E S T F O R P R O P O S A L S M A R K E T S U R V E Y T O I N F O R M R E S I D E N T I A L H O U S I N G
More informationReal Estate Technology
The State of Real Estate Technology Commercial and multifamily real estate industries still rely on antiquated technology for critical business processes February 2018 Executive Summary In recent years,
More informationARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA
ARLINGTON COUNTY, VIRGINIA County Board Agenda Item Meeting of April 19, 2008 DATE: April 2, 2008 SUBJECT: ORDINANCE TO AMEND, REENACT, AND RECODIFY Section 20 CP- FBC, Columbia Pike Form Based Code Districts
More informationCITY OF WEST PARK PROPOSED TRANSIT ORIENTED CORRIDOR (TOC) EXPANSION WORKSHOP JUNE 15, 2016 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
CITY OF WEST PARK PROPOSED TRANSIT ORIENTED CORRIDOR (TOC) EXPANSION WORKSHOP JUNE 15, 2016 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ) Q: Have you considered that people here love driving their cars and trucks,
More informationICBA RESPONSE TO RELAXATION OF PLANNING RULES FOR CHANGE OF USE FROM COMMERCIAL TO RESIDENTIAL CONSULTATION
ICBA RESPONSE TO RELAXATION OF PLANNING RULES FOR CHANGE OF USE FROM COMMERCIAL TO RESIDENTIAL CONSULTATION Question A Do you support the principle of the Government s proposal to grant permitted development
More informationWRT. October 16, Arthur Collins President Collins Enterprises, LLC 2001 West Main Street, Suite 175 Stamford, CT 06902
Planning & Design October 16, 2010 Arthur Collins President Collins Enterprises, LLC 2001 West Main Street, Suite 175 Stamford, CT 06902 Re: Review of The Landmark at Talbot Park Philadelphia Dallas Lake
More informationpaddington house words by Tom Rubenach
paddington house words by Tom Rubenach An honest building can be difficult to come by, particularly with residential architecture. The story told from the street is often disingenuous with respect to the
More informationJoint Ownership And Its Challenges: Using Entities to Limit Liability
Joint Ownership And Its Challenges: Using Entities to Limit Liability AUSPL Conference 2016 Atlanta, Georgia May 5 & 6, 2016 Joint Ownership and Its Challenges; Using Entities to Limit Liability By: Mark
More information2012 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Texas Report
2012 Profile of Home and Sellers Report Prepared for: Association of REALTORS Prepared by: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Research Division December 2012 2012 Profile of Home and Sellers Report Table
More informationCity of Lonsdale Section Table of Contents
City of Lonsdale City of Lonsdale Section Table of Contents Page Introduction Demographic Data Overview Population Estimates and Trends Population Projections Population by Age Household Estimates and
More informationChecker Building Architectural Design and Details
Checker Building Architectural Design and Details Dr. Mohamad Nadim Adi 1, Robert Drew 2, Dr. Mohamad Al-Hussein 1 University of Alberta 1, Perkins + Will 2 Introduction Wood is one of the most widely
More informationParish of Dittisham Local Housing Needs Report
Parish of Dittisham Local Housing Needs Report Produced by: The Community Council of Devon On behalf of: The Devon Rural Housing Partnership December 2012 Contents 1. Findings and Recommendations 2. Introduction
More informationPLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT
PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 21A.40.050: 5 Foot Maximum Rear Setback for Accessory Structures Case # 4 April 2011 Planning and Zoning Division Department of Community and Economic
More informationBACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY Introducing the Housing Affordability Sentiment Index... 3 THE HASI The final HASI score... 6
1 CONTENTS BACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY... 4 Introducing the Housing Affordability Sentiment Index... 3 BACKGROUND & METHODOLOGY... 4 THE HASI... 5 The final HASI score... 6 THE HASI WHEEL... 7 Other demographics
More informationLegal Memorandum Format Sample
Legal Memorandum Format Sample On the following pages is a legal memorandum formatted the way your memos in this class should be formatted. The substance of this memo comes from Appendix A of the Wellford
More informationHousing Needs Survey Report. Arlesey
Housing Needs Survey Report Arlesey August 2015 Completed by Bedfordshire Rural Communities Charity This report is the joint property of Central Bedfordshire Council and Arlesey Parish Council. For further
More informationComparative Housing Market Analysis: Minnetonka and Surrounding Communities
Comparative Housing Market Analysis: Minnetonka and Surrounding Communities Prepared by Mark Huonder, Eric King, Katie Knoblauch, and Xiaoxu Tang Students in HSG 5464: Understanding Housing Assessment
More informationARLA Survey of Residential Investment Landlords
Prepared for The Association of Residential Letting Agents & the ARLA Group of Buy to Let Mortgage Lenders ARLA Survey of Residential Investment Landlords March 2010 Prepared by O M Carey Jones 5 Henshaw
More informationHistory & Theory Architecture II
SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC History & Theory Architecture II Utopia Dystopia Sonia Vimal Kumar DARCH/2A/03/FT P0906963 09/06/2010 Essay Topic: Compare and contrast Le Corbusier s ideas of Contemporary City with
More information6. Review of Property Value Impacts at Rapid Transit Stations and Lines
6. Review of Property Value Impacts at Rapid Transit Stations and Lines 6.0 Review of Property Value Impacts at Rapid Transit Station April 3, 2001 RICHMOND/AIRPORT VANCOUVER RAPID TRANSIT PROJECT Technical
More information2018 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers
Massachusetts Report Prepared for: Massachusetts Association of REALTORS Prepared by: Research Division December 2018 Massachusetts Report Table of Contents Introduction... 2 Highlights... 4 Methodology...
