Learning from land suitability analysis and Dutch spatial policy for sustainable land use in Japan Toru Nagayama 22 January 2009 GIS Research Group Seminar, University of Tsukuba Highlights from : Nagayama., T. (2008) Application of Geo-information to support sustainable land use in Japan, Individual Final Assignment Report submitted to International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands 1
Background Rapid urbanization in Japanese suburban areas after the Second World War Inhabitation in disaster prone areas / sprawl Degradation of nature / reduce of farmland No sign of improvement Problems of land use policy Lack of (geo-)information and its sharing Opportunities for improving land use policy Review of land use policy Application of geo-information 2
Objectives 1. Summarize land use policy in Japan 2. Conduct a case study to support land use planning 3. Review spatial planning in the Netherlands 4. Identify possible ways to apply geoinformation in Japanese land use policy 3
1. Land use policy in Japan Legal system National Land Use Planning Act National land use plan (National, Prefectural, Municipal) Prefectural land use master plan Compile five land uses from the following laws Individual spatial planning laws Urban: City Planning Law Agriculture: Law Concerning the Improvement of Agricultural Promotion Areas Forest: Forest Law Natural park areas: Natural Parks Law Nature reserve areas: Nature Conservation Law 4
1. Land use policy in Japan Schematic land use zoning Blank areas called White areas Urban planning area Urban control zone Nature Conservation area Forest area Natural park area Urban promotion zone Agricultural promotion zone Agricultural land zone 5
1. Land use policy in Japan Identified problems Physical Inhabitation in disaster prone areas Nature degradation Loss of beautiful landscapes Inefficient energy and resource use by urban sprawl Institutional Weak coordination of relevant laws Uneven and inconsistent land use regulation No representation for secondary- (semi-) nature areas Centralized policy and planning Poor public participation Poor information sharing 6
2. Case study The case study Objective: To examine the suitability of actual land use and planned land use zoning Study area: Toride municipality A suburban municipality of Tokyo Belongs to Ibaraki prefecture 70 square kilometers 110,000 inhabitants Experienced rapid urbanization 1965-1990 50km 20km Tokyo Metropolitan area Toride-shi (Municipality) 7
2. Case study Terrace Elevation: 20-25 m Geography slope and yatsu valley Alluvial plain Elevation: 5-10 m Urban Agriculture Nature Environmental NPO Toride 8
2. Case study Method Preparation of geo-information Land use, Slope, Land form, Land use zones etc. Suitability criteria For Developed, Agriculture and Nature area Suitability mapping Evaluation Suitability vs. actual/planned land use Combined relative suitability mapping Identify possible direction to future land use 9
2. Case study Provision of Geo-information Land use data Japanese ALOS satellite images (March, August) Supervised classification (7 classes): Paddy Field, Other Cultivation, Forest, Grassland, Developed area, Bare area and Water Landscape units for classification Landscape Unit for classification No cultivation, No artificial No-rice cultivation Description No organized cultivation. Vegetation management by human are included. No artificial structure, excluding bridges. Paddy Other Cultivation Grass Forest Bare Urban Water * * * * No rice cultivation mainly on terrace areas. * * * * * Rice field cultivation Rice cutlgation dominating areas * * * * * * Intense cultivation LCLUClassUnitPoly Green areas mainly for cultivation. No <all other values> UnitClass grass lands are expected * Legend * * * * 1No cultivation, no artificial 2No rice cultivation Urban No cultivation is recognzied. 3Rice cultivation * * * * Legend 4Intense cultivation 5Urban 10
2. Case study Provision of Geo-information 11
2. Case study Suitability criteria Criterion Developed Agriculture Nature Flatness * * Vulnerability to floods * Vulnerability to earthquakes * Land use compatibility * * * Distance from urban centers * * * Land use zoning * Valuable nature * Proximity to nature * Three classification for each criterion Suitable / less suitable / unsuitable Equal weighting Simple overlaying method 12
2. Case study Suitability mapping (an example for assessing actual developed areas) Flatness Vulnerability to floods Vulnerability to earthquakes Land use compatibility Distance from urban centers Land use zoning Legend Suitable 0 Less 1 Suitable Unsuitable 10 TorideArea All criteria suitable More than one less suitable Unsuitable in any criteria Legend 0 1Primary Suitable 2 Secondary Suitable 3 (Gradation shows 4 5 No. of less suitable 6 Evaluations) 10 Unsuitable TorideArea 13
2. Case study Suitability map (example, planned developed) Development in alluvial plain Legend 0 Legend 1 Primary Suitable 2 Secondary Suitable 3 (Gradation shows 4 5 No. of less suitable 6 Evaluations) Legend 10 Unsuitable TorideArea lu_au_toride Urban Promotion Zones TorideArea Municipality boundary! station Station railroad Railway road Main roads Block zoning regardless suitability 14