More informationDispute Resolution Services
Dispute Resolution Services Page: 1 Residential Tenancy Branch Office of Housing and Construction Standards A matter regarding MOUNT BENSON SENIOR CITIZENS HOUSING SOCIETY and [tenant name suppressed to
More informationSquatters No More: Singapore Social Housing
Squatters No More: Singapore Social Housing For World Bank 3 rd Urban Research Symposium Brasilia, Brazil, 4-6 April 2005 Singapore Today A/P Belinda Yuen, PhD National University of Singapore 2 UBIQUITOUS
More informationR E S O L U T I O N. B. Development Data Summary
R E S O L U T I O N WHEREAS, the Prince George s County Planning Board has reviewed DPLS-333 requesting a Departure from Parking and Loading Standards for 19 parking spaces in accordance with Subtitle
More informationSecuring Land Rights for Broadband Land Acquisition for Utilities in Sweden
Securing Land Rights for Broadband Land Acquisition for Utilities in Sweden Marija JURIC and Kristin LAND, Sweden Key words: broadband, land acquisition, cadastral procedure, Sweden SUMMARY The European
More informationApplication of the Residual Approach to Value
August 1993 Application of the Residual Approach to Value The method most appropriate for the valuation of vacant sites with development schemes in place is the Residual or Development Approach. The method
More informationUrban Land Policy and Housing for Poor and Women in Amhara Region: The Case of Bahir Dar City. Eskedar Birhan Endashaw
Urban Land Policy and Housing for Poor and Women in Amhara Region: The Case of Bahir Dar City Bahir Dar University, Institute Of Land Administration Eskedar Birhan Endashaw Session agenda: Land Policy
More informationDaylight availability in courtyards of urban dwellings in Athens
Eco-Architecture II 305 Daylight availability in courtyards of urban dwellings in Athens E. Tsianaka RMJM London Ltd., Cambridge, UK Abstract The aim of this paper is to explore the role of courtyards
More informationEVALUATION OF THE REAL ESTATE PROPERTIES - NOVELTIES WITHIN THE COST APPROACH
EVALUATION OF THE REAL ESTATE PROPERTIES - NOVELTIES WITHIN THE COST APPROACH METHOD OF ASSETS Lect. Raluca Florentina Creţu Ph. D The Bucharest University of Economic Studies Faculty Accounting and Management
More informationResearch report Tenancy sustainment in Scotland
Research report Tenancy sustainment in Scotland From the Shelter policy library October 2009 www.shelter.org.uk 2009 Shelter. All rights reserved. This document is only for your personal, non-commercial
More informationDispute Resolution Services
Dispute Resolution Services Page: 1 Residential Tenancy Branch Office of Housing and Construction Standards DECISION Dispute Codes MNDC, CNL, CNC, FF, DRI, OLC, RP, LRE, RR, O Introduction This hearing
More informationEvery year the National Association of
NAR Report: Generational trends How Buyers Find the Right Home NAR s 2018 Generational Trends Shows Shifts in the Home-Search Process Every year the National Association of Realtors publishes a comprehensive
More information2013 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Texas Report
2013 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Report Prepared for: Association of REALTORS Prepared by: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS Research Division December 2013 2013 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers
More informationHow Do We Live Skender Kosumi
Skender Kosumi (Arch. Dipl.-Ing. Skender Kosumi, TU Wien, UBT Prishtine, HNP architetcts ZT GmbH, skender.kosumi@tuwien.ac.at, skender.kosumi@ubt-uni.net) 1 ABSTRACT Nowadays, technology is everywhere,
More informationCONCEPT NOTE EFFECTIVE LAND ADMINISTRATION IN AFRICA TRAINING WORKSHOP
CONCEPT NOTE EFFECTIVE LAND ADMINISTRATION IN AFRICA TRAINING WORKSHOP Innovative Concepts, Tools and Practices for Effective Land Administration Land Conference Pre-Conference Workshop Advocating & Implementing