2. Case study Combining relative suitability Developed: Red relative suitable area for 1680 ha (2061 ha, current) Agriculture: Green relative suitable area for 4340 ha (2740 ha, current) Nature: Blue relative suitable area for 3220 ha (1841 ha, current) Developed and Agriculture: Yellow Developed and Nature: Magenta Agriculture and Nature: Cyan All: White None: Black 15
2. Case study Combined relative suitability map Fragmented zoning for nature White areas Potential development Integrated land use planning covering the whole area Need a strategy for conserving and strengthening nature areas Nature vs. developed Legend Urban UPZToridepromotion zones Agricultural ALZToride land areas Forest fz_toride zones River RZToride areas Municipality TorideArea boundary Station Railway railroad Main road roads! station Need a strategy for conserving rural landscapes in terrace areas Legend Relative 0 Reconsideration suitability for of zoning for urban Developed 1 Agriculture 2 Nature 3 Developed 4 and Agriculture Developed 5 and Nature Agriculture 6 and Nature All 7 None 8 promotion zones Agriculture vs. developed 16
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Spatial planning policy structure (example: municipality of Haaksbergen) Relevant plans Given conditions All human spatial activities Spatial Planning Act The National Spatial Strategy Provincial spatial plan Spatial translation Allocation plan Structure plan Land consolidation project Implementation Reconstruction plan Reconstruction Act and Land Consolidation Act* *At present, Rural Land Development Act Land use pattern 17
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Key features Application of geo-information Thematic geo-information for planning process Summary maps to express spatial plans Making spatial plan accessible by the internet Public involvement Decision making Consideration of environmental aspects Application of geo-information and whole spatial planning policy framework are mutually supportive 18
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Thematic geo-information for planning processes Haaksbergen Municipality 19
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Summary maps to express spatial plans The National Spatial Strategy 20
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Summary maps to express spatial plans Provincial Spatial Plan, Overijssel province Forests (Dotted area) Airport Nature area Nature, cultural landscape and agriculture area Agriculture and cultural landscape area Agriculture area Waste treatment area Groundwater wells (W) Business area Urban area Urban expansion limit lines Development for business area till 2010 Recreation area 21
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Summary maps to express spatial plans Structure Plan, Haaksbergen municipality Planned N18 route Possible areas for water retention Green structure Considered for green / recreation area Urban center for restructuring Separation of business and residential function Expansion of Residential area Good cycle path linking center and surroundings Considered for commercial area Expansion of business area Better crossing environment over N18 road 22
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Summary maps to express spatial plans Allocation Plan, Haaksbergen municipality Stay recreation area Camp house (KH) with upper limit of building volume Micro relief protection area (horizontal stripe) Summer house parcel (Z) Agricultural enterprise category 1 (large) Archaeological value terrain Residential parcel (W) and maximum number of houses (2) New establishment is not allowed Border between the Netherlands and Germany Forest Forest Forest and nature and area and nature nature area area Water with landscape and nature value Nature friendly agriculture area (B) Agricultural support enterprise (AH) and monument (M) Border shop (GW) and upper limit of building volume (5,000 cubic meters) 23
3. Dutch Spatial Planning Making spatial plans accessible by the Internet Enschede municipality Map information Allocation (zoning) information Overview Addresses Parcel Information Magnified view Parcel Owner Information Menu Palette Land use zoning information Link to regulation document Legend for the digital maps 24
4. Geo-information application Application of Geo-information to land use policy in Japan The case study Awareness raising for integrated approach One of policy formulation tools in future Spatial planning in the Netherlands Technologically feasible, but Institutional setting is required featured with Integrated approach Decentralized policy making Public participation Physical and environmental consideration 25
Conclusions 1. Sectored approach in land use policy in Japan Need of integrated approach 2. Case study visualized suburban land use problems Physical and environmental consideration 3. Key features in spatial planning in the Netherlands Geo-information application Public involvement Decision making Consideration of environmental aspects 4. Applicability of Geo-information to land use policy Appropriate Institutional setting which is mutually supportive with geo-information application is required 26