More informationComparative Study on Affordable Housing Policies of Six Major Chinese Cities. Xiang Cai
Comparative Study on Affordable Housing Policies of Six Major Chinese Cities Xiang Cai 1 Affordable Housing Policies of China's Six Major Chinese Cities Abstract: Affordable housing aims at providing low
More informationDAYLIGHT SIMULATION FOR CODE COMPLIANCE: CREATING A DECISION TOOL. Krystle Stewart 1 and Michael Donn 1
DAYLIGHT SIMULATION FOR CODE COMPLIANCE: CREATING A DECISION TOOL Krystle Stewart 1 and Michael Donn 1 1 School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand ABSTRACT The
More informationThe student will explain and compare the responsibilities of renting versus buying a home.
LESSON 10.1: RENTING VERSUS BUYING Housing Alternatives Standard 10 The student will explain and compare the responsibilities of renting versus buying a home. Lesson Objectives Identify various housing
More informationCOMPARISON BUILDINGS. Circulation, Clients, and Guest Spaces vs. Family Spaces
chapter 11 COMPARISON BUILDINGS F10 House Robie House Your Home 1 2 Teacher Notes THE BIG QUESTIONS ANSWERED ASSESSING STUDENT LEARNING How do people move through the spaces in a home? The circulation
More informationBylaw No , being "Official Community Plan Bylaw, 2016" Schedule "A" DRAFT
Bylaw No. 2600-2016, being "Official Community Plan Bylaw, 2016" Schedule "A" Urban Structure + Growth Plan Urban Structure Land use and growth management are among the most powerful policy tools at the
More informationProposals for the Redevelopment of the Magistrates Court & Police Station, Normandy Street / Orchard Lane, Alton
THE SITE THE SITE The Site in Context WELCOME Welcome to our public exhibition in connection with our draft proposals ahead of a planning application being proposals for the redevelopment of the magistrates
More informationNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. National Center for Real Estate Research
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS National Center for Real Estate Research COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING C. Theodore Koebel Robert E. Lang Karen A. Danielsen Center for Housing Research and
More information5. Appearance Standards LRC Study Committee Property Owner Protection and Rights UNC School of Government March 3, 2014
Appearance Standards Summary Development appearance standards, where applicable, address a wide range of design aspects and may apply in various contexts. Federal and North Carolina state courts have upheld
More informationARCHITECTS TAILORED ARCHITECTURE & INTERIORS BARCELONA & SITGES ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN + INTERIORS
ARCHITECTS TAILORED ARCHITECTURE & INTERIORS BARCELONA & SITGES ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN + INTERIORS A family villa in Vallpineda Newly built house in the hills of Sitges. Year of project 2017 Surface 380
More informationAnalyzing Ventilation Effects of Different Apartment Styles by CFD
Analyzing Ventilation Effects of Different Apartment Styles by CFD Xiaodong Li Lina Wang Zhixing Ye Associate Professor School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology,
More informationAalborg Universitet. CLIMA proceedings of the 12th REHVA World Congress volume 6 Heiselberg, Per Kvols. Publication date: 2016
Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: januar 28, 2019 Aalborg Universitet CLIMA 2016 - proceedings of the 12th REHVA World Congress volume 6 Heiselberg, Per Kvols Publication date: 2016 Document Version Publisher's
More informationA Comparative Analysis of Affordable Housing in Saudi Arabia
j A Comparative Analysis of Affordable Housing in Saudi Arabia By Dr. Adel S. Al-Dosary Presented To Low Cost Building Systems in Urban Settlement Symposium May 16-19, 2005,Amman, Jordan ١ Outline of Presentation
More